Es besteht weitgehender Konsens darüber, dass Designer mit anderen Beteiligten gemeinsam bereits in frühe Phasen von Innovations- und Entwicklungsprozessen eingebunden werden müssen. Unterschiedliche Ausbildungsformen, Begriffe, Methoden und Fachkulturen von Designern und den traditionell in Technologieentwicklung involvierten Ingenieuren und Naturwissenschaftlern erschweren oder verhindern in der Praxis oftmals eine effektive Zusammenarbeit. Dieses Buch widmet sich in diesem Kontext dem bislang nur unzureichend gelösten Problem der Akquise des für den Designentwurf relevanten Wissens aus dem individuell verfügbaren Repertoire: Während diese bei Experten weitgehend intuitiv abläuft ist, stellt sie insbesondere für ingenieurwissenschaftlich vorgebildete Designnovizen ohne spezifische methodische Unterstützung ein Problem dar. Um geeignete Methoden auswählen und entwickeln zu können, wird in einem umfangreichen theoretischen Teil untersucht, wie dieses individuelle Designwissen charakterisiert ist. Auf Grundlage einer umfassenden Definition von Designwissen werden potenziell geeignete Methoden zur Unterstützung dessen Akquise dargestellt und bewertet. Reflexive Methoden auf der Basis generischer Fragelisten sowie narrative Methoden auf Basis von Nutzer-Archetypen (Personas) und normativen Szenarien bilden dabei den Schwerpunkt. Der empirische Teil umfasst vier Untersuchungen. Der tatsächliche Effekt von spezifischen reflexiven und narrativen Methoden bei der individuellen Wissensakquise wird in drei Studien mit experimentellem Charakter nachgewiesen und diskutiert. Eine vergleichende explorative Feldstudie zum Einsatz von Methoden in der beruflichen Praxis von Designern und Konstrukteuren ergänzt die Erkenntnisse und hilft, diese in einen breiteren Kontext einzuordnen.:0 VORWORT v 0.1 Danksagung v 0.2 Anmerkungen zu Form und Sprache vii 0.3 Einordnung der Arbeit in den Designforschungskontext viii 1 EINFÜHRUNG 1 1.1 Wissenschaftliche Problemlage 1 1.2 Methodisches Vorgehen 7 2 THEORETISCHE GRUNDLAGEN 9 2.1 Entwerfen 9 2.1.1 Neues Schaffen 9 2.1.2 Entwurfsdisziplinen 10 2.1.3 Innovation 21 2.1.4 Kreativität 27 2.2 Entwurfsaufgaben als Probleme 33 2.2.1 Entwurfsaufgaben als schwach strukturierte Probleme 34 2.2.2 Entwurfsaufgaben als bösartige Probleme 37 2.2.3 Entwurfsaufgaben als komplexe Probleme 39 2.2.4 Entwurfsaufgaben als wissensreiche Probleme 41 2.2.5 Entwurfsprobleme als Kategorie 43 2.2.6 Zusammenfassung 45 2.3 Entwurfsprozesse 47 2.3.1 Entwerfen als menschliches Problemlösen 47 2.3.2 Entwerfen als reflexive Konversation 53 2.3.3 Entwerfen als psychisch regulierte Tätigkeit 56 2.3.4 Vorgehensmodelle in den Disziplinen 68 2.3.5 Zusammenfassung 72 2.4 Entwurfswissen 74 2.4.1 Eingrenzung des Begriffs 74 2.4.2 Nicht-Wissen und Unsicherheit 80 2.4.3 Vor- und Erfahrungswissen 83 2.4.4 Fakten- und Episodisches Wissen, Sach- und Handlungswissen 86 2.4.5 Soziokulturelles und Alltagswissen 89 2.4.6 Implizites und explizites Wissen 92 2.4.7 Objektives, subjektives, rationales und emotionales Wissen 100 2.4.8 Zusammenfassende Definition 103 2.5 Methoden zur Wissensakquise 108 2.5.1 Markt- und Zielgruppenanalysen 109 2.5.2 Anforderungslisten 113 2.5.3 Brainstorming und Derivate 117 2.5.4 Assoziation und Analogiebildung 119 2.5.5 Entwurfszeichnen und Entwurfshandeln 122 2.5.6 Fragenbasierte Selbstreflexion 124 2.5.7 Narration 126 2.5.8 Persona 129 2.5.9 Szenario 135 2.5.10 Methodenakzeptanz in der Praxis 143 2.6 Zusammenfassung und Auswahl geeigneter Methoden 147 3 EMPIRISCHE UNTERSUCHUNGEN 151 3.1 Methodeneinsatz in frühen Entwurfsphasen in der Praxis von Designern und Konstrukteuren 154 3.1.1 Problem und Fragestellungen 154 3.1.2 Aufbau und Durchführung der Untersuchung 157 3.1.3 Ergebnisse der Untersuchung 160 3.1.4 Interpretation und Diskussion 176 3.2 Unterstützung der Anforderungsermittlung durch fragenbasierte Selbstreflexion 180 3.2.1 Problem und Fragestellungen 180 3.2.2 Aufbau und Durchführung der Untersuchung 183 3.2.3 Ergebnisse der Untersuchung 184 3.2.4 Diskussion und Interpretation 186 3.3 Unterstützung der Akquise von Designwissen durch narrative Methoden 189 3.3.1 Problem und Fragestellungen 189 3.3.2 Aufbau und Durchführung der Untersuchung 192 3.3.3 Ergebnisse der Untersuchung 197 3.3.4 Interpretation und Diskussion der Ergebnisse 205 3.4 Unterstützung der Akquise von Designwissen durch fragenbasierte Selbstreflexion 211 3.4.1 Problem und Fragestellungen 211 3.4.2 Aufbau und Durchführung der Untersuchung 212 3.4.3 Ergebnisse der Untersuchung 216 3.4.4 Interpretation und Diskussion der Ergebnisse 227 4 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 233 5 AUSBLICK 243 6 VERZEICHNISSE 247 6.1 Literaturverzeichnis 247 6.2 Abbildungsverzeichnis 282 6.3 Tabellenverzeichnis 285 6.4 Abkürzungs- und Symbolverzeichnis 287 7 ANHANG 289

<p>  </p> <p>In the pharmaceutical industry, special care must be taken by companies to guarantee high quality medications that are free from byproducts and impurities. The development process involves various considerations including solvent selection, solubility screening, unit operation selection, environmental, and health impact evaluations. Traditionally, pharmaceutical manufacturing consisted of large, centralized facilities to meet pharmaceutical demands; however, there has been a recent shift toward distributed manufacturing. With distributed manufacturing platforms, rapidly changing supply chain needs can be met regionally in addition to supplying small-volume medications and personalized medicines to hospitals and pharmacies. To produce quality pharmaceuticals, distributed manufacturing platforms should integrate digital design, novel unit operations, and process analytical technology (PAT) tools for quality monitoring and control. In this dissertation, a process design and development framework is proposed and implemented for a small-scale pharmaceutical manufacturing platform: MiniPharm.</p> <p>Various approaches to process design are detailed in this dissertation, which include heuristic-based and digital or simulation-based design. For heuristic-based design, the knowledge of the researchers was utilized to provide unit operation evaluation and screening of process alternatives. In cases when unit operations were highly complex, digital or simulation-based design was utilized to conduct sensitivity analyses and simulation-based design of experiments. With the implementation of simulation-based design, material and time needs were reduced while gaining knowledge about the system. The integration of various unit operations comes with increased understanding of start-up dynamics and operational constraints. What was found to be the most successful approach was the combination of heuristics and digital design to combine researcher knowledge and experience with the information gained from process modeling and simulation to create process alternatives that utilized system dynamics to reach desired process outcomes. </p> <p>Additionally, MiniPharm was used for process model development at the small-scale. Various software packages have been made commercially available that focus on production scale; however, models for small-scale operations are not typically implemented in these packages. Models for unit operations were fit with collected experimental data to estimate model parameters for small-scale synthesis, liquid-liquid extraction, and crystallization unit operations. The models were implemented to better capture the heat and mass transfer of the milli-fluidic scale platform, which consist of unit operations housed within microchannels. MATLAB was utilized for estimation of parameters such as kinetic rate constants and overall mass transfer coefficients. These parameters were used for design space determination and process disturbance simulation. The exploration of the impact of various process parameters on quality attributes helps researchers gain a deeper understanding about the manufacturing process and helps to demonstrate how to control the process. </p> <p>An important aspect of MiniPharm is the process development progress that has been demonstrated. With the construction of a modular and reconfigurable platform, various process alternatives can now be experimentally validated. The integration of unit operations operated at a decreased scale makes MiniPharm an example of process intensification. The implementation of integrated unit operations decreases handling time of intermediates and reduces the overall footprint for manufacturing. Designed to allow for increased flexibility of operation, perfluoroalkoxy alkane (PFA) tubing was used for synthesis and purification. With PFA tubing clean in place procedures can be implemented using continuous solvent flow or the low cost, PFA tubing can be replaced. The modular nature of the platform also allows for the investigation of individual unit operations for performance evaluation. </p> <p>Finally, a novel continuous solvent switch distillation unit operation was designed and constructed along with customized reactor and crystallizers for process alternative screening for the synthesis and purification of two compounds: Diphenhydramine hydrochloride and Lomustine. Diphenhydramine hydrochloride is a low-value, high volume allergy medication commonly found in Benadryl and Lomustine is a high-value, low volume cancer medication used to treat glioblastoma and Hodgkin Lymphoma. The production of the compounds demonstrated the flexibility of the manufacturing platform to produce both a generic and a specialty medication. A versatile platform is needed for distributed manufacturing because of quickly changing supply chain needs. Overall, this dissertation successfully demonstrates the process design, development, and simulation for small-scale manufacturing.</p>

[pt] Atualmente a pesquisa com usuários vem ganhando projeção como diferencial no desenvolvimento de produtos e serviços de interface digital, incluindo atividades que envolvem análises e observações no contexto de uso, feedbacks e avaliações. O usuário, que anteriormente era um coadjuvante, passou a ter destaque como ator principal, tornando-se peça-chave no levantamento de requisitos de um produto, em meio a um mercado competitivo em constante transformação. Pela necessidade de adequação a frequentes mudanças, a agilidade se tornou um elemento essencial, como processo alternativo de desenvolvimento. Desse modo, uma metodologia ágil foi adotada como forma de suprir a demanda pela rapidez no lançamento dos produtos, modificando profundamente a maneira como eles são estruturados e desenvolvidos, influenciados principalmente pelo fator tempo. Consequentemente, as atividades que envolvem pesquisas, ideações e avaliações tem o tempo reduzido, comprometendo a pesquisa com usuários e a aplicação dos princípios do Design Centrado no Humano. Diante disso, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar a pesquisa com usuários em consonância com a aplicação de metodologias ágeis no desenvolvimento de produtos digitais. Através da pesquisa bibliográfica, foi permitido aprofundar os conceitos sobre o design centrado no usuário, seus princípios, as metodologias associadas e seus processos, e relacioná-lo às metodologias ágeis. Mediante as entrevistas, foi possível, também, o entendimento sobre os problemas enfrentados pelos profissionais de UX na aplicação das práticas de design centrado no usuário nas organizações, gerando insumos para aplicação de um questionário online que produziu uma compreensão e análise sobre as atividades relacionadas à pesquisa com usuários na aplicação das metodologias ágeis nas empresas do mercado brasileiro. Esta pesquisa revela como os profissionais de UX aplicam as atividades que envolvem a pesquisa com usuários em conjunto com as metodologias ágeis de acordo com a amostra coletada, evidenciando as influências no desenvolvimento dos produtos segundo as características organizacionais apresentadas. / [en] Currently, user research has been gaining a projection as a differentiator in the development of digital interface products and services, including activities that involve analysis and observations in the context of use, feedback and evaluation. The user, who was previously a supporting actor, has become a major player, key in the product requirements specification, in the midst of a competitive market in constant transformation.. Due to the need to adapt to frequent changes, agility has become an essential element as an alternative development process. This way, an agile methodology was adopted as a way of supporting the demand for speed in the launch of products, thus, deeply modifying the way they are structured and developed, influenced mainly by the time factor. Consequently, activities involving research, ideation, and evaluation are time-consuming, which compromises user research and the application of the principles of User-Centered Design. Therefore, the present research aims at investigating the research with users in consonance with the application of agile methodologies in the development of digital products. The literature review, allowed us to gain in depth knowledge about user-centered design, its principles, associated methodologies and its processes, and to relate UCD to agile methodologies. Through the interviews, it was also possible to understand the issues faced by UX professionals in the application of user-centered design practices in organizations, which generated inputs for the application of an online survey, which in turn enabled both the analysis of activities related to user research in the application of agile methodologies in the Brazilian market. This research reveals how UX professionals apply the activities that involve research with users along with agile methodologies according to the collected sample, the research findings also show what influences in the development of their products according to the presented organizational characteristics.

La presente tesis aborda la temática del Diseño Industrial y los estímulos de tipo sensorial, perceptivo y emocional que las personas que utilizan los productos reciben en su experiencia de uso. Dichos estímulos, tales como el ajuste preciso en el funcionamiento de un mecanismo, la suavidad de una superficie, el ruido adecuado al cerrar una puerta, etc., se captan mediante los sentidos, se perciben y despiertan en el usuario emociones y reacciones, generando una relación con los objetos más allá del uso básico y práctico, llevando a preferirlos entre otros productos con prestaciones primarias similares, asociándolos a experiencias gratas, e incluso a evocar experiencias de vida a través de los productos que se utilizan. Este ámbito, enmarcado dentro de la disciplina del Diseño Industrial, pero también en la psicología, el marketing, la neurociencia y otras áreas, es enfocado actualmente de muy diversas formas. Así enfoques como la “Ingeniería Kansei”, el “Diseño Emocional”, el “Diseño para la Experiencia”, el “Análisis Sensorial”, son algunos modos y métodos de analizar y definir el tema, y se utilizan cada vez más en las grandes empresas. Esta tesis analiza diversos enfoques y metodologías de aplicación de este tipo de factores en el proceso de Diseño y desarrollo de productos y propone algunas herramientas adecuadas para su integración en las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas (MiPyMEs). / Jacob Dazarola, RH. (2015). Percepción y Emoción en el Diseño de Productos. Análisis y Propuestas para su integración a las MIPYME [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/48551

A fundamental change in societal values and economic structures is required to address increasing pressures on ecosystems and natural resources. Transition research has developed in the last decades to analyze the co-dynamics of technological, institutional, social and economic elements in the provision of key functions such as energy, water and food supply. This doctoral dissertation provides conceptual and methodological contributions to the pro-active governance of sustainability transitions. Three research gaps are identified that are addressed in this dissertation. First, a comprehensive conceptualization of learning in sustainability transitions is currently missing that comprises learning at multiple societal levels (ranging from individuals to policy-actors). Learning concepts are often not explicitly discussed in transition research even though learning is considered as fundamental for innovation processes, niche formation and development as well as breakthrough and diffusion of innovations. Second, methods for the analysis and design of transition governance processes are lacking that specify case-specific intervention points and roles of actors in the implementation of innovations. Third, participatory modeling approaches are only applied to a limited extent in transition research despite a high potential for supporting communication and learning. The conceptualization of multi-level learning developed in this doctoral research conceptualizes learning at different societal levels as specific learning contexts ranging from individual and group contexts to organizational and policy contexts. The conceptual framework further differentiates between learning processes, intensity, objects, outcomes, subjects and factors, allowing for a more detailed analysis of learning within and across learning contexts. Thus, learning contexts can be linked by processes that involve actors from different learning contexts (e.g., community groups and policy-makers), as well as exchanges of physical aspects, institutions and knowledge (in the form of ‘learning factors’). This research has also provided a classification of model uses in transition research that supports a purposeful discussion of the opportunities of modeling and promising future research directions. The methodology developed in this doctoral research aims at the analysis and design of transition governance processes by specifying the various opportunities to contribute to sustainability transitions through purposeful action at different societal levels, as well as related roles of stakeholders in implementing such processes of change. The methodology combines different streams of previous research: 1) a participatory modeling approach to identify problem perceptions, case-specific sustainability innovations as well as related implementation barriers, drivers and responsibilities; 2) a systematic review to identify supportive and impeding learning factors from the general literature that can complement case-specific factors; and 3) a method for the analysis and design of case-specific transition governance processes. Three case studies in Canada (topic: sustainable food systems), Cyprus (water-energy-food nexus) and Germany (sustainable heating supply) have been selected to test and iteratively develop the methodology described above. The results for each case study reveal that there are learning objects (i.e., learning requirements) in all learning contexts, which underscores the importance of multi-level learning in sustainability transitions, ranging from the individual to the group, organizational and policy levels. Actors have various opportunities to actively facilitate societal transformations towards sustainable development either directly through actions at their particular societal levels (i.e., context-internal learning) or indirectly through actions that influence learning at other societal levels. In fact, most of the learning factors require cooperation across learning contexts during the implementation process. The comparing of learning factors across case studies underline the importance of several factor categories, such as ‘physical a ‘disturbance or crisis’, ‘information and knowledge’. Of the 206 factors identified by stakeholders, 40 factors are case-specific and not contained in the general, review-based factor list. This underscores the value of participatory research, as general, top-down analyses might have overlooked these case-specific factors. The methodology presented in this dissertation allows for the identification and analysis of case-specific intervention points for sustainability transitions at multiple societal levels. The methodology furthermore permits the analysis of interplay between individual, group, organizational and policy actions, which is a first step towards their coordination. The focus on sustainability innovations links the broad topic of sustainability transitions to a set of opportunities for practical interventions and overcoming their implementation barriers. The methodology presented allows for the analysis and design of these interlinkages between learning contexts. While the methodology cannot provide any ‘silver bullets’ for inducing sustainability transitions, it is flexible enough to identify an appropriate abstraction level for analyzing and designing transition governance processes. The methodology developed in this doctoral research also provides several contributions for the development of participatory modeling methods in transition research. Thus, the participatory method supports an integrated analysis of barriers and drivers of sustainability innovations, and allows application in practice and education. The concepts and methods developed in this research project allow for reflection on transition governance processes from a systemic viewpoint. Experiences in the case studies underline the applicability of the concepts and methods developed for the analysis of case-specific transition governance processes. Despite substantial differences in the geographic location, culture and topics addressed, all case studies include promising sustainability innovations and the engagement of multiple actors in their implementation. The diversity and multitude of initiatives in the case study regions provides an optimistic outlook on future opportunities for large-scale sustainability transitions.