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Las crecientes preocupaciones sobre el cambio climático y una creciente crisis ecológica se están volviendo cada vez más visibles en la literatura de diferentes géneros, especialmente en la literatura postapocalíptica y "cli-fi" (literatura sobre cambio climático). Reconociendo que el desastre ecológico afecta a las mujeres de manera desproporcionada, esta tesina emplea un análisis literario ecofeminista para examinar dos novelas en las que la trama principal está impulsada por una crisis ecológica causada por la contaminación. Más específicamente, esta tesina investiga la novela Mugre Rosa de Fernanda Trías (2021) y la novela Noxa de María Inés Krimer (2016), para descubrir qué estrategias utilizan las protagonistas femeninas para enfrentar sus situaciones peligrosas y cómo esto moldea su agencia desde un punto de vista ecofeminista. La tesis encuentra que las protagonistas de ambas novelas emplean varias estrategias para sobrevivir y a veces resistir la crisis ecológica que las rodea, pero también muestran momentos de apatía, rabia e inacción. Hay diferencias significativas entre las novelas, donde la protagonista de Noxa es retratada como más activa en la lucha contra la crisis y la protagonista de Mugre Rosa es más apática y furiosa. Esto se discute luego en términos de agencia transcorpórea y vulnerabilidad insurgente (Alaimo 2008, 2009). Finalmente, la tesina también discute de qué manera estas representaciones pueden transmitir unas preocupaciones ecofeministas al lector. Argumenta que muchas preocupaciones ecofeministas son visibles en ambas novelas, que van desde una crítica al capitalismo patriarcal hasta el control de los cuerpos femeninos, pasando por cuestiones de maternidad y monstruosidad, hasta finalmente la relación entre los seres humanos y la naturaleza. Esto demuestra la necesidad de un análisis más profundo de las preocupaciones ecológicas en la literatura, lo cual es probable que se vuelva cada vez más presente en estos tiempos. / Rising concerns about climate change and a mounting ecological crisis are becoming increasingly visible in literature of different genres, especially in post-apocalyptic and ‘cli-fi’ literature. Recognising that ecological disaster often disproportionally affects women, this thesis employs an ecofeminist literary analysis to examine two such novels where the main plot is driven by an ecological crisis caused by pollution. More specifically, this thesis investigates the novel Mugre Rosa by Fernanda Trías (2021) and the novel Noxa by María Inés Krimer (2016), to find out what strategies the female protagonists use to confront their perilous situations and how this shapes their agency from an ecofeminist standpoint.  The thesis finds that protagonists in both novels employ various strategies to survive and sometimes resist the ecological crisis that surrounds them, but also show moments of apathy, rage and inaction. There are significant differences between novels, where the protagonist of Noxa is portrayed as more active in fighting against the crisis and the protagonist of Mugre Rosa is more apathetic and raging. This is then discussed in terms of transcorporeal agency and insurgent vulnerability (Alaimo 2008, 2009).  Finally, the thesis also discusses in what ways these representations can convey ecofeminist concerns to readers. It argues that many ecofeminist concerns are visible in both novels, ranging from a criticism of patriarchal capitalism to the control of female bodies to issues of maternity and monstrosity to finally the relationship between humans and nature. This shows a need for further analysis of ecological concerns in literature, which is likely to become ever more present in these times.

Ce mémoire s’intéresse au dualisme hiérarchique en philosophie de l’enfance et ses implications dans la crise climatique. L’objectif principal est de démontrer qu’il est nécessaire de repenser le dualisme hiérarchique entre l’enfant et l’adulte afin que l’enfant puisse avoir une agentivité reconnue par la société, en particulier au sujet de la question environnementale. Nous croyons que la philosophie écoféministe est susceptible de contribuer à la réflexion par sa critique du dualisme hiérarchique. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous examinons, dans la première partie, trois conceptions occidentales de l’enfance : deux conceptions dominantes dans lesquelles le dualisme enfant/adulte est présent et une conception opposée sans dualité ni hiérarchie. La seconde partie du mémoire se concentre sur la philosophie écoféministe en exposant un bref historique pour comprendre le problème du dualisme. Puis, nous analysons deux théories écoféministes pour connaitre les structures de domination et du dualisme ainsi qu’une troisième théorie pour envisager les avantages de surpasser le dualisme. Dans la troisième partie, nous présentons les liens possibles entre le dualisme en philosophie de l’enfance et le dualisme en philosophie écoféministe : le système patriarcal et le cadre conceptuel oppressif. Ces liens nous mènent à la conséquence majeure du dualisme hiérarchique, le manque d’agentivité de l’enfant, la femme et la nature; nous démontrons de quelle manière les théories écoféministes peuvent contribuer à rejeter le dualisme hiérarchique enfant/adulte afin de donner une agentivité à l’enfant. Il s’agit alors de proposer une éthique relationnelle écoféministe comme cadre normatif dont nous exposons également les limites. / This master’s thesis focuses on hierarchical dualism through the philosophy of childhood and its implications for the climate crisis. The main objective is to argue that it is necessary to rethink the hierarchical dualism between the child and the adult in order for the child to gain a socially recognised agency, particularly in relation to environmental issues. We believe that ecofeminist philosophy can contribute to this reflection through its critique of hierarchical dualism. To achieve this goal, first, we examine three Western conceptions of childhood: two dominant conceptions in which child/adult dualism is present and an opposing conception without duality or hierarchy. Second, we focus on ecofeminist philosophy by providing a brief history to understand the problem of dualism. Then, we analyse two ecofeminist theories to understand the structures of domination and dualism and a third theory to consider the benefits of overcoming dualism. Third, we present the possible links between dualism in philosophy of childhood and dualism in ecofeminist philosophy: the patriarchal system and the oppressive conceptual framework. These links lead us to the major consequence of hierarchical dualism, the lack of agency of the child, the woman and nature; we demonstrate how ecofeminist theories can contribute to rejecting the hierarchical child/adult dualism in order to restore agency to the child. The aim is to propose an ecofeminist relational ethic as a normative framework, whose limits are also exposed.

Ce mémoire en recherche-création combine un roman (Bateau brûlé) et un essai (Poétique de la fuite dans le récit dystopique contemporain et écoféministe), l’un inspirant l’autre. Bateau brûlé : Le monde est toujours noir. Seko est fascinée par la seule source de lumière possible, mais la ville qui la voit grandir s’oppose à sa curiosité. Il n’y a de place que pour les plufors, ces dirigeants cruels qui décident des endroits éclairés. À travers une vie qui lui échappe et des souvenirs qui ne sont pas toujours les siens, Seko tente de déceler si la lumière est réellement sa destinée, même alors qu’elle prend la fuite à bord d’un bateau condamné. Poétique de la fuite dans le récit dystopique contemporain et écoféministe : Ce bref essai analyse plusieurs œuvres, théories et recherches dans le but de les faire converger vers le consensus que la dystopie est féministe et sert à dénoncer. Une tangente récurrente des dystopies écoféministes est le thème de la fuite, si prédominante qu'on pourrait la considérer comme poétique. Afin de mieux comprendre ce concept, je propose une lecture du roman Hivernages (2017) de Maude Deschênes-Pradet centrée sur ce thème. Pourquoi fuir alors que, Hivernages le prouve, il n’y a aucun refuge à atteindre ? Le corpus qui m’intéresse et qui alimente ma propre œuvre explore la manière dont la fuite affecte la réalité physique et la psychologie des personnages ainsi que la forme du récit. La poétique de la fuite constitue un élément narratif et structurel résultant de deux causes distinctes, mais imbriquées : la temporalité fragmentée du récit et l’ambition écoféministe de s’opposer à l’environnement toxique. / This memoir combines a novel (Bateau brûlé [Burnt Boat]) and an essay (Poetics of Escape in Contemporary and Ecofeminist Dystopian Narratives), one inspiring the other. Bateau Brûlé: The world is always dark. Seko is fascinated by the only possible light source, but the city that sees her grow is opposed to her curiosity. There is only room for the “plufors”, cruel rulers who decide where the light goes. Through a life that eludes her and memories that are not always her own, Seko wonders if the light truly is her destiny, even as she flees on a doomed ship. Poetics of Escape in Contemporary and Ecofeminist Dystopian Narratives: This essay analyses several works, theories and pieces of research in an attempt to make them converge towards the consensus that dystopia is a feminist undertaking. A recurring tangent of ecofeminist dystopias is the theme of escape, so predominant one might even consider it poetic. In order to clarify this concept, I suggest a reading of the novel Hivernages (2017) by Maude Deschênes-Pradet focusing on the poetics of escape. Why flee, when Hivernages proves there is no refuge to reach? The corpus that interests me and that feeds my reflection and imagination explores how the flight affects both the characters’ physicality and psychology as well as the form of the narrative itself. In every case, the poetics of escape constitute a fictional and structural element that results from two distinct but intertwined causes: the narrative’s fragmented temporality and the ecofeminist ambition to oppose the toxic environment.

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Climate change is progressing rapidly, largely due to human activities, and has resulted in an increase in the Earth's average temperature by over one degree since the 19th century. Sweden has also been affected, experiencing approximately double the temperature rise compared to the global average. In response to climate change, Swedish strategic planning has increasingly focused on the concept of the sustainable and smart city (den klimatsmarta staden). This concept is relatively new and, particularly in a Swedish context, has scarcely been addressed in academic literature or subjected to critical scrutiny. Swedish strategic planning is closely linked to and shaped by the issue of sustainability, as the fundamental provisions of the Swedish Planning and Building Act support the ecological, social, and economic dimensions of sustainable development. However, due to the relatively unexplored and unclear nature of the concept of the sustainable and smart city, it is uncertain how it expresses economic, social, and ecological sustainability. Themes such as climate change, humanity's relationship with nature, and the various interpretations of sustainability have been discussed and critically examined within the framework of ecofeminism. Ecofeminism posits a strong connection between the subordination of both women and nature by men, where the feminist aspect of ecofeminism critiques power structures through intersectional gender analyses, and the environmental aspect focuses on understanding the non-human world and human-nature interactions. Through a case study of strategic planning in The City of Stockholm, this study critically examines how sustainability is (and is not) expressed through the concept of the sustainable and smart city using ecofeminist analytical tools. The study finds that the manner in which sustainability is articulated through the concept of the sustainable and smart city in metropolitan strategic planning partially aligns with an ecofeminist perspective on sustainability. Throughout the study, it has become evident that ecofeminism provides more interesting analytical opportunities than could be fully explored within this study. / Klimatförändringarna pågår i snabb takt och till stor del på grund av mänskliga aktiviteter har jordens medeltemperatur ökat med drygt en grad sedan 1800-talet. Även Sverige är påverkat och har haft ungefär en dubbelt så stor temperaturhöjning än vad som skett globalt. För att hantera klimatförändringarna har den strategiska planeringen bland annat kommit att fokusera på konceptet den klimatsmarta staden. Konceptet den klimatsmarta staden är relativt nytt och har, särskilt i en svensk kontext, knappt behandlats i den akademiska litteraturen eller utsatts för kritisk granskning. Den svenska strategiska planeringen är tydligt kopplad till och präglad av frågan om hållbarhet, bland annat genom att plan- och bygglagens grundläggande bestämmelser stöttar de ekologiska, sociala och ekonomiska dimensionerna i konceptet hållbar utveckling. På grund av konceptet den klimatsmarta stadens outforskade och förhållandevis oklara innebörd är det dock ovisst hur konceptet ger uttryck för ekonomisk, social och ekologisk hållbarhet. Klimatförändringarna, människans förhållningssätt till naturen samt hur olika uppfattningar om hållbarhet kommer till uttryck och förhåller sig till varandra är alla exempel på teman som diskuterats och kritiskt granskats inom den så kallade ekofeminismen. Ekofeminismen menar att det finns ett starkt samband mellan mäns underordnande av både kvinnor och natur, där den feministiska delen av ekofeminismen kritiserar maktstrukturer genom intersektionella genusanalyser och den miljöinriktade delen sätter förståelsen av den icke-mänskliga världen och interaktioner mellan människa och natur i centrum. Genom en fallstudie av Stockholms stads strategiska planering, granskas kritiskt hur hållbarhet kommer (och inte kommer) till uttryck i konceptet den klimatsmarta staden med hjälp av ekofeministiska analysverktyg. Studien konstaterar att sättet som hållbarhet kommer till uttryck genom konceptet den klimatsmarta staden i storstadskommunal strategisk planering till viss del överensstämmer med en ekofeministisk uppfattning om hållbarhet. Under studiens gång har det visat sig att ekofeminismen möjliggör fler intressanta analysmöjligheter än vad det har funnits möjlighet att beakta i denna studie.

Ekofeminism figurerar i både politiska och filosofiska sammanhang och är en ideologi som kombinerar feminism med miljöpolitik. Den bygger sin ideologi på att motarbeta ett patriarkalt förtryck mot både kvinnor och natur och säger att detta förtryck härrör från en historisk föreställning om kvinnan som stående närmare naturen. Den vita mannens självupphöjande till Gud under industrialismen använde denna historiska föreställning i ett rättfärdigande av ett maktutövande gentemot både kvinnor och natur som sägs leva kvar i allra största grad än idag. Genom att betrakta hur svensk tryckt press framställt ekofeminism mellan åren 1995-2016 har denna uppsats ämnat utröna om detta maktförhållande lever kvar och hur det tar sig uttryck. Uppsatsen undersöker även om det medieras en diskurs om ekofeminism i svensk tryckt press. Centrala frågeställningar: Hur framställs ekofeminism i svensk tryckt press mellan åren 1995-2016 ? Vilka maktstrukturer framträder runt ekofeminism och vilka personer kommer till tals? Varför skrevs inget alls om ekofeminism under 5 av de 11 undersökta åren ? Metoder: För att ta reda på detta har denna uppsats använt sig av triangulering som övergripande metod innehållande en kvantitativ analys, innehållsanalys och analys av visuell kommunikation. Slutsatser: Denna uppsats kommer fram till att förtrycket lever kvar och visar sig tydligt i relationen mellan svensk tryckt press och ekofeminism. Ekofeminismen framställs som svårbegriplig för allmänheten och blandas ofta ihop med särartsfeminism i vad som tycks vara ett strategiskt syfte att genom desinformation utöva förtryck. / The silent years: ecofeminism in Swedish printed press 1995-2016 Ecofeminism figures in both political and philosophical contexts and is an ideology that combines feminism with environmental policy. It builds its ideology to counteract a patriarchal oppression against both women and nature, saying that this oppression stems from a historical perception of the woman standing closer to nature. The self-elevation of the white man to God during the industrialism era used this historical image in the justification to exercise power towards both women and nature, which is said to be ongoing to the greatest extent today. By considering how Swedish printed press depict ecofeminism between the years 1995-2016, this paper has been designed to determine if this relationship of power remains and define how it is expressed. The essay also investigates whether a discourse on ecofeminism is mediated in Swedish press. Central Issues: How is ecofeminism produced in Swedish printed press between 1995 and 2016? What power structures appear around ecofeminism and who get their voices heard? Why was nothing written about ecofeminism for 5 of the 11 investigated years? Methods: To find this out, this essay has used triangulation as an overarching method containing quantitative analysis, content analysis and analysis of visual communication. Conclusions: This essay indicate that the repression remains and becomes evident in the relationship between Swedish press and ecofeminism. Ecofeminism is expressed as difficult for the public and is often confused with specificity feminism in what appears to be a strategic goal of repression by means of disinformation. / <p>Betygssättande lärare: Per Vesterlund. Formell examinator för kursen: Eva Åsén Ekstrand.</p>

本論文以「賽伯格閱讀」的方式在台灣當代小說中「讀取」三種賽伯格主體，並且展望賽伯格閱讀批判當代科技社會的可能性。賽伯格閱讀意指將文本中的人事物讀出賽伯格的意味。也就是說，賽伯格閱讀所分析的文本不必然、也不需要是容易讓人直接聯想到賽伯格理論的科幻文本，而能是更寬泛的、各種形式的文本──包括不是科幻小說的文本。重點不在於有沒有，而在於如何；不在於文本「本身」有沒有賽伯格主體的再現，而在於如何以賽伯格閱讀去讀取文本當中的賽伯格主體，並且探討該賽伯格主體如何構成，終而批判科技和特定權力位階的共謀。本論文盡量選擇科幻小說以外的文本作為分析對象，藉此挑戰「賽伯格理論通常連結到科幻文本」的刻板印象。此外，本論文也以「拼裝」這個詞彙思考混雜各種異質元素的賽伯格主體構成。本論文所提出的「義肢人」、「遊戲人」、「動物人」這三種賽伯格主體，是受哈洛威（Donna Haraway）的〈賽伯格宣言〉中「三種關鍵的界線破裂」之說所啟發。三種賽伯格主體各自對應、補充三種界線的不穩固──義肢人體現了「有機體和無機物的混淆」、遊戲人呼應「物質和非物質的曖昧不明」、動物人則為「人類和動物的難以區別」。本研究聚焦於1990年代以後的非科幻文本，並在分析其中賽伯格主體及處境時，納入身心障礙研究和生態女性主義的批判方法。本研究並非藉著後人類和賽伯格鼓吹單純地擁抱科技、宣稱人類已非人類，而是要藉著後人類和賽伯格來再次警惕科技的利弊、鼓勵各界在不同脈絡中「重新發明人類」──意即，重建一種更不具排斥性、更為寬廣的對於人的想像。 / The current study suggests that the reinvention of the human stands as a potential field for future Taiwanese literature. This thesis attempts to conceptualize the subjectivities of the posthuman even beyond the field of science fiction. This thesis labels the literary practices outside science fiction as “non-science fiction.” The focus lies on non-science fiction for two reasons. One, this study attempts to challenge the assumption in Taiwanese literature that associates the concept of the posthuman only with science fiction. Second, this study finds that the presupposed literary category of science fiction limits the imagination of cyborg- or posthuman-related subjects in Taiwanese literature. Inspired by the work of well-known cyborg theorist Donna Haraway, this study notes that non-science fiction texts present three kinds of posthuman existence. According to Haraway’s “Cyborg Manifesto,” “three crucial boundary breakdowns” make the cyborg possible. The three kinds of posthuman in this thesis correspond to Haraway’s three boundary breakdowns. The man of prosthesis corresponds to the blurred boundary between organism and non-organism, the man of video games to the physics and non-physics, and the man of animal to the humans and animals. This analysis focuses on Taiwanese non-science fiction texts from the 1990s onwards and applies concepts from disable studies and ecofeminist criticism, in addition to posthuman and cyborg theories. Situated within posthuman/cyborg studies, this thesis does not celebrate the breakdown of boundaries but points to the redefinition of the human which reduces and deconstructs hierarchal oppressions.

The effects of the colonial project in Kenya created multi-faceted damages to the land and indigenous people-groups. Using the lens of ecofeminism, this study examines the undergirding structures that produce systems such as colonization that oppress and destroy land, people, and other beings. By highlighting the experience of the Kikuyu people within the Kenyan colonial program, the innovative and ingenious response of Wangari Maathai's Green Belt Movement proves to be a relevant and effective counter to women's disempowerment and environmental devastation in a post-colonial nation. The approach of the Green Belt Movement offers a unique and accessible method for empowering women, restoring the land, and addressing loss of cultural identity, while also contributing a theoretical template for addressing climate change.

In this paper I attempt to formulate the Christianity-based ecocentric ethics, to answer the ecofeminists' quest to spiritually ground such ethics; I use the living example of the practices of the Catholic ''green sisters''.