“Childs pedagogic material – A qualitative study of child’s use of pedagogic materials available at five nursery schools and about their teachers thoughts about the display of the pedagogic material” In the nursery preschool the environment and the educational materials have always had a central place. That's why it has been chosen to study and observe five preschools and interview sex teachers, in an attempt to understand the teachers thought about the choice of material and the choices of material that the children used. The reason I do this is to see what the underlying idea about the materials the children use is, and why educators choose to make certain materials visible. The purpose of this study is to examine the educational materials that are used to stimulate children´s learning and examine what determines the choice of educational materials. In the assessment of the pedagogical scenario it has been used a socio-cultural perspective and a multimodal approach that allowed to conclude that children use most of the material with exception of what is often placed high up on shelves, locked in closets or a cabinets. Educational materials that children don't see are not commonly used by the children since they don’t of interest for them. When teachers display educational materials in the children’s level and make the material available for them, it results in awaking the children’s interest in using them. At the interviews all the teachers agreed that the educational material must be made available and that on the children's level.  The educational material has to be tempting and varying nature, furthermore, the material also has to be concrete and so designed that the children could make use of them without needs of supervising guidance of an adult that explaining everything to them.

Studies have shown that a majority of teachers in Sweden (among other countries) today use an algebraic approach to introduce complex numbers. Studies have also shown that this approach could be problematic for students' conceptualization, and can lead to misconceptions regarding the complex numbers. The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate if teachers' perceptions of complex numbers had any effect on their choice of method in regards to introducing the complex numbers to their students. A secondary purpose of this study was to see which digital learning resources teachers use, and how they use these in their teaching of the complex numbers. A qualitative interview with seven teachers was conducted to hear their personal choices and experiences. The study found no connection between the teachers' perception of complex numbers, and their choice of introducing complex numbers. Regarding the use of digital learning resources, the study found many of the teachers to be inexperienced or limited in their use of digital learning resources in their teaching of the complex numbers. / Forskning har visat att majoriteten av lärare i Sverige (bland andra länder) använder idag en algebraisk undervisningsmetod för att introducera komplexa tal. Forskning har också visat att detta kan vara problematiskt för elevers begreppsskapande och kan leda till missuppfattningar av komplexa tal. Syftet med den här studien var således att undersöka om lärares uppfattningar av komplexa tal har någon inverkan på deras val av introduktion i undervisningen. Ett sekundärt syfte var att se vilka digitala hjälpmedel lärare använder och hur de väljer att använda dessa i samband med undervisningen av komplexa tal. En kvalitativ intervju gjordes med sju lärare för att ta del av deras undervisning och deras personliga erfarenheter. Studien fann ingen koppling mellan lärarnas uppfattningar av komplexa tal och hur de valde att introducera komplexa tal. Gällande digitala verktyg så fann studien många lärare oerfarna eller begränsade i sin användning av digitala verktyg i sin undervisning av komplexa tal.

The progress of the pandemic has affected many people in the outside world and digitalization has therefore reached new levels. Previous research and reports have shown that teachers in mathematics rarely use digital learning resources when teaching in the classroom. With the help of a questionnaire study, the use and knowledge of digital learning resources for primary and middle school teachers and whether the pandemic has had any impact on this is investigated. The analysis of the results will take place in the TPACK in situ framework. This shows that teachers´ use of digital learning resources have increased in connection with the Covid- 19 pandemic. The teachers´ digital competence has to a large extent been developed when the pandemic set new demands and challenges. The study suggests that the effects of the pandemic have led to higher collegial collaboration in the search for and use of digital learning resources. / Pandemins framfart har påverkat många i omvärlden och digitaliseringen har nått nya nivåer. Tidigare forskning och rapporter har visat på att lärare i matematikundervisningen sällan använder digitala lärresurser. Med hjälp av en enkätstudie undersöks låg- och mellanstadielärares användning och kunskap kring digitala lärresurser samt om pandemin har haft någon påverkan på detta. Analysen av resultatet kommer ske med hjälp av ramverket TPACK in situ. Detta visar att lärares användning av digitala lärresurser har ökat i samband med Covid-19 pandemin. Lärarnas digitala kompetens har i hög utsträckning utvecklats när pandemin ställt nya krav och utmaningar. Studien antyder att pandemins effekter har givit ett högre kollegialt samarbete vid sökande och användande av digitala lärresurser.

Digital technology is developing rapidly, and educators are currently in the process of exploring what opportunities new technology can have for learning and teaching. This applies not least to the field of education in programming, as   learning to program is a great challenge for many students. Therefore, educators and researchers have sought to find educationally effective digital learning resources to facilitate the programming learning process. In this thesis, multimodal online learning environments, providing accessible and learner-focused learning activities, and multimodal software visualizations, striving at concretizing the abstract building blocks in programming languages, were exploratory investigated. The aim was to expand the understanding of how digital learning resources can be used to support students’ understanding of basic programming concepts and dynamics. Empirical studies were conducted at the Department of Computer and Systems Sciences (DSV) at Stockholm University, Sweden. The data were collected during introductory programming courses in which the author had an active role as designer of the software visualizations, teacher and researcher. In these courses, the digital learning resources were explored as additional course resources. The research was conducted both through field experiments and case studies and data was collected using questionnaires, interviews and group discussions. Results strengthened the claims that abstract phenomena like programming can be made visible and understandable through visualization, in particular program dynamics.  When visualizations illustrated more conceptual elements, further guidance was required, to facilitate students’ interpretation and understanding. Regarding the online learning environments, guiding to the right learning pathways was the most critical factor found from the results. When adequate instructions and feedback were lacking in the learning environments, users became cognitively overloaded and disoriented. Finally, findings in all compiled studies indicate that teacher planning and orchestration of the learning situations should be conducted with more reflection.

Samhället är väldigt digitaliserat och digitala lärresurser har fått ett stort utrymme på skolan i nästan alla årskurser. Syftet med att använda digitala lärresurser är för att stötta eleverna i deras lärande och utveckling. Digitala lärresurser har ytterligare ett syfte som är att underlätta lärarens arbete. I denna studie kommer en systematiskt litteraturstudie att göras för att undersöka vad tidigare forskning som har fokuserat på digitala lärresurser i matematikundervisning kommer sammanställas. digitala lärresurser inom matematikundervisningen. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att undersöka användningen av digitala lärresurser under matematikundervisningen samt hur den kan främja elevers lärande. Studien kommer även att ta del av användningen av digitala lärresurser utifrån sociokulturella perspektivet. Resultaten av de sammanställda forskningarna visade att digitala lärresurser av olika slag kan främja elevernas lärande på olika sätt. Det främjar bland annat motivation till lärande, engagemang, problemlösningsförmåga, algebraiska tänkande, tal beräkningar, mönsterigenkänning m.m. Resultatet har även visat att en stor del av bakomliggande aspekter som kan hindra att elevers lärande främjas genom digitala lärresurser är lärarnas brist på kunskap gällande användning av materialet. / Society is highly digitalized and digital learning resources have been given a large space at school in almost all grades. The purpose of using digital learning resources is to support students in their learning and development. Digital learning resources have another purpose, which is to facilitate the teacher's work. In this study, a systematic literature study will be done to investigate what previous research that has focused on digital learning resources in mathematics education will be compiled. digital learning resources in mathematics teaching. The purpose of this literature study is to investigate the use of digital learning resources during mathematics teaching and how it can promote student learning. The study will also considerthe use of digital learning resources based on the socio-cultural perspective. The results of the compiled research showed that digital learning resources of various kinds can promote students' learning in different ways. Among other things, it promotes motivation for learning, commitment, problem-solving skills, algebraic thinking, number calculations and pattern recognition. The results also show that a large part of the underlying aspects that can prevent students' learning from being promoted through digital learning resources is the teachers' lack of knowledge regarding the use of the material

I dagens skolor används digitala lärresurser flitigt i matematikundervisningen trots att det visats i studier att digitala lärresurser inte används på ett effektivt sätt. Syftet med denna studie är att sammanställa information om användningen av de digitala lärresurserna i matematikundervisningen i årskurs 1-6 kopplat till elevers lärande. Studien är en systematisk litteraturstudie där tidigare forskning kring ämnet undersöks. I resultatet framkommer tre huvudresultat. Det första huvudresultatet handlar om att elevernas motivation kan öka med hjälp av digitala lärresurser. Det andra huvudresultatet beskriver utvecklingen av olika förmågor som kan uppkomma med hjälp av digitala lärresurser. Det sista och tredje huvudresultatet handlar om negativa effekter som kan uppkomma av användningen av digitala lärresurser. Interaktionen mellan lärare och elev kan försämras när digitala spel används i undervisningen. Det tredje huvudresultatet ger en tydlig bild av lärares brister på kunskaper om digitala lärresurser vilket påverkar elevers lärande. En slutsats som vår studie landar i är att mer forskning om matematikundervisningen som grundar sig helt på användningen av digitala lärresurser behövs för att tydligare kunna se vad effekterna på lärandet blir / In today's schools digital learning resources are used diligently in mathematics, even though studies have shown that they are not used efficiently. The purpose of this study is to compile information regarding the use of digital learning resources in mathematics connected to pupils' learning in years 1-6. The study is a systematic literature study where previous research about the subject is investigated. Three main results are presented. One of the results is associated with the possibility of raising student motivation by the use of digital learning resources. Another result describes the development of different skills by the use of digital learning resources. The final result presents negative effects that may follow from the use of digital learning resources. The third main result gives a clear picture of teachers’ lack of knowledge regarding digital learning resources, which directly affects pupils’ learning. A conclusion drawn by this study is that more research regarding teaching of mathematics based solely on the use of digital learning resources is required to more clearly see the effects on pupils’ learning

The collection and the use of data on the internet with e-learning purposes are tasks made by many people every day, because of their role as teachers or students. The web provides several data sources with relevant information that could be used in educational environments, but the information is widely distributed, or poorly structured. Also, resources on the web are diverse, sometimes with high quality, but sometimes not. These situations involve a difficult search of e-learning resources, and therefore a lot of time invested, because the search process – typing, reasoning, selecting, using resources, bookmarking, and so forth - is completely executed by humans, despite that some of them can be executed by computers. Linked data provides designed practices for organizing, and for discovering information using the processing power of computers. At the same time, the community of linked data provides data sets that are already connected, and this information could be consumed by people anytime as resources with e-learning purposesThe current article presents the findings of a master thesis that address the linked data techniques and also the techniques used by students when searching e-learning resources, using internet. The resources used by the students, as well as the sources preferred, will be comparing with the current resources offered by the linked data community. Likewise, the strategies and techniques selected by the students will be taken into account, in order to establish the basic requirements of an e-learning collaborative environment prototype.The outline of the thesis is:Chapter 2 discusses the research methodology as well as the constructing and administering the research survey in which the current thesis based the requirements elicitation. Chapter 3 lays the groundwork for the rest of the thesis by presenting the principles and terminology of linked data, as well as related work about the internet in education, availability of e-learning resources, and surveys about the use of the internet in e-learning resources searchingChapter 4 presents the investigation of the methods used by student for exploring and discovering e-learning resources through the data analysis and interpretation of the survey. Chapter 5 Introduces to the prototype design. It includes the prototype idea, the requirements specification using the data analysis of the survey, and the architecture of the e-learning collaborative environment using the assumptions reached in the literature review and the dereferencable URIs found in the linked open data cloud diagram. The design of components in the environment will be addressed in terms of UML diagrams. Chapter 6 Validates the requirements of the prototype.Chapter 7 Tackles conclusions of the master thesis project in order to find incomes for further research in the area. This chapter also shows the contributions e-learning world evaluation is based on the benefits indentified by using this approach and gives indications of what future work can be done to improve the results. The findings address the decision-making process for designing a new era of e-learning environments that enhance the selection of e-learning resources, taking into account the technology available, and the information around the World Wide Web.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo investigar a aprendizagem de estudantes universitários de japonês como língua estrangeira (JLE) e sua autonomia fora da sala de aula no contexto da cidade de São Paulo. Levando em consideração que a aprendizagem de língua tem o caráter contínuo ao longo da vida, o aprendiz precisa desenvolver a capacidade de dirigir seu estudo por conta própria, ou seja, autonomia. Enquanto essa concepção indica um atributo do aprendiz, sua prática pode ser restrita por fatores externos como o ambiente e a relação com outras pessoas. A fim de pôr qualquer ação em prática que visa à promoção da autonomia do aprendiz, faz-se necessário reconhecer formas e ambientes reais em que a aprendizagem se concretiza. No geral, o aprendiz tende a realizar atividades com sua língua-alvo fora da sala de aula por sua iniciativa, e para desenvolver sua proficiência nesse contexto, ele precisa gerenciar seu estudo. Partindo-se dessa perspectiva, fora da sala de aula é uma situação em que permite observar a autonomia do aprendiz uma vez que há certo grau de liberdade de dirigir sua aprendizagem. A pesquisa teve a natureza qualitativa com dados qualitativos e quantitativos, e configurou-se como estudo de caso. Os participantes foram trinta estudantes no total, de uma disciplina da língua japonesa (LJ) de nível básico do curso de habilitação na língua de uma instituição de ensino superior, localizada na cidade de São Paulo. Para a coleta de dados, foram utilizados instrumentos; observação de aulas, questionário para todos os estudantes, entrevista para sete estudantes e diário de estudo para três estudantes. Para a análise, os dados foram identificados, descritos e interpretados. Os resultados apontam que os estudantes desenvolviam várias atividades utilizando a LJ além da sala de aula por sua iniciativa, principalmente as receptivas no domínio pessoal. Na maioria das atividades de interação, amigos e colegas de estudo foram interlocutores. Apesar da ampla disponibilidade de recursos para a aprendizagem da LJ na cidade graças à imigração japonesa e ao intercâmbio econômico e comercial com o Japão, os estudantes tenderam a utilizar recursos e meios digitais como sites da internet, redes sociais e chat. Embora muitas atividades fossem realizadas principalmente pelo interesse cultural, alguns alunos tentaram compreender o conhecimento obtido durante aulas, aplicando-o nas atividades fora do contexto da instituição educacional intencionalmente. Verificou-se também o esforço de uma estudante para procurar oportunidades de interagir com falantes da LJ no domínio público e profissional. / This thesis aims at investigating the learning of undergraduate students of Japanese as foreign language and their autonomy beyond the classroom in the city of São Paulo. Considering that language learning is a lifelong activity, a learner needs to develop the capacity to direct your study on your own, namely, autonomy. While this concept indicates an learner\'s attribute, its practice can be restricted by external factors such as his environment and relationship with other people. In order to put into practice any action in pursuit of this capacity, it is essential to comprehend real forms and environments in which learning occurs. Generally speaking, the learner tends to realize activities using his target language outside the classroom taking his initiative, and so as to develop his proficiency in this context, he needs to administrate his study under his own direction. From this perspective, it can be said that it is a situation in which allows us to observe the learner autonomy because there is a certain degree of freedom to direct his own study. This research was qualitative treating both qualitative and quantitative data, and its approach was case study. The participants were thirty undergraduate students in total of a Japanese language basic level subject of the language course in the city of São Paulo. For the data collection, the instruments such as classroom observation, questionnaire for thirty students, interview for seven students and learning diary for three students were employed, and for the analysis, the data was identified, described and interpreted. The results point out that the students developed various activities using Japanese beyond the classroom, especially that of reception in the personal domain. In many cases of interaction, friends and classmates were their interlocutors. Regardless of wide range of variety of resources available to Japanese language learning in the city due to the Japanese immigration to Brazil and economic relationship with Japan, these students tended to use digital resources and medias such as internet sites, social networking services and chat. Although most activities were held primarily because of their interest in Japanese culture, some participants sought to comprehend the linguistic knowledge acquired in the classroom, using it in those out-of-classroom activities. Among the student\'s attempts to use the language, it was observed that a student looked for opportunities to interact with Japanese speakers even in the public and professional domains.

This thesis studies designs for learning in the extended digital interface in the Social Science classroom. The aim is to describe and analyse how pupils interact, make meaning and learn while deploying digital learning resources. Together with the thesis a multimodal design theoretical perspective on learning has developed: Designs for Learning. Here learning is understood as multimodal transformative processes of sign-making activities where teachers and pupils are viewed as didactic designers. A model called Learning Design Sequence has been developed and serves as a tool for data collection and analysis. Video observation material from five ICT-advanced schools with pupils aged 6-17 was multimodally transcribed and analysed. In conclusion the thesis, among other things, indicates that: - Social Science acquires informal features and pupils are independently designing their own digital Social Science material. - Pupils’ interactions are significantly multimodal and the digital learning resource becomes a third element in interaction. Pupils are constantly active and very responsive to each others’ representations. They cooperate as if learning in the extended interface is a collective responsibility. - Pupils’ learning is also significantly multimodal. Being digital natives, they engage in colours, sounds and images to represent some of their learning. - Learning represented in modes other than text and speech becomes invisible and disappears in the digital divide. - Pupils are simultaneously designing parallel paths of learning. One path represents the formalised education which is the path initiated, promoted and assessed by the teacher. The other path is guided by pupils’ interests and by affordances in the digital interface. This represents the extended learning that goes on below the surface.           The thesis ends with a discussion about didactic complexities in The Online Learning Paradigm. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Accepted. Paper 5: Submitted.

Orientadora: Meiri Aparecida Gurgel de Campos Miranda / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa De Pós-Graduação em Ensino, História, Filosofia das Ciências e Matemática, 2016. / Este trabalho apresenta a pesquisa de mestrado desenvolvida no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino e História das Ciências e Matemática, da Universidade Federal do ABC, em que falamos de educação sexual para alunos(as) deficientes visuais, através das seguintes temáticas: corpo humano, sistemas genitais e puberdade. Nosso objetivo foi investigar a oficina de educação sexual, ao verificar as possibilidades e limites do seu planejamento, com enfoque nas necessidades educacionais especiais de estudantes com deficiência visual (participantes da pesquisa), delimitando-se ao seu próprio corpo e do sexo oposto, as diferenças dos sistemas genitais (feminino e masculino) e as mudanças corporais decorrentes da puberdade. Os conteúdos de interesse foram abordados por meio de uma oficina, composta de doze encontros, e realizados em uma escola pública estadual localizada no estado de São Paulo, com participação de quatro estudantes deficientes visuais, sendo três com baixa visão e uma com cegueira. Utilizamos nestes encontros vários recursos que atendem as necessidades educacionais especiais dos(as) alunos(as) participantes, entre eles: bonecos em massa de modelagem, e sexuados; modelos anatômicos (torsos, sistema genital feminino e pênis); jogo de tabuleiro. Os nossos dados coletados, ou seja, questionários, encontros gravados, recursos didáticos, foram analisados pela leitura e observação, definindo-se a partir deles, as unidades de dados (as ideias expressadas durante as diferentes atividades desenvolvidas nos encontros), que foram aglutinadas em categorias. Nos resultados, identificamos que os estudantes articularam com um pouco mais de fundamentação científica os conceitos referentes ao corpo humano, sistemas genitais (feminino e masculino) e puberdade, que levou a categoria conceitos de puberdade e adolescência; da mesma forma, com relação aos outros sistemas que compõem o corpo humano, evidenciando a categoria corpo humano; mesmo quando apresentavam certa inibição durante os encontros, originando a categoria comportamento; e na categoria recursos didáticos, verificamos a importância da adaptação às necessidades educacionais especiais tanto para baixa visão, quanto para cegueira, e identificamos algumas limitações no uso de livros paradidáticos quando não adaptados, ou o aperfeiçoamento de detalhes na adaptação dos bonecos sexuados e do jogo de tabuleiro, para melhor utilização destes recursos, e também como o uso de instrumentos pouco utilizados em sala de aula, estimulam os estudantes deficientes visuais a participarem da aula. Desta forma, verificamos que a oficina de educação sexual voltada apenas para alunos deficientes visuais possibilita que eles fundamentem melhor suas respostas relacionadas aos assuntos desenvolvidos a partir da oficina. / This work presents the master's research developed at the Graduate Program in Education and History of Science and Mathematics, at Federal University of ABC, addressing the sexual education for visually impaired students, through the following topics: the human body, genitals systems and puberty. Our objective was to investigate the workshop of sex education, by checking the possibilities and limits of planning, focusing in special educational needs for students of visual impairment (research participants), delimiting to the following subjects: your own body and opposite sex, the differences of genital systems (female and male) and the bodily changes resulting from puberty. The contents of interest were addressed through a workshop made up of twelve meetings, held in a public school in the state of São Paulo, with participation of four visually impaired students, three of them with low vision and one blind. We use in these classes several teaching resources that met the special educational needs of students participating, including: Play-Doh dolls; sexed dolls; anatomical models (torso, female genital system and penis); board game. Our data collected, as questionnaires, recorded classes, educational resources, were analyzed by reading and observation, defining from them, data units (ideas expressed during different activities in the classes), which were clumped into categories. In the results, it was founded that students have articulated with more theoretical foundation the concepts related to the human body, genital systems (female and male) and puberty, which led the category named concepts of puberty and adolescence; in the category named human body has the other systems that make up the human body; the behavior category has been allocated of when students had a certain inhibition during the meetings; and in the class teaching resources, we see the importance of adapting to the special educational needs as much to low vision as to blindness, and identify some limitations in the use of supplementary educational materials when it is not adapted, or the improvement of details in the adaptation of sexed dolls and in board game. To better use of resources, as well as the use of others tools, different from used in the classroom, to can encourage the visually impaired students to participate in the class. Thus, we find that sex education workshop focused on visually impaired students enables them to better justify their answers related to matters developed.