Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wagner de Macedo Parente Filho.pdf: 1473853 bytes, checksum: b48dae48a1370f76235828467fb259a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The antidumping is one of the most used mechanisms by members of the World Trade Organization (WTO), and provide by international agreements within the same organization, to impede the access of foreign products in domestic market. Despite a relative uniformity in the implementation of these measures due the fact that it derives from the internalization of the Antidumping Agreement there is still a wide discretion in how WTO members apply such measure, especially the national interest. Thus, developing countries could use the antidumping with a different logic from used in developed countries; not to meet the pressures of domestic industry which was affected by the trade liberalization process, but as part of broader public policies that seek the development of the nation as a whole. In this sense, it is clear that at least two countries that preach free trade England and United States were used aggressive interventionist policies to achieve their current level of development, which cannot be used by today s developing countries under international agreements. In a similar way, it seems essential that developing countries use all mechanisms provided by international agreements in order to carry on public policies, one of them is the antidumping. This use of antidumping measures, at least in Brazil, is consistent with the constitutional option in Brazil; represents low risk to retaliate directly or challenge in WTO Dispute Settlement; can offer more credibility to public policies; provides a more solid economic rationale; and facilitates the judicial control of the action / As medidas antidumping são um dos mecanismos mais utilizados pelos membros da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC) e previstos nos acordos internacionais no âmbito da mesma Organização, para conter a entrada de produtos estrangeiros no mercado interno. Apesar de haver uma relativa uniformidade quanto à aplicação das referidas medidas por derivarem da internalização do Acordo Antidumping ainda existe uma grande discricionariedade na forma como os membros da OMC fazem uso das mesmas, em especial quanto ao interesse nacional. Dessa forma, países em desenvolvimento poderiam utilizar o antidumping com uma lógica diferente da que é empregada em países desenvolvidos; não para satisfazer as pressões da indústria doméstica que foi afetada pelo processo de liberalização comercial, mas como parte de políticas públicas mais amplas, que busquem o desenvolvimento da nação como um todo. Nesse sentido, é notório que pelo menos os dois países que mais pregam o liberalismo comercial Inglaterra e Estados Unidos se utilizaram de políticas intervencionistas agressivas para alcançarem o seu atual nível de desenvolvimento, as quais não podem ser utilizadas pelos países em desenvolvimento de hoje, por força dos acordos internacionais. Do mesmo modo, parece fundamental que os países em desenvolvimento façam uso de todos os mecanismos previstos nos acordos internacionais para a efetivação de políticas públicas eficientes, sendo um dos principais o antidumping. Essa utilização das medidas antidumping, pelo menos no Brasil, é coerente com a opção constitucional brasileira; representa pouca possibilidade de retaliação direta ou contestação no Órgão de Solução de Controvérsias da OMC; pode oferecer mais credibilidade às políticas públicas; possibilita uma ratio econômica mais sólida; e facilita o controle jurisdicional das medidas

<p>Som en följd av Sveriges medlemskap i EU har offentliga upphandlingar kommit att få allt större betydelse eftersom de nu kan ske inom ett betydligt större geografiskt område än tidigare. En konsekvens av detta är att konkurrensen blivit allt hårdare och nya regler införs i takt med den snabba utvecklingen. Ett av resultaten av den hårda konkurrensen på upphandlingsmarknaden har visat sig vara att en del leverantörer lämnar anbud med onormalt låga priser för att vinna upphandlingskontraktet. Förekomsten av onormalt låga anbud i offentliga upphandlingar medför allvarliga negativa konsekvenser såsom att konkurrensen snedvrids, effektiviteten minskar och kostnaderna ökar. Detta påverkar både den upphandlande enheten, leverantören som bjudit onormalt lågt, de leverantörer som slagits ut samt konsumenterna. Att det saknas ett förbud i upphandlingslagstiftningen mot att anta onormalt låga anbud är därför allvarligt. Syftet med denna framställning är att undersöka innebörden av begreppet onormalt lågt anbud i offentliga upphandlingar, belysa problemet med och konsekvenserna av att lagstiftning och regelverk inte i tillräcklig utsträckning uppmärksammar de risker som kan vara förenade med antagandet av onormalt låga anbud samt försöka finna en lösning på problemet.</p> / <p>As a result of Sweden’s membership of the European Union, public procurement has gained more importance, mainly due to the larger geographic territory available. As a consequence of this, competition has become more aggressive and new rules are being incorporated into Swedish law in step with the fast development. One of the results of the tough competition in the public procurement market is that companies may be forced into potentially unsustainable under-bidding in order to win contracts. The presence of these abnormally low tenders in public procurement may have serious negative consequences such as distortion of competition and reduced efficiency, potentially causing delays and waste of resources in the procurement process. This will affect both the contracting authority, the tenderer that has won on an abnormally low bid, the other unsuccessful tenderers, and the ultimately consumers. The fact that public procurement law does not prohibit authorities from accepting abnormally low tenders is therefore potentially very serious. The main objective of this dissertation is to examine the significance of the concept of abnormally low tender, to illuminate the issues surrounding and consequences of the legislative lack of attention to the risks associated with accepting abnormally low tenders, and finally to propose solutions to these issues.</p>

Som en följd av Sveriges medlemskap i EU har offentliga upphandlingar kommit att få allt större betydelse eftersom de nu kan ske inom ett betydligt större geografiskt område än tidigare. En konsekvens av detta är att konkurrensen blivit allt hårdare och nya regler införs i takt med den snabba utvecklingen. Ett av resultaten av den hårda konkurrensen på upphandlingsmarknaden har visat sig vara att en del leverantörer lämnar anbud med onormalt låga priser för att vinna upphandlingskontraktet. Förekomsten av onormalt låga anbud i offentliga upphandlingar medför allvarliga negativa konsekvenser såsom att konkurrensen snedvrids, effektiviteten minskar och kostnaderna ökar. Detta påverkar både den upphandlande enheten, leverantören som bjudit onormalt lågt, de leverantörer som slagits ut samt konsumenterna. Att det saknas ett förbud i upphandlingslagstiftningen mot att anta onormalt låga anbud är därför allvarligt. Syftet med denna framställning är att undersöka innebörden av begreppet onormalt lågt anbud i offentliga upphandlingar, belysa problemet med och konsekvenserna av att lagstiftning och regelverk inte i tillräcklig utsträckning uppmärksammar de risker som kan vara förenade med antagandet av onormalt låga anbud samt försöka finna en lösning på problemet. / As a result of Sweden’s membership of the European Union, public procurement has gained more importance, mainly due to the larger geographic territory available. As a consequence of this, competition has become more aggressive and new rules are being incorporated into Swedish law in step with the fast development. One of the results of the tough competition in the public procurement market is that companies may be forced into potentially unsustainable under-bidding in order to win contracts. The presence of these abnormally low tenders in public procurement may have serious negative consequences such as distortion of competition and reduced efficiency, potentially causing delays and waste of resources in the procurement process. This will affect both the contracting authority, the tenderer that has won on an abnormally low bid, the other unsuccessful tenderers, and the ultimately consumers. The fact that public procurement law does not prohibit authorities from accepting abnormally low tenders is therefore potentially very serious. The main objective of this dissertation is to examine the significance of the concept of abnormally low tender, to illuminate the issues surrounding and consequences of the legislative lack of attention to the risks associated with accepting abnormally low tenders, and finally to propose solutions to these issues.

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

1929年世界恐慌後，美國對日本生絲與絹織品的消費力降低，以及日本紡織業在世界市場被中國取代，以紡織業為首之日本出口貿易值大幅衰退，促使日本政府強化對紡織業的統制政策。本文探討1929至1937年，日本政府對紡織業逐步實施產業統制與貿易統制措施下，滿洲國在這些統制政策下的角色變化，以及石橋湛山追認滿洲國並修正其經濟自由主義的過程。 石橋湛山 (1884-1973)，歷經東洋經濟新報社主筆、日本首相，至今被喻為經濟自由主義的先驅。石橋的經濟自由主義，除了表現個人與東洋經濟新報社的立場，也反應當時日本民間在經濟上不同於政府的另一種看法。日本政府實施產業統制政策，紡織業受最廣的影響。 日本政府自1929年起，陸續實施「絲價安定融資補償法」(1929)、「重要產業統制法」(1931)、「通商擁護法」(1934)、「貿易調整法」(1937)，又於日中戰爭爆發之1937年，在滿洲國實施「重要產業統制法」與「棉花統制法」，足見紡織業在這些經濟政策中具有舉足輕重的地位。日本政府為獲得外匯、解決農村失業問題與備戰，控管棉花與紡織品的生產與供應價格，期望實現自給自足的目標。 滿州，是日本從中國取得原料與食料的中繼站，自中國華北棉花品質逐漸提升，滿州對日本的經濟也日益重要。日本歷經1929年中國關稅自主、美國因世界恐慌經濟衰退，加深對滿州的經濟依賴。石橋以貿易數字為依據，1932年「滿洲國」成立前，他並不看好滿州。1932年「滿洲國」成立，促使石橋逐步修正其經濟自由主義。 石橋作為日本經濟自由主義的先驅、東洋經濟新報社的主筆，在1929至1937年這段期間，積極對產業統制與貿易統制政策提供意見。這反應滿州在日本貿易市場的地位變化，也反應日本朝野針對紡織業統制政策，整合國內對經濟政策之共識，更促成石橋在1937年後擔任商工省的統制委員。 / In 1929, the Great Depression caused Japan into economical panic, the price of silk in Japan fallen and Japanese textile industry market was replaced by Chinese, prompting Japanese government to strengthen the industry and trade control policies. This report tries to explain the impacts of Japanese government’s industry and trade control policies which responded to the textile products price oversupply or insufficient upon the Manchuria from 1929 to 1937. Otherwise, Tanzan Ishibashi considerd the benefit of Manchuria to Japan and change his economic liberalism. Tanzan Ishibashi (1884-1973), to go through an economic magazine “Toyo Keizai” journalist, the Japanese Prime Minister, is a famous pioneer of economic liberalism in Japan. Tanzan Ishibashi’s economic liberalism stood in for him and “Toyo Keizai”, appear different point of Japanese government’s economic policy. The industry and trade control policies Japanese government implemented made great influence upon Japanese textile production and price, such as in 1929, the enactment of the “ Silk Price Stable Finance Law”; in 1931, the enactment of the “Important Industry Law”; in 1934, the enactment of the” Important Industry and Trade Law”; in 1937, the enactment of the”Trade Adjust Law”. Otherwise, Manchuria’s “Important Industry Law” and “Cotton Control Law” was put into 1937, we can understand the Japanese government exhausted to make Manchuria people’s livelihood, achieve the goal of “self-sufficiency” for Japan. Manchuria, a place to offer nature materials and foods from China, also important to Japanese economy since the North China cotton’s quality has gradually edged up. Before the Manchuria was founded in 1932, Tanzan Ishibashi denied it’s important for Japan’s trade by imports and exports turnover. However, the overall economic decline furthered Japanese textile industry’s bankruptcy significantly after the Great Depression. After 1929 the economy depressed, Tanzan Ishibashi revise his economic liberalism. Be a pioneer of economic liberalism in Japan, Tanzan Ishibashi is also a leader of the economic magazine”Toyo Keizai”, he participates actively about industry and trade control policies to Japanese government in”Toyo Keizai” between 1929 to 1937. Economic recession made Japanese people realize the importantance of Manchuria, a general consensus of textile industry control policy reached from the court and the commonalty, it’s a key that Tanzan Ishibashi being a commissioner of trade control police after 1937 for Japan Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

2015年3 月，IHS市場調查公司預估由於太陽能光伏企業繼續整合併購有利於市場擴大佔有的連動關係，使得大者恆大，而且平均售價快速下降，驅動市場需求更加高速增長，2020年全球太陽能光伏電站累計安裝量將達到500GW，比較2005年的5.3GW有如天壤之別，同時說明往後五年每年平均安裝64GW，也代表全球投資在太陽能光伏產業的資金每年高達1500億美元，依次中、美、日三國為領先主要投資在新能源建設。再查看平均售價（太陽板光伏模組）2005年價格約為3.5USD/W，隨著市場逐漸增大，預估價格也在2014年降至0.6USD/W。2015-2019年全球總產值將達到5120億美金（以太陽能光伏電站為基礎，系統價格160萬USD/1MW）。 雖然兩岸太陽能光伏產業共同面對一個極具規模及潛力的全球市場，但由於2010-2012年間供需失衡，產能過剩，急速下降的市場平均售價，歐美許多公司工廠因此關廠倒閉，進而對兩岸進行兩次所謂“雙反”–反傾銷Anti Dumping Duty及反補貼Counter Vailing Duty調查，最後判定對矽晶太陽能光伏產品加以處罰性進口關稅。依照WTO世界貿易組織規定會員國在面臨外國進口產品進行不公平競爭，並損害其國內產業時，可以採取救濟措施保護其國內產業，“雙反”就是措施手段之一。2014年大陸也針對美國多晶矽料實施53-57% Anti-Dumping Duty作為反制，目前中美雙方仍處在對峙中，但可預見隨著市場條件改變，將可能達成某種雙方可接受的妥協。 本研究把兩岸太陽能光伏產業競合策略放在上面兩個最大的標題之間及緊迫的時間軸上面，針對兩岸各自產業都已掉入虧損情況（第四章大陸與台灣個案研究），期待從競合策略的積極面（合作是為了創造新生價值，找出潛藏利益，甚至創新價值、價值整合，再爭取自己所創造的價值），加上絲毫不能忽視國家政府在文化、歷史、民族的角度及ECFA大框架協議的前提進行分析得到結論，並且做出建議。當兩岸太陽能光伏產業共同面對普遍存在的“雙反”又同時面向全球市場，台灣在思考競合策略的時候，必須認清在經濟層面上與韓國進行幾乎全面各產業競爭。特別關於時間緊迫，本研究認為無論從面板產業、IC設計產業，都已經說明台灣的技術優勢在快速流失，而大陸方面正傾全國之力加速超前，形成自主（紅色）供應鏈。換句話說，時間完全不在台灣這一邊，如果再對比韓國可以配合大陸的合作條件，台灣更沒有猶豫片刻，佇足不前的理由和本錢了！在非經濟層面上又擁有最好的文化、歷史、民族背景跟大陸進行合作，另外在更高的政治層面的考慮，如臺灣之小，大陸之大，夾存在中日美三個強國之間，臺灣的選擇應該是非常清晰可分辨，並且在極度的時間壓力下應該積極運用國家政府有效作為，盡快在ECFA大框架協議下推進各項服貿、投保、金融協議、導引兩岸太陽能光伏從企業、產業到國家組合全面互利互惠合作達到面向全球市場雙贏局面。 / 2015 March, IHS market survey company forecasts Average Selling Price (ASP) will decrease rapidly and drive much higher demand growth rate, due to the Photovoltaic industries continue merger and acquisition. The forecast also indicates global accumulated installation capacity will reach 500GW in 2020, compared with 5.3GW in the year of 2005 which displays promising growth, meanwhile averages yearly installation capacity of 64GW in next five years and yearly investment of 150B USD globally. When looking into price details that PV module selling price of 3.5USD/W in 2005 has dropped to 0.6USD/W of 2014 which translates gross product value of 512B USD, with price reference of 1.6M USD/1MW solar power system. Both sides of the Taiwan Straits are facing a huge potential but challenging global market of Photovoltaic industries. The period of 2010-2012 not only generated the peak of demand, also induced problematic over-supply and selling price free-fall. Factories in Europe and North America are forced to become insolvent, then claimed for the restricting of import with Anti Dumping Duty (ADD) and Counter Vailing Duty (CVD) against mainland China and Taiwan, according to WTO regulations. In the year of 2014, mainland China also initiated a reactive measures of ADD against polysilicon imported from USA. Currently mainland China and USA are still struggling the head-on situation, but are believed to reach a compromise solutions under the Photovoltaic market development. We study the issue of Anti Dumping Duty (ADD) and Counter Vailing Duty (CVD) for the example of Photovoltaic industries, covering both sides of Cross-Strait. We focus Co-opetition in terms of time pressure, each side reporting business loss and propose a very constructive and active strategy as the essence from Co-opetition (Creating Value that You Can Capture is the Central Theme in Co-opetition). Of course, we should never ignore government playing a critically influential role based on culture, history, Chinese nation and forward-moving ECFA positive impact. When generally evaluating Co-opetition strategy, we clearly see the competition every corner between Taiwan and Korea. Specifically about time pressue we realized the reversal happened in the industries LCD flat panel and IC design which mainland China assures to catch up and surmount Taiwan in short future. Taiwan can not afford any hesitation and miss the narrow window of creating and capturing our own value in Co-opetition with mainland China. We worry as well Taiwan’s dilemma situation between USA, Japan and mainland China and strongly believe that the best strategy, in addition to the essence of Co-opetition is to harmonize the relationship with mainland China in all the possible areas. So that when facing global market, a win-win result can be expected, through Co-opetition central theme.

The focus of this thesis work was the development of an approachto couple a previosly existing Thermal Energy Storage (TES) modelwritten in C++ with a Simulink/Simscape plant model to simulate anAdvanced Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage (AA-CAES) plant.After the creation and validation of such tool, the complete modelwas used to run simulations, with the aim of assessing the AA-CAESplant's performance under multiple patterns of charge anddischarge.Most of the works found in the literature only provide values ofstorage efficiency obtained from analytical approaches, whilethose that use simulation tools provide average values ofefficiencies when the plant is performing a series of identicalcycles of charge and discharge. During this thesis project,instead, simulations were performed for consecutive irregularcycles determined as the plant response to the electric grid powerrequest. The average efficiency values obtained provide thereforea better representation of how the plant would perform in realapplications.The results show that, under the assumptions made, the AA-CAESplant's overall storage efficiency is influenced very weakly byalterations of the charge-discharge patterns, and that goodperformances can be expected not only for identical chargedischargeconsucutive cycles, but for any pattern that observesthe cavern pressure limits, as long as the thermal energy storageis sized wisely.In addition, a sensitivity analysis was performed in order toassess the influence of turbomachinery efficiency on overallstorage efficiency, for a specified plant layout. The results showthat the turbine efficiency is the most affecting parameter to theplant's performance, while the impact of the main compressors'sinefficiency is mitigated by the thermal recovery that takes placein the TES.The present work confirms that AA-CAES is a promising technologyand that storage efficiencies above 70% can be achieved even inrealistic production scenarios.Finally, future steps for more accurate simulations of plants'performances and more detailed energy production scenarios areproposed.MSc ET 18007Examinator: Joakim WidénÄmnesgranskare: Ane HåkanssonHandledare:

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:33:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonio Kaminski Alves.pdf: 2246216 bytes, checksum: 3ea291af298d8ae68381e6c22f3e2b84 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aims at analyzing the impacts of the antidumping action imposed to Brazilian shrimp farmers by the North-American fishing industry, as well as its effects on the economic development of the Microregion Coast of Aracati (Ceará, Brazil), from 2003 to 2010. It is an exploratory research in conformity with the theoretical and methodological framework presented in Lüdke and André (1986). The research sought to highlight facts of reality through representative samples of the three links of the production chain of shrimp grown in captivity, namely: a) laboratories/hatcheries; b) shrimp farms; c) the processing industry/exporter. For field research, the questionnaire was chosen as an instrument of data collection, and four types of questionnaires were developed and submitted. With regard to the bibliography, theoretical support was sought in the field s literature, reference works, dissertations and theses, scientific papers, official texts of antidumping legislation, and research on sites of WTO and other national and international institutions. In this study, two forms of analysis and interpretation of facts and figures were used: firstly, a qualitative analysis was carried out for the interpretation of the phenomena focused in the investigated object; secondly, a quantitative test was done by calculating the location quotient LQ, with the use of the methodology proposed by Hildebrand and Mace (1950). The study presents a mapping of the aquaculture in Ceará based on data collection of formal employment at RAIS. The analysis of the collected data evidenced the features of the shrimp farming in the Microregion Coast of Aracati (Ceará), and regarding the antidumping action, it was found that it is a factor that interferes with the development of shrimp farming. Concerning the perspectives for the sector, three challenges that require special attention are described: a) implementation of policies to support large enterprises and social inclusion policies, with the incorporation of the small farmer to the activity; b) support to inland shrimp farming with the shrimp L. vannamei, adapted to the reservoir waters and perennial rivers; c) consolidation of public bodies concerning the sector, such as the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture (MFA) and the Law of Fishing and Aquaculture, as well as the creation of the new Forest Code. In addition, it is noteworthy the foundation of Embrapa Aquaculture, in the context of the Law that created the MFA, unfolding a new perspective on the generation and distribution of technologies for the Brazilian aquaculture industry. / Esta pesquisa tem como proposta analisar os impactos causados pela ação antidumping imposta aos produtores de camarão brasileiros pela indústria de pesca norte-americana, assim como seus efeitos sobre o desenvolvimento econômico para a Microrregião Litoral de Aracati CE, no período de 2003 a 2010. Trata-se de pesquisa de caráter exploratório, conforme pressupostos teórico-metodológicos apresentados por Lüdke e André (1986). Na pesquisa, buscou-se evidenciar fatos da realidade por meio de amostras representativas dos três elos da cadeia produtiva do camarão produzido em cativeiro, sendo: a) laboratórios/larvicultura; b) fazendas de produção; c) indústria beneficiadora/exportador. Para a pesquisa de campo, elegeu-se como instrumento de coleta de dados o questionário, sendo elaborados e aplicados quatro tipos de questionários. Com relação ao suporte bibliográfico, buscou-se respaldo teórico na literatura da área, obras de referência, dissertações e teses produzidas, artigos científicos, textos oficiais de legislação antidumping, pesquisa em sites da OMC e em outros órgãos institucionais nacionais e internacionais. Nesta pesquisa, foram utilizadas duas formas de análise e interpretação dos fatos e dados: primeiramente, uma análise qualitativa, para a interpretação dos fenômenos focalizados no objeto investigado; em um segundo momento, foi utilizado um teste quantitativo, calculando-se o quociente locacional QL, em que, para o cálculo do QL, utilizou-se a metodologia proposta por Hildebrand e Mace (1950). A pesquisa apresenta um mapeamento da localização da aquicultura no Ceará, realizado a partir da coleta de dados do emprego formal na RAIS. Verificou-se, a partir da analise dos dados coletados, o perfil da carcinicultura na Microrregião Litoral de Aracati CE, e quanto à ação antidumping, constatou-se que a mesma é um dos fatores que interfere no desenvolvimento da atividade da carcinicultura. Com relação a perspectivas para o setor, descrevem-se três desafios que demandam atenção especial: a) implementação de políticas de apoio aos grandes empreendimentos e políticas de inclusão social com a incorporação do pequeno produtor à atividade; b) apoio à interiorização da carcinicultura com o camarão L. vannamei, adaptado às águas dos reservatórios e rios perenes; c) consolidação de órgãos públicos voltados ao setor, a exemplo do Ministério da Pesca e Aquicultura e a Lei de Aquicultura e Pesca, e criação do novo Código Florestal. Adicionalmente, cita-se a criação da Embrapa Aquicultura, no contexto da Lei que criou o MPA, abrindo uma nova perspectiva para a geração e distribuição de tecnologias para o setor aquícola brasileiro.

Submitted by Isaac Francisco de Souza Dias (isaac.souzadias@ufpe.br) on 2016-04-14T15:51:16Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE Rogeria Gladys Sales Guerra.pdf: 822090 bytes, checksum: b8f2decbc7b3ab802caecfa57cc3b24e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-14T15:51:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE Rogeria Gladys Sales Guerra.pdf: 822090 bytes, checksum: b8f2decbc7b3ab802caecfa57cc3b24e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-02 / Esta tese analisa o papel das organizações internacionais e a influência dos Novos Movimentos Sociais na negociação coletiva nacional ou transnacional. Parte-se da premissa de que a sociedade pós-industrial vem passando por transformações político-econômicas com reflexos nas relações de trabalho. Modelos econômicos flexíveis, divisão internacional do trabalho nos países centrais e periféricos, Capitalismo industrial, dumping social são alguns dos fatores que favorecem a precarização das Relações de Trabalho e o aumento do desemprego estrutural. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a necessidade de novos fundamentos para o sindicalismo contemporâneo a partir de engajamento do movimento sindical com outros movimentos sociais para propiciar desenvolvimento com liberdade e consequentemente crescimento econômico e sustentável da sociedade e assegurar a dignidade da pessoa humana dos trabalhadores. Uma vez identificada essa quebra de paradigmas, a tese procurou, a partir da Teoria Social Crítica e com apoio no pluralismo jurídico, apresentar a necessidade de interação entre os sindicatos e os novos movimentos sociais a fim de encontrar um novo sentido para o Direito Coletivo o Trabalho. / This thesis examines the role of international organizations and the influence of the New Social Movements in national or transnational collective bargaining. It starts with the premise that the post-industrial society has been going through political and economic changes reflected in labor relations . Flexible economic models, international division of labor in the central and peripheral countries, industrial capitalism, social dumping are some of the factors that favor the casualization of labor relations and the increase in structural unemployment. The objective of this study is to investigate the need for new foundations for contemporary unionism from engagement of the labor movement with other social movements to provide development with freedom and consequently economic and sustainable growth of society and ensure the human dignity of workers. Once identified this shift in paradigm, the thesis sought from the Critical Social Theory and support in legal pluralism, present the need for interaction between the unions and the new social movements in order to find a new direction for the Collective Law work.

Bypass or resection of the stomach and oesophagus, has long been recognised to result in profound changes in the handling of ingested nutrients. This results in significant morbidity after radical surgery for oesophago-gastric cancer, in particular post-prandial hypoglycaemia, altered appetite, early satiety and noxious post-prandial symptoms. By profiling and challenging the gut hormone axis in healthy volunteers and patients who had undergone total or subtotal gastrectomy, or oesophagectomy, this thesis explores the possible causative mechanisms for the challenges faced by this patient population. In the surgical groups, an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) resulted in enhanced secretion of satiety and incretin gut hormones (GLP-1, GIP, PYY) and insulin, followed by hypoglycaemia in a cohort of patients. Continuous glucose monitoring of gastrectomy participants over two weeks of normal lifestyle identified an increased incidence of day and night time hypoglycaemia. RNAseq and mass spectrometry based peptidomics of human and murine enteroendocrine cells in the pre- and post-operative populations revealed no significant change in the underlying cellular pathways for nutrient sensing and gut hormone secretion, indicating that the altered hormone secretion is primarily driven by accelerated nutrient transit, rather than adaptive changes in the gut. Finally, specific blockade of the GLP-1 receptor in post-gastrectomy patients using Exendin 9-39 normalised insulin secretion and prevented reactive hypoglycaemia after an OGTT. In conclusion, profound changes in gut hormone secretion as a result of enhanced nutrient transit after foregut surgery likely underlie the early and late post-prandial symptoms seen in this group, and therapies specifically targeting the gut hormone axis, and GLP-1 in particular, could be the first targeted treatments for post-gastrectomy syndromes.