Syftet med denna studie är att belysa synen på begreppet “hårt sex” bland unga tjejer som har sex med killar. Fokus ligger på unga tjejers förhållningssätt till “hårt sex” som diskursivt fenomen samt till samtycke och pornografi. Datainsamlingen har skett genom tre kvalitativa semistrukturerade fokusgruppsintervjuer med totalt tio tjejer i åldern 15-19 år. Det empiriska materialet har analyserats utifrån socialkonstruktivistiska teorier och begrepp rörande makt, sexuella värdehierarkier, respektabilitet och femininitet. Resultatet visar att unga tjejer idag ser på “hårt sex” som en normaliserad typ av sexuell praktik, men att denna även omgärdas av komplexa ideal kring bland annat femininitet. Resultatet visar också hur brist på kommunikation i sexuella möten leder till skapande av strategier kopplade till samtycke och rollförväntningar mellan tjejer och killar. Vidare visar resultatet att internet spelar en unik roll för formandet av sexuella ideal bland unga tjejer, där influencers, porr och memes är exempel på inflytelserika källor. / The aim of this study is to illustrate the perception of the concept “hard sex” among young women who have sex with men. Emphasis lies on young womens’ approach to “hard sex” as a discursive phenomenon but also to consent and pornography. Data was collected in three qualitative semi-structured focus group interviews with ten girls in total, aged 15-19. The empirical findings were then analyzed within social constructivist theories and concepts regarding power, hierarchies of sexual value, respectability and femininity. The results shows that young girls perceive “hard sex” as a normalized type of sexual practise, but also that this is surrounded by complex ideals about e.g. femininity. The results also show that lack of communication in sexual encounters leads to a creation of strategies linked to consent and role expectations between young women and men. Furthermore, the result show that internet plays an unique role in the creation process of sexual ideals among young women, where influencers, pornography and memes are examples of influential sources.

Children who experience violence is one aspect of the work of social secretaries and is a complex assignment in their work. The purpose of this essay has been to understand how social secretaries describe their work within their discretion on children who experience violence. More specifically focus has been on cases where there is a lack of consent to voluntary interventions according to the Social Services Act and when compulsory care is not possible. Previous research about this specific situation is limited which makes this study necessary. The questions of this study had a focus on how social secretaries use their discretion in these cases, which challenges they meet in their work and also their reasoning on today´s legislation regarding children who experience violence. The method of this study has been qualitative semi-structured interviews with five social secretaries in three different municipalities in Sweden. Our results have been analysed with previous research and two theoretic starting-points, discretion and caring power. This study shows that knowledge about children who experience violence is an important part in the work of social secretaries and is a crucial factor in children’s right to protection. It also shows that parental rights to refuse interventions is a major aspect that prevents the possibilities of social secretaries to protect children who experience violence which the social secretaries describe as a difficult challenge. Another difficult challenge described was when parents deny that their children are experiencing violence and there is a lack of proof in the same time. The social secretaries in this study expressed a wish to have a possibility in the law to force parents of children who experience violence to receive interventions even though there is a lack of consent.

Synen på sex kan se väldigt olika ut beroende på dess kontext, och för att kunna förstå sex och sexualitet i sin helhet krävs det att det ses ur sitt sociala, historiska, kulturella och politiska sammanhang. Studien utgår från en komparativ ansats, då den avser att identifiera eventuella samband och skillnader mellan Sverige och Nederländerna kring synen på sex, samt vad som kan vara orsaken till dessa. Som jämförande länder valdes Sverige och Nederländerna då de kan ses som varandras motpoler när det kommer till konservativa och liberala värderingar. Studien undersöker sex utifrån unga kvinnors perspektiv, och material har samlats in med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer i respektive land. Således är syftet med studien att undersöka unga kvinnors syn på sex i Sverige samt Nederländerna. Resultaten visade att trots olika värderingar och politiska åsikter i länderna så har unga kvinnor liknande tankar och upplevelser när det kommer till synen på sex. Den främsta förklaringen till de liknande åsikterna kopplas till feminismens utveckling samt internet som informationskälla. Den största skillnaden i åsikter hos kvinnorna var kring sexuellt arbete såsom prostitution, där kvinnorna i Sverige var negativa medan kvinnorna i Nederländerna var positiva, men med en viss skepticism. En möjlig förklaring till att kvinnorna i Nederländerna var mer positiva till prostitution var på grund av normaliseringen som skett genom inflytande från politiken.

Personliga data samlas in när vi besöker internetsidor och tillgång till personliga data har snabbt fåttavgörande betydelse för alltfler företags värdeskapande. Därför har metodutveckling för tillgång tillpersonliga data blivit en central del i företags konkurrenskraft. Det medför emellertid stora och riskerför individers personliga integritet. För att motverka sådana risker infördes 2018 den europeiskadataskyddsförordningen (GDPR). Vår analys visar att GDPR ger ett stort tolkningsutrymme för hurföretag informerar om datainsamling via cookie-notifikationer. Utformningen varierar därför kraftigtoch designas ofta för att styra användare mot att acceptera datainsamling. Vår analys visar att eneffekt av GDPR är att antalet cookie-notifikationer ökat avsevärt och att individers medvetenhet omoch oro inför hur personliga data samlas in och används har ökat efter GDPR:s införande. Däremotpekar våra resultat på att GDPR inte haft några betydande effekter på användares beteende när detgäller att aktivt skydda sina personliga data. De viktigaste skälen till att GDPR inte haft några effekterpå användarnas beteende för att skydda sina personliga data är att det är alltför tidskrävande och svårt.Vår analys visar därför att det så kallade “informerade samtycket” till insamling av personliga datainte effektivt uppnås trots GDPR:s införande. Vår slutsats för fortsatt forskning är att det är angelägetmed fördjupad forskning kring obalanser mellan individer, företag och reglerande myndigheterkopplat till hur personliga data samlas in, sammanställs och används. / The collection of personal data has become a crucial part of companies value creation. Because ofthat, the development of methods to get access to power over the personal data has become a centralpart in the competitiveness between companies. This has resulted in risks and concerns concerningindividual privacy. To counteract these risks, the European Union introduced the General dataProtection Regulation (GDPR). Our analysis shows that one effect of the GDPR is an increased usageof cookie-notifications when informing users of data collection. Our analysis also shows that theregulation has room for interpretation for how the companies inform the user about data collectionpractices. That has resulted in varied design methods in cookie-notifications that often steer userstowards an acceptance of collection of personal data. Because of the increased usage of cookienotificationsusers awareness and privacy concerns has drastically increased. However, our findingsshow that the regulation hasn’t had an effect on user behavior, specifically connected to protectingtheir personal data online. The main reasons for this are that it takes a lot of effort and time tocomprehend how that is done practically. Therefore, our analysis shows that “informed consent” isnot effectively achieved in the current methods, despite it being required in the regulation. Ourconclusion is therefore that future research should focus on the imbalance between individuals,companies and regulatory instances when addressing the problems with collection and usage of personal data.

The thesis answers the question "How does the change in effective control affect investment protection mechanisms in the Ukraine - Russia BIT against the temporal scope of when investment was made?". The essence of the Tribunal's jurisdiction, territorial and temporal scope of the Ukraine - Russia BIT were analyzed according to the rules of Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Relevant case law, doctrine and available information on the awards in "Crimean cases" were also parts of the analysis. A conclusion was made that changes in effective control activate BIT protection for Ukrainian investors in Crimea against actions of Russian Federation. As a result, investment arbitral tribunals have jurisdiction in cases where investment has not been initially made in the territory of the host state. The date of Russian Federation consent to arbitrate with Ukrainian investors in Crimea is the date of actual change in effective control.

A quantitative descriptive study was conducted to establish professional nurses’ and patients’ knowledge and understanding of laparoscopic surgery and to determine whether nurses are sufficiently knowledgeable to disseminate adequate information about laparoscopic surgery to patients. Two state hospitals based in KwaZulu-Natal where laparoscopic surgery is done were selected and the respondents were selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected by administering questionnaires to theatre nurses (n=39), ward nurses (n=87) and patients (n=42) scheduled for laparoscopic surgery. The SPSS version 15 for Windows was used to compute the results. The findings revealed that the professional nurses were not sufficiently knowledgeable about laparoscopic surgery to give adequate information to patients and the patients themselves were not fully informed about all aspects of laparoscopic surgery including the possibility of conversion to open surgery, complications and advantages and after care. There is therefore a dire need for improvement of patient education to assist patients gaining optimal recovery / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

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The work involves comparingethical values in the general population without serious damage to the general health, and in pacients within overal disease where i tis clear that the scale of values of the two groups are different. From futher examinations came some additional insights /see Chapter 4 d/ and chapter 5 work/. Results and conclusions are in line with Anglo-Saxon literature/ European and overseas/ and our own experience with treating pacients. No medical industry can not fully ensure full health of pacients. There is a set of values focused on specific medical professions and their own core values. These parameters set values based on many aspects of professional decision meking. And those serve to assess the pacientś needs. How to treat and the doctorś own medical approach to the pacient with severe overal ilness correspondens to the hierarchy of ethical values in Ozar-Sokol scheme. Proposal of six major ethical values concerning dentistry and access to treatment and justice in distribution and alocation of resources in surgical pacients with variety of serious medical interventions: heart surgery, transplants, etc./ ethical values contribute to the proces of decision- making in case of conflict. Not all Ozar-Sokol scheme recognizes those. From the perspective of pacients with serious...

Information and education of senior patients in the frame of health care. This thesis focuses on informations providing by health care professionals to the seniors age patients/clients. I describe the contemporary situation in this field in the Czech republic, and define main attributes and conditions according to the historical, social, cultural and moral context in the theoretical part of thesis. I introduce the transmission and the acceptation of the information during the dialogue between a layperson and an expert in two basic levels: level of rules, especially an Inform consent, and level of an ethical discourse. I compare an atmosphere created by law and rules with human reactions, either as medical professionals, or as a patient. For the empirical section of the thesis, I describe and evaluate experiences of patients with information-giving by health care professionals. I have chosen qualitative method for the main body of my empirical research, which consists of semi-structured interviews with 20 patients. The collected data were cathegorised, analysed and then quantified and prepared for interpretation. The thesis includes not only the results of my research, but also examples of encounters with patients during my day-to-day nursing practice. Because the main goal of my thesis was to find...

The work involves comparingethical values in the general population without serious damage to the general health, and in pacients within overal disease where i tis clear that the scale of values of the two groups are different. From futher examinations came some additional insights /see Chapter 4 d/ and chapter 5 work/. Results and conclusions are in line with Anglo-Saxon literature/ European and overseas/ and our own experience with treating pacients. No medical industry can not fully ensure full health of pacients. There is a set of values focused on specific medical professions and their own core values. These parameters set values based on many aspects of professional decision meking. And those serve to assess the pacientś needs. How to treat and the doctorś own medical approach to the pacient with severe overal ilness correspondens to the hierarchy of ethical values in Ozar-Sokol scheme. Proposal of six major ethical values concerning dentistry and access to treatment and justice in distribution and alocation of resources in surgical pacients with variety of serious medical interventions: heart surgery, transplants, etc./ ethical values contribute to the proces of decision- making in case of conflict. Not all Ozar-Sokol scheme recognizes those. From the perspective of pacients with serious...