No description available.

No description available.

Die Dissertation leistet einen Beitrag zu einem maßgeblichen Diskussionsstrang der Transformationsforschung, der politische, administrative und gesellschaftliche Auswirkungen kultureller Aspekte im Vereinigungs- und Integrationsprozeß Ostdeutschlands analysiert. Am Beispiel Ost-Berliner Bezirksverwaltungen wird der Verlauf ihrer Transformation von einer "real-sozialistischen zur klassisch-(west-)europäischen Verwaltung" (Klaus König) untersucht. Im Mittelpunkt der Arbeit steht die Frage, ob Handlungsorientierungen des Personals, welches in der DDR sozialisiert wurde, den radikalen institutionellen Umbruchsprozeß überdauerten und inwieweit solche "legacies" (Hellmut Wollmann) Unterschiede zu Orientierungen des Personals in der West-Berliner Bezirksverwaltung begründen. Zu diesem Zweck rekonstruiert der Verfasser realtypische Handlungsorientierungen im DDR-Verwaltungsbereich Referat Jugendhilfe (Akten- und Dokumentenanalyse, "oral history"-Interviews) und stellt sie mit Hilfe eines fünfdimensionalen Schemas denen in der Verwaltung westdeutscher Prägung gegenüber. Anschließend werden unter Verwendung von qualitativen und quantitativen Methoden der Einstellungsforschung Orientierungen des Personals in der Sozial- und Jugendverwaltung Ost- und West-Berliner Bezirksverwaltungen vergleichend analysiert. Im resümierenden Fazit entwickelt der Verfasser Hypothesen zu (verwaltungs-)kulturellen Aspekten des Integrationsprozesses Ost-Berliner Bezirksverwaltungen und stellt sie in den Kontext des Verlaufes ostdeutscher Verwaltungstransformation. / This dissertation contributes to the important theme of discussion, analysing the transformational development of the political, administrative and sociological effects and their impact on cultural aspects, with regards to the reunification and reintegration process in East Germany. East Berlin borough administrative bodies have been used as examples to research the course of their transformation from a "socialist, to a classical (west) European administration" (Klaus König). This work centres around the question of how the personnel coped with the orientation, which in the GDR was socialist, survived the process of radical institutional change, and how far such "legacies" (Hellmut Wollmann) provide reasons for differences in the orientation of the personnel in the boroughs of West Berlin. For this reason, the author has reconstructed the typical GDR-orientations in the field of Youth-Work-Administration (Analysis of files and documents, oral-history interviews), which stand in opposition, with the help of a five dimensional scheme, to the administrative character of West Germany. A comparative analysis follows making use of qualitative and quantitative methods regarding recruitment development orientation of the personnel through a comparison of the Social and Youth-Work administrative bodies of East and West Berlin boroughs. In conclusion, the author develops hypotheses regarding (administrative-) cultural aspects of the integration process of the East Berlin borough administrations, and places these in context with the course of the East German transformation.

Die vorliegende qualitative Forschungsarbeit leistet mittels zweier empirischer Untersu-chungen einen Beitrag im Forschungsfeld von betrieblichem Gesundheitsmanagement (BGM) vor dem Hintergrund eines verbesserten Schutzes vor gesundheitsbedingtem Aus-scheiden von Arbeitnehmern. Zielstellung ist zum einen die Entwicklung eines betrieblichen Frühaufklärungssystems, das wie ein wissensbasiertes lernendes System fortlaufend Informa-tionen und Trends zur Verbesserung des Arbeits- und Gesundheitsschutzes (AUG), der Be-trieblichen Gesundheitsförderung (BGF) und des Betrieblichen Eingliederungsmanagements (BEM) durch interne und externe Beobachtungsbereiche erfasst, auswertet und Vorschläge für notwendige Anpassungen oder inkrementelle Innovationen bereitstellt. Zum anderen wird das „(integrative) Coaching“ in einer vergleichenden Fallstudie auf seine Wirkfaktoren hin analysiert; beim integrativen Coaching handelt es sich um ein Beratungsangebot, das auf Grundlage der regulären Beratung im Betrieblichen Eingliederungsmanagement entwickelt wurde. / With the help of two empirical studies, the present study contributes in the research field of occupational health management (BGM) against the background of improved protection against health-related retirement of employees. The objective is, on the one hand, the devel-opment of a company early education system that, like a knowledge-based learning system, continuously provides information and trends to improve occupational safety (AUG), com-pany health promotion (BGF) and company integration management (BEM) through internal and external monitoring areas records, evaluates and provides suggestions for necessary ad-justments or incremental innovations. On the other hand, the “integrative coaching” as a consulting offer based on the “standardized help planning in the BEM” is analyzed in a com-parative case study against the background of the effective factors of coaching.

Hintergrund: Lernprozesse in der Therapie von Bewegungs- und Handlungsstörungen werden am und mit dem Körper vollzogen. Bisher fehlt eine zusammenhängende Theorie, die das gesamte Spektrum des körper- und leibbezogenen Lernens erfasst, beschreibt und erklärt. Fragestellung: Wie kann das körper- und leibbezogene Lernen definiert, beschrieben und erklärt werden? Methodisches Vorgehen: Sechs Therapieansätze aus den Bereichen der Ergotherapie und Physiotherapie werden analysiert anhand von Literatur, Gesprächen und Seminar- und Tagungsteilnahme. Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede in den Lernprozessen der verschiedenen Therapieansätze werden anhand phänomenologischer, anthropologischer, soziologischer und kognitionswissenschaftlicher Theorien reflektiert, eine Theorie des körper- und leibbezogenen Lernens entworfen. Ergebnisse: In den Therapieansätzen werden unterschiedliche Strategien eingesetzt. Der Lernende nimmt entweder eine distanzierte und reflektierende Stellung zu seinem eigenen Körper ein oder lernt unmittelbar-erlebend mit dem Leib. „Leib“ steht für das unmittelbare Erleben, „Körper“ für das distanzierte Betrachten des Körpers. Lernen im Leibbezug geschieht durch Empfinden, Wahrnehmen und Erleben als Prägung, Inkorporierung und durch Nachahmung, als Versuch-Irrtum-Lernen, situatives Lernen und prozedurales Lernen. Lernprozesse im Körperbezug umfassen Verbalisieren, Reflektieren und Imaginieren beim motorischen und problemlösenden Lernen. Körper- und leibbezogenes Lernen geschieht im sinn- und bedeutungsvoll erlebten Handeln eingebettet in die Umwelt. Schlussfolgerungen: Lernen muss Körper und Leib einbeziehen, wenn es erfolgreich und nachhaltig sein soll. Die Theorie des körper- und leibbezogenen Lernens kann die Planung, Durchführung und Reflexion therapeutischer Praxis unterstützen. / Background: During therapy of movement and acting disorders, learning processes are executed both with and (all) over the body. To date, there is no coherent theory which covers all aspects of body-related learning. Question: How can body-related learning be defined, described and explained? Method: Six therapeutic approaches for occupational and physical therapy are analyzed based on literature, discussions and the participation in seminars and congresses. Differences in the learning processes of the various approaches are reflected on theories of phenomenology, anthropology, sociology and cognitive science and a theory of “Körper and Leib”-related learning conceptualized. Results: In the various therapeutic approaches, different strategies are used. The learner either adopts a distanced und reflecting attitude towards his body or he learns through immediate experience. “Körper” (the physical body) represents a distanced view of the body; “Leib” (the lived body) represents the immediate experience. But even the most distanced view does not take a person out of his/her “Leib”. “Leib”-related learning is based on imprinting through feeling, perception and experience, and on incorporation and imitation, trial-and-error learning, situative learning, and procedural learning. “Körper”related learning processes contain verbalization, reflection and imagination which are used with motor and problem-solving learning. “Körper and Leib”-related learning occurs through actions which are experienced as meaningful and relevant and are embedded into the environment. Conclusions: For successful and sustainable learning both “Körper” and “Leib” must be considered. The theory of “Körper and Leib”-related learning can support planning, implementation and reflection of the therapeutic practice.

Il est connu que les problèmes d'ambiguïté de la langue ont un effet néfaste sur les résultats des systèmes de Recherche d'Information (RI). Toutefois, les efforts de recherche visant à intégrer des techniques de Désambiguisation de Sens (DS) à la RI n'ont pas porté fruit. La plupart des études sur le sujet obtiennent effectivement des résultats négatifs ou peu convaincants. De plus, des investigations basées sur l'ajout d'ambiguïté artificielle concluent qu'il faudrait une très haute précision de désambiguation pour arriver à un effet positif. Ce mémoire vise à développer de nouvelles approches plus performantes et efficaces, se concentrant sur l'utilisation de statistiques de cooccurrence afin de construire des modèles de contexte. Ces modèles pourront ensuite servir à effectuer une discrimination de sens entre une requête et les documents d'une collection. Dans ce mémoire à deux parties, nous ferons tout d'abord une investigation de la force de la relation entre un mot et les mots présents dans son contexte, proposant une méthode d'apprentissage du poids d'un mot de contexte en fonction de sa distance du mot modélisé dans le document. Cette méthode repose sur l'idée que des modèles de contextes faits à partir d'échantillons aléatoires de mots en contexte devraient être similaires. Des expériences en anglais et en japonais montrent que la force de relation en fonction de la distance suit généralement une loi de puissance négative. Les poids résultant des expériences sont ensuite utilisés dans la construction de systèmes de DS Bayes Naïfs. Des évaluations de ces systèmes sur les données de l'atelier Semeval en anglais pour la tâche Semeval-2007 English Lexical Sample, puis en japonais pour la tâche Semeval-2010 Japanese WSD, montrent que les systèmes ont des résultats comparables à l'état de l'art, bien qu'ils soient bien plus légers, et ne dépendent pas d'outils ou de ressources linguistiques. La deuxième partie de ce mémoire vise à adapter les méthodes développées à des applications de Recherche d'Information. Ces applications ont la difficulté additionnelle de ne pas pouvoir dépendre de données créées manuellement. Nous proposons donc des modèles de contextes à variables latentes basés sur l'Allocation Dirichlet Latente (LDA). Ceux-ci seront combinés à la méthodes de vraisemblance de requête par modèles de langue. En évaluant le système résultant sur trois collections de la conférence TREC (Text REtrieval Conference), nous observons une amélioration proportionnelle moyenne de 12% du MAP et 23% du GMAP. Les gains se font surtout sur les requêtes difficiles, augmentant la stabilité des résultats. Ces expériences seraient la première application positive de techniques de DS sur des tâches de RI standard. / It is known that the ambiguity present in natural language has a negative effect on Information Retrieval (IR) systems effectiveness. However, up to now, the efforts made to integrate Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) techniques in IR systems have not been successful. Past studies end up with either poor or unconvincing results. Furthermore, investigations based on the addition of artificial ambiguity shows that a very high disambiguation accuracy would be needed in order to observe gains. This thesis has for objective to develop efficient and effective approaches for WSD, using co-occurrence statistics in order to build context models. Such models could then be used in order to do a word sense discrimination between a query and documents of a collection. In this two-part thesis, we will start by investigating the principle of strength of relation between a word and the words present in its context, proposing an approach to learn a function mapping word distance to count weights. This method is based on the idea that context models made from random samples of word in context should be similar. Experiments in English and Japanese shows that the strength of relation roughly follows a negative power law. The weights resulting from the experiments are then used in the construction of Naïve Bayes WSD systems. Evaluations of these systems in English with the Semeval-2007 English Lexical Sample (ELS), and then in Japanese with the Semeval-2010 Japanese WSD (JWSD) tasks shows that the systems have state-of-the-art accuracy even though they are much lighter and don't rely on linguistic tools or resources. The second part of this thesis aims to adapt the new methods to IR applications. Such applications put heavy constraints on performance and available resources. We thus propose the use of corpus-based latent context models based on Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA). The models are combined with the query likelihood Language Model (LM) approach for IR. Evaluating the systems on three collections from the Text REtrieval Conference (TREC), we observe average proportional improvement in the range of 12% in MAP and 23% in GMAP. We then observe that the gains are mostly made on hard queries, augmenting the robustness of the results. To our knowledge, these experiments are the first positive application of WSD techniques on standard IR tasks.

This thesis investigates the molecular evolutionary and macroevolutionary consequences of flight loss in insects. Chapter 2 tests the hypothesis that flightless groups have smaller effective population sizes than related flighted groups, expected to result in a consistent pattern of increased non-synonymous to synonymous ratios in flightless lineages due to the greater effect of genetic drift in smaller populations. Chapter 3 tests the hypothesis that reduced dispersal and species-level traits such as range size associated with flightlessness increase extinction rates, which over the long term will counteract increased speciation rates in flightless lineages, leading to lower net diversification. The wide-spread loss of flight in insects has led to increased molecular evolutionary rates and is associated with decreased long-term net diversification. I demonstrate that the fundamental trait of dispersal ability has shaped two forms of diversity—molecular and species—in the largest group of animals, and that microevolutionary and macroevolutionary patterns do not necessarily mirror each other. / Generously funded by NSERC with a Canada Graduate Scholarship and the Government of Ontario with an Ontario Graduate Scholarship to T. Fatima Mitterboeck; NSERC with a Discovery Grant to Dr. Sarah J. Adamowicz

Il est connu que les problèmes d'ambiguïté de la langue ont un effet néfaste sur les résultats des systèmes de Recherche d'Information (RI). Toutefois, les efforts de recherche visant à intégrer des techniques de Désambiguisation de Sens (DS) à la RI n'ont pas porté fruit. La plupart des études sur le sujet obtiennent effectivement des résultats négatifs ou peu convaincants. De plus, des investigations basées sur l'ajout d'ambiguïté artificielle concluent qu'il faudrait une très haute précision de désambiguation pour arriver à un effet positif. Ce mémoire vise à développer de nouvelles approches plus performantes et efficaces, se concentrant sur l'utilisation de statistiques de cooccurrence afin de construire des modèles de contexte. Ces modèles pourront ensuite servir à effectuer une discrimination de sens entre une requête et les documents d'une collection. Dans ce mémoire à deux parties, nous ferons tout d'abord une investigation de la force de la relation entre un mot et les mots présents dans son contexte, proposant une méthode d'apprentissage du poids d'un mot de contexte en fonction de sa distance du mot modélisé dans le document. Cette méthode repose sur l'idée que des modèles de contextes faits à partir d'échantillons aléatoires de mots en contexte devraient être similaires. Des expériences en anglais et en japonais montrent que la force de relation en fonction de la distance suit généralement une loi de puissance négative. Les poids résultant des expériences sont ensuite utilisés dans la construction de systèmes de DS Bayes Naïfs. Des évaluations de ces systèmes sur les données de l'atelier Semeval en anglais pour la tâche Semeval-2007 English Lexical Sample, puis en japonais pour la tâche Semeval-2010 Japanese WSD, montrent que les systèmes ont des résultats comparables à l'état de l'art, bien qu'ils soient bien plus légers, et ne dépendent pas d'outils ou de ressources linguistiques. La deuxième partie de ce mémoire vise à adapter les méthodes développées à des applications de Recherche d'Information. Ces applications ont la difficulté additionnelle de ne pas pouvoir dépendre de données créées manuellement. Nous proposons donc des modèles de contextes à variables latentes basés sur l'Allocation Dirichlet Latente (LDA). Ceux-ci seront combinés à la méthodes de vraisemblance de requête par modèles de langue. En évaluant le système résultant sur trois collections de la conférence TREC (Text REtrieval Conference), nous observons une amélioration proportionnelle moyenne de 12% du MAP et 23% du GMAP. Les gains se font surtout sur les requêtes difficiles, augmentant la stabilité des résultats. Ces expériences seraient la première application positive de techniques de DS sur des tâches de RI standard. / It is known that the ambiguity present in natural language has a negative effect on Information Retrieval (IR) systems effectiveness. However, up to now, the efforts made to integrate Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) techniques in IR systems have not been successful. Past studies end up with either poor or unconvincing results. Furthermore, investigations based on the addition of artificial ambiguity shows that a very high disambiguation accuracy would be needed in order to observe gains. This thesis has for objective to develop efficient and effective approaches for WSD, using co-occurrence statistics in order to build context models. Such models could then be used in order to do a word sense discrimination between a query and documents of a collection. In this two-part thesis, we will start by investigating the principle of strength of relation between a word and the words present in its context, proposing an approach to learn a function mapping word distance to count weights. This method is based on the idea that context models made from random samples of word in context should be similar. Experiments in English and Japanese shows that the strength of relation roughly follows a negative power law. The weights resulting from the experiments are then used in the construction of Naïve Bayes WSD systems. Evaluations of these systems in English with the Semeval-2007 English Lexical Sample (ELS), and then in Japanese with the Semeval-2010 Japanese WSD (JWSD) tasks shows that the systems have state-of-the-art accuracy even though they are much lighter and don't rely on linguistic tools or resources. The second part of this thesis aims to adapt the new methods to IR applications. Such applications put heavy constraints on performance and available resources. We thus propose the use of corpus-based latent context models based on Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA). The models are combined with the query likelihood Language Model (LM) approach for IR. Evaluating the systems on three collections from the Text REtrieval Conference (TREC), we observe average proportional improvement in the range of 12% in MAP and 23% in GMAP. We then observe that the gains are mostly made on hard queries, augmenting the robustness of the results. To our knowledge, these experiments are the first positive application of WSD techniques on standard IR tasks.

No description available.

During the race towards the4th generation (4G) cellular-based digital communication systems, a growth in the demand for high capacity, multi-media capable, improved Quality-of-Service (QoS) mobile communication systems have caused the developing mobile communications world to turn towards betterMultiple Access (MA) techniques, like Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) [5]. The demand for higher throughput and better QoS in future 4G systems have also given rise to a scheme that is becoming ever more popular for use in these so-called ‘bandwidth-on-demand’ systems. This scheme is known as adaptive channel coding, and gives a system the ability to firstly sense changes in conditions, and secondly, to adapt to these changes, exploiting the fact that under good channel conditions, a very simple or even no channel coding scheme can be used for Forward Error Correction(FEC). This will ultimately result in better system throughput utilization. One such scheme, known as incremental redundancy, is already implemented in the Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) standard. This study presents an extensive simulation study of a Multi-User (MU), adaptive channel coded Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Multiple Access (DS/SSMA) communication system. This study firstly presents and utilizes a complex Base Band(BB) DS/SSMA transmitter model, aimed at user data diversity [6] in order to realize the MU input data to the system. This transmitter employs sophisticated double-sideband (DSB)Constant-Envelope Linearly Interpolated Root-of-Unity (CE-LI-RU) filtered General Chirp-Like (GCL) sequences [34, 37, 38] to band limit and spread user data. It then utilizes a fully user-definable, complex Multipath Fading Channel Simulator(MFCS), first presented by Staphorst [3], which is capable of reproducing all of the physical attributes of realistic mobile fading channels. Next, this study presents a matching DS/SSMA receiver structure that aims to optimally recover user data from the channel, ensuring the achievement of data diversity. In order to provide the basic channel coding functionality needed by the system of this study, three simple, but well-known channel coding schemes are investigated and employed. These are: binary Hamming (7,4,3) block code, (15,7,5) binary Bose-Chadhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) block code and a rate 1/3 <i.Non-Systematic (NS) binary convolutional code [6]. The first step towards the realization of any adaptive channel coded system is the ability to measure channel conditions as fast as possible, without the loss of accuracy or inclusion of known data. In 1965, Gooding presented a paper in which he described a technique that measures communication conditions at the receiving end of a system through a device called a Performance Monitoring Unit (PMU) [12, 13]. This device accelerates the system’sBit Error Rate (BER) to a so-called Pseudo Error Rate(PER) through a process known as threshold modification. It then uses a simple PER extrapolation algorithm to estimate the system’s true BER with moderate accuracy and without the need for known data. This study extends the work of Gooding by applying his technique to the DS/SSMA system that utilizes a generic Soft-Output Viterbi Algorithm(SOVA) decoder [39] structure for the trellis decoding of the binary linear block codes [3, 41-50], as well as binary convolutional codes mentioned, over realistic MU frequency selective channel conditions. This application will grant the system the ability to sense changes in communication conditions through real-time BER measurement and, ultimately, to adapt to these changes by switching to different channel codes. Because no previous literature exists on this application, this work is considered novel. Extensive simulation results also investigate the linearity of the PER vs. modified threshold relationship for uncoded, as well as all coded cases. These simulations are all done for single, as well as multiple user systems. This study also provides extensive simulation results that investigate the calculation accuracy and speed advantages that Gooding’s technique possesses over that of the classic Monte-Carlo technique for BER estimation. These simulations also consider uncoded and coded cases, as well as single and multiple users. Finally, this study investigates the experimental real-time performance of the fully functional MU, adaptive coded, DS/SSMA communication system over varying channel conditions. During this part of the study, the channel conditions are varied over time, and the system’s adaptation (channel code switching) performance is observed through a real-time observation of the system’s estimated BER. This study also extends into cases with multiple system users. Since the adaptive coded system of this study does not require known data sequences (training sequences), inclusion of Gooding’s technique for real-time BER estimation through threshold modification and PER extrapolation in future 4G adaptive systems will enable better Quality-of-Service (QoS) management without sacrificing throughput. Furthermore, this study proves that when Gooding’s technique is applied to a coded system with a soft-output, it can be an effective technique for QoS monitoring, and should be considered in 4G systems of the future. / Dissertation (MEng (Computer Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / MEng / unrestricted