Climate change must deal with two market failures: global warming and learning by doing in renewable energy production. The first-best policy consists of an aggressive renewables subsidy in the near term and a gradually rising and falling carbon tax. Given that global carbon taxes remain elusive, policy makers might have to rely on a second-best subsidy only. With credible commitment the second-best subsidy is higher than the social benefit of learning to cut the transition time and peak warming close to first-best levels at the cost of higher fossil fuel use in the short run (weak Green Paradox). Without commitment the second-best subsidy is set to the social benefit of learning. It generates smaller weak Green Paradox effects, but the transition to the carbon-free takes longer and cumulative carbon emissions are higher. Under first best and second best with pre-commitment peak warming is 2.1-2.3 °C, under second best without commitment 3.5 °C, and without any policy 5.1 °C above pre-industrial levels. Not being able to commit yields a welfare loss of 95% of initial GDP compared to first best. Being able to commit brings this figure down to 7%.

With regard to European Union joining, Romania and Eastern European region have much more attention of the rest of the world. Romania became a phenomenon of Balkan Peninsula during last five years. The aim of the thesis is to describe economic development of Romania before its admission to European Communities and summarize its current economic position in the Union. A part of the thesis is devoted to romanian market environment and assesses especially its attractivity in consideration of the Czech republic.

La Réunion est une île de l’océan Indien occidental dans laquelle s’observe une grande diversité religieuse. Les religiosités y sont nombreuses et laissent à voir une cohabitation harmonieuse. Mais quelles sont, au plus près du terrain, les modalités de ce faire-diversité ? Le détour par l’histoire de sa constitution nous apprend qu’il est notamment le fruit d’impositions et d’inégalités, notamment dans le domaine religieux. Il met aussi à jour la grande complexité de cette diversité que le terrain actuel confirme. Dans l’espace public, où s’appliquent des lois venues de métropole, la présence religieuse est importante, autant matériellement qu’en pratique. Les relations interindividuelles laissent pour leur part apparaître à la fois des lignes de distanciation et des ouvertures quant à certaines pratiques religieuses. Mais émergent aussi des éléments qui transcendent les affiliations plus particulières. Les parcours de vie, de leur côté, complexifient encore le tableau. Tout en mettant en lumière des appropriations religieuses qui dépassent largement les institutions. / Reunion island (South-west of the Indian ocean) is known for its large religious diversity. There you find many religiosities that coexist in what seems to be a peaceful harmony. But, taking a closer look, how does that doing-society really looks like ? Getting throught the history of its making-of shows that it’s the result of restrictions and inequalities, in particular in religious field. It also shows the huge complexity of that diversity, wich is still on nowadays. In public space, where laws from the French metropole are applied, religiosities are present as materially as practically. Inter-personnal relation ships show that logics of distance are existing as well as openings. Elements that do overcross particular religious affiliations cans also be observed. Then, life stories do complexify even a little more that global painting. Meanwhile, there are religious appropriations that overcross, this time, the institutions.

Pappors andel av antalet uttagna föräldrapenningdagar har sedan föräldraförsäkringen infördes i Sverige 1974 ökat stadigt från 0,5 procent av det totala antalet dagar till cirka 28 procent 2018. Trots att pappor tar ut en allt större del av föräldraledigheten finns det än idag stora skillnader i ledighetsuttag mellan kvinnor och män. Utvecklingen går emellertid mot att pappor tar ut allt fler föräldrapenningdagar. Trenden i mäns uttag pekar samtidigt på en polarisering i användandet av försäkringen, mellan en relativt konstant grupp pappor som använder ingen eller mycket liten föräldrapenning och en växande grupp pappor som använder tämligen många föräldrapenningdagar. Tidigare analyser har visat att det finns ett samband mellan mäns uttag av föräldraledighet och individfaktorer som exempelvis pappans utbildningsnivå. Högre utbildning kopplas ofta till mer egalitära och progressiva attityder till könsroller och föräldraskap. Även den inbördes relationen mellan mammans och pappans individuella socioekonomiska status har visat sig vara av betydelse för pappans uttag av föräldraledighet. Studien ämnar belysa skillnader i föräldraledighetsuttag mellan grupper av män genom att undersöka vilka faktorer som är avgörande för mäns uttag av föräldraledighet med hjälp av data från Levnadsnivåundersökningen (LNU) 2010. Resultatet visar inte på något signifikant samband mellan pappans utbildningsnivå och uttag av föräldraledighet. Tanken på att högre utbildningsnivå leder till mer egalitära attityder och därigenom till ett ökat uttag av föräldraledighet stämmer inte överens med resultatet i den här studien. När det gäller mammans och pappans resurser och individfaktorer i relation till varandra framträder inget entydigt samband. Resultatet tyder snarare på att skillnader i resurser mellan föräldrapar är av större betydelse för mäns uttag av föräldraledighet än skillnader i resurser inom föräldraparet.

Trade between the United States and Africa decreased 32% from US$125 billion, in 2011, to US$85 billion, in 2013; however, MNCs from other regions have continued to increase investments in Africa. Multinational corporations (MNCs) generate most of their return on investment (ROI) from the Western world. Globalization, increasing middle classes in emerging markets, and decreasing population in the Western world have lead to unsustainable ROI. Nigeria, the most populous and largest economy in Africa and the 27th largest economy in the world, offers new opportunities with an annual growth rate forecast of 6% to 8%. Utilizing the diamond theory of competitive advantage of nations, this single case study was an exploration of the strategies that managers of MNCs have used to optimize Nigeria's higher ROI. Interview questions on new entry challenges, operational obstacles, and strategies to mitigate the challenges contributed to answering the overarching research question related to the strategies that managers of MNCs have used successfully to take advantage of Nigeria's high ROI. The participants were 5 executives at the Nigerian operation of a global technology conglomerate with presence in 166 countries. Data collection included a series of semistructured face-to-face interviews. Data analysis using modified van Kaam method resulted in 5 themes: business environment, effective entry strategies, challenges in Nigeria, mitigating challenges in Nigeria, and volatility of Nigerian market and mitigation strategies. Findings may contribute to ROI optimization and influence social change by providing more jobs, thereby increasing standard of living in Nigeria.

This thesis is an exploration of the construct of mentoring and its transformative power in the development of the self. The concept of Athenic mentoring is offered and framed, in Jungian (Jung 1958;1996;2002) terms as an archetypical encounter between two people that can facilitate a significant transformative shift (metanoia) in the development of the personal and professional self. These shifts are initially at the level of 'being' but influence the more visible dimensions of 'doing' and 'knowing'. 'Doing' and 'knowing' can be articulated in terms of practice knowledge and skills (Schön 1987a). 'Being' is framed in both Jungian (Jung 1958;1996;2002) and Rogerian (Rogers 1973;1996) terms as engagement of the authentic, grounded and integrated self, in ways that may be largely and initially unconscious, but that can be taken up in conscious awareness and are ultimately reflected in overt, observable behaviours. Cunningham's (1988) framework of holistic interactive research was chosen as a method that allowed the researcher to draw on, as well as to reflect upon, his own experience in order to generate data. Written narrative and oral story-telling (Reason & Hawkins 1988) have been fundamental to the creation and analysis of data. Indeed, the process of writing has been an important source of self-understanding, revelation and integration for the author. The power of archetypal story-telling - most obvious in the ancient stories of human challenge, development and triumph, such as that of Athena(Mentor), in the Greek tradition - is acknowledged and explored from this perspective. In this respect the researcher has followed Megginson's (2000) advice that research into mentoring deserves and demands 'vivid stories'. The research approach also reflects Strauss and Corbin's (1990) suggestion that by staying close to the data ('grounding' theory in the data) before a deep immersion in the literature, the researcher will be more open to the insights that the data might reveal. The starting point for the research was the researcher's observation that, in the context of being a 'hired mentor' in an organisational setting, 'turning points' occurred that could be characterised as significant, transformational shifts in the energy and perspective of the person being mentored. While these shifts were reflected in important changes in work, choices and outward behaviour and practice, it was not obvious when or how the shifts had occurred. The initial research questions were framed as: what does the mentor do that leads to this turning point? and, can this be identified so that mentors can improve their chance of achieving it in practice? Later, the research journey itself led to a broader and richer framing of the research questions as a deeper exploration of the level at which transformative development of the self plays out and the implications of that for mentoring itself. The initial research question eventually was reframed as: How does the mentor need to be? Major sources of data were stories of ten people who have been in mentoring relationships (either as mentor, mentee, or both). The researcher's own experience was also a significant source of the data. In its presentation, the thesis attempts to 'track' and make transparent the ways in which listening to and writing down the stories of others, the researcher's own stories, engaging with the literature and writing reflective notes iterated with the construction of this particular conceptualisation of mentoring in 'Athenic' terms. Both contemporary Western literature (the majority of it American) and translations of Homer's (1980; 1998) accounts of Athena as mentor were used initially to explore the nature of mentoring. Later, the Jungian (Jung 1958;1992;1996;2002) and post-Jungian (Hillman 1975;1996) literature on the notion of the archetypes; Buber's (1996) conception of relationship as 'I-Thou'; and Rogers' (1996) evocation of 'becoming a person' all helped to describe more richly the dynamics of Athenic mentoring - both in terms of the nature of transformative personal change and the dynamics of the relationship that facilitates it. A major outcome of this research is the differentiation of Athenic mentoring (which facilitates the transformation of a person's 'being') from mentoring that helps to develop what a person 'knows' or 'does'. This differentiation will hopefully contribute to our understanding of the mentoring process, but at the most pragmatic level, will make it easier to navigate the complex and poorly 'mapped' contemporary literature. It is concluded that Athenic mentoring might not be, fully or even partly, recognised until well after it occurs, and that because it involves the pyschodynamic and largely unconscious interplay of one person's dominant archetypes with those of another, it is not something that can be easily orchestrated or arranged. This challenges contemporary notions (Burke & McKeen 1989; Murray & Owen 1991; Cunningham 1993; Hay 1995) that mentoring can be packaged, 'commodified' and paid for in a similar way to coaching and counselling. As a stimulus for further work, it is suggested that the role of mentor can be understood as completing or starting aspects of the development of self that have not been initiated or concluded in the parenting relationship; and the possibility for being a mentor or a mentee continues throughout life, or for at least as long as there remains the possibility that a 'Dream' (Levinson, Darrow, Klein, Levinson & McKee 1978; Levinson & Levinson 1996) can be fulfilled.

<p>Jag har gjort en studie av English House i Danmark, där danska skolklasser får veckolånga språkbad. Att enbart tala engelska med eleverna blir där möjligt genom att även utnyttja andra sätt att kommunicera, än det rent verbala. Jag har relaterat undervisningen på English House både till språkforskningen, och till de vanligaste språkinlärningsmetoder som används i skolan. Att språk handlar om kommunikation mellan människor är naturligt på English House. Metoderna som används är många, för att passa så många som möjligt, och stimuleraså många sinnen det går. Bland annat finns inslag av direktmetoden, The Funktional Notional Approach och Total Physical Respons. English House handlar främst om att uppleva ett helt kulturpaket innehållande t ex historia, samhällskunskap och kulturyttringar så som sånger, lekar, traditioner och berättelser, där språket är både mål och medel. De yngsta gästerna på English House får lära sig många nya ord under en vecka som är vitt skild från den vanliga undervisnigen. Med många skratt och fysiska övningar tillägnar de sig det engelska språket, och får ett ökat förtroende för den egna språkförmågan. Cheryl Strike, som är lärare där, är oerhört kunnig och kreativ. Hon har satt sin prägel på undervisningen. Hennes sätt att arbeta stämmer väl överens med hur modern språkforskning anser att undervisning i främmande språk bör bedrivas. Att erbjuda svenska skolklasser denna möjlighet till intensivveckor i engelska, är något som skulle bidra till höjd kvalitet på engelskundervisningen. Arbetssättet, som dock ställer höga krav på lärarens språkliga och kreativa förmåga, skulle bidra till att uppnå målen som kursplanerna i Lpo 94 sätter upp för engelskundervisningen i den svenska skolan.</p>

This business plan will reveal the scalable business model that BizAbroad Xpress has devised, namely, by creating an online platform that brings together, on the demand side, entities that simply want to start a business (such as register a new company) in a foreign jurisdiction without the hassles that are traditionally associated with the processes involved, and, on the supply side, the carefully vetted top tier business service providers (such as lawyers) that desire to increase the number of their high value international customers. This business plan includes details on how the BizAbroad Xpress method is appealing enough to make the aforementioned entities and service providers to want to switch from the traditional ways of service engagement and provision to the BizAbroad Xpress way, as well as how this new way possesses sufficient competitive advantage to acts as a challenging barrier of entry to other potential competitors in the business service category.

Historically, leadership research has focused on managers’ characteristics and behavior, their leadership style and its implications for a business’s success. In contrast, this dissertation examines how working conditions in the workplace affect first-level managers’ everyday work, their possibilities to practice leadership, and consequently their leadership style. The theoretical framework guiding the dissertation is a gender analysis with a doing gender perspective and the methodology is a case study. Two workplace organizations in a Swedish municipality are studied: a male-dominated manufacturing industry and a female-dominated elderly care service. The empirical materials consist of twenty-six semi-structured interviews, primarily with male and female first-level managers, but also with their immediate supervisors. In addition, the materials include a questionnaire and organizational documents. The results show that organizational structure and culture have implications for managers’ working conditions and consequently the leadership style they are willing and able to implement. The sex ratio among employees did not have any implications for which type of leadership informants described in their everyday practices. The ideal leadership and the everyday leadership practices portrayed by informants entail being explicit, controlling and rational managers who are able to make decisions and carry forth extensive structural changes. Their narratives reveal an authoritarian and task-oriented leadership style that has its roots in early industrialism. Leadership is strongly marked by masculinity, and even though women and men describe practicing the same type of leadership in their everyday work, their ideas about gender depict two complete opposites in which women and femininity is subordinated to men and masculinity. This indicates a divergence between the gender we think and the gender we do. Nonetheless, sex ratio among employees has implications for the level of sexism. While informants in both workplace organizations described gender discrimination, only those in the manufacturing industry described experiencing sexual harassment.

The purpose of this study was to explore the processes of hope in informal caregivers of palliative patients. Interviews were conducted with caregivers who were living with and currently providing care to a palliative patient at home. Saturation was reached with 10 caregivers, five females and five males, from 2 cities in Saskatchewan, Canada. <p>The design of this qualitative study was Glasers (2001) grounded theory. Broad, unstructured face to face audio taped interviews were conducted in the participants homes. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using constant-comparative method of analysis in order to identify the main concern of the participants related to hope, and the basic social processes used to resolve that concern. <p>Eroding hope was the main concern relating to hope during caregiving for a palliative patient. Eroding hope was a result of bad days, negative messages, and experiences with the health care system. The participants deal with eroding hope by using the basic social process of hanging on to hope. Hanging on to hope has 4 sub-processes: a)doing what you have to do, b)living in the moment, c)staying positive, and d)writing your own story. The support of friends, family, and health care professionals and connecting with something bigger and stronger were sub-processes of hanging on to hope that together directly affect the other sub-processes.<p>The findings of this study have direct application for the care and support of informal caregivers providing palliative care at home, as a basis for assessment and interventions that will assist caregivers to hang on to hope. Nurses and other health care professionals need to recognize and value the experience of hope for caregivers by addressing, teaching, and reinforcing the sub-processes and ways of hanging on to hope into their practice.