Cette thèse porte sur la mise en oeuvre du Fonds Social Européen (FSE) en Pologne et son impact sur les femmes vivant en milieu rural. L’objectif est d’analyser l’intervention concrète de l’Union européenne au niveau local dans le domaine de l’emploi et du social ; d’identifier les spécificités ou particularités locales qu’elle rencontre dans les zones rurales polonaises, s’agissant des femmes ; d’observer la manière dont les différents acteurs mettant en oeuvre les programmes cofinancés parle FSE se mobilisent et à quelle fin, comment les bénéficiaires elles-mêmes y répondent et avec quels effets.Ce travail se situe dans le champ théorique de l’Européanisation des politiques publiques, considérée ici comme un processus d’ajustement des institutions, desidées et des intérêts, exprimés à un niveau régional et infrarégional et sous l’angle des interactions entre acteurs. Une dimension microsociologique est ajoutée en fin de thèse, destinée à questionner les limites de la dynamique d’ajustement. Après un retour historique permettant de saisir la spécificité du cas polonais en termes de situation des femmes, d’espace rural, de marché de l’emploi et d’équilibre territorial, nous adoptons une démarche comparative entre trois régions ayant des profils économiques, sociaux et ruraux bien différents : la région Podkarpackie, située au sud-est du pays, la région Łódzkie, au centre, et la région Zachodniopomorskie, au nord-ouest. Nous nous appuyons entre autres sur une recherche empirique de plusieurs mois effectuée dans chaque région, et sur un corpus de 152 entretiens semi-directifs réalisés auprès d’acteurs du FSE et de leurs bénéficiaires. / This research deals with the implementation of the European Social Fund (ESF) in Poland and its impact on women living in rural areas. Our aim is to study the concrete action of the European Union at the local level in the field of employment and social integration; to identify the specific aspects of Polish rural areas and rural women’s situation to which ESF programs are confronted; to analyze the way the different actors mobilize for implementing these programs, how female beneficiaries react to them and what the effects are.Our theoretical field is the Europeanization of public policy, who is considered hereas an adjustment process of institutions, ideas and interests, expressed at a regionaland sub-regional level and through actors’ interactions. We add a micro-sociologicaldimension to our work, in order to question the limits of this process.We begin with a historical return to understand the specificity of the Polish case regarding the situation of women, rural areas, the labor market and the territorialbalance; then we develop a comparative approach between three Polish regions presenting different economic, social and rural backgrounds: Podkarpackie, a region located in the southeast of the country, Łódzkie, in the center, and Zachodniopomorskie, in the northwest. The comparison is based inter alia on a several month empirical research, conducted in each region, and on 152 semistructured interviews with ESF actors and their beneficiaries

There are two main aspects this thesis is based on. These are human resources as a major factor of regional development and human capital as the most valuable asset of the organization. The aim of the thesis is to map the situation in the labor market in the Zlín region as seen from the perspective of employers and from the perspective of further regional development in prospective sectors of the economy. The thesis deals not only with the level and quality of human resources in the Zlin region, but also with employers' satisfaction with the current level of the workforce. The first part is based on the theoretical background and focuses on human resources as a factor of regional development in the Czech Republic. The following chapters deal with regional policy and regional development in the country. The next part is aimed at human resources in terms of organization and especially personnel management. It describes selected areas of human resource management that are important for the theoretical basis of the thesis. The practical part is divided to three parts. The first part introduces the analysis of the situation in the Zlín Region. It contains basic indicators of the level of human resources and compares them with other Czech regions. Then there are the results of a survey and structured interviews, which were conducted among employers in the Zlín region. The aim of the survey was to identify employers' satisfaction with human resources in the region and assess the quality of human resources in terms of the appropriateness of the focus of education and its level compared to the needs of employers in the region. The final part of the thesis summarizes the results obtained in the analysis and compares them with the results from employers in the region. It is concluded by the evaluation of hypotheses.

Au Maroc, l’insertion professionnelle des jeunes diplômés est problématique. Lors des décennies qui suivent l’indépendance, cette catégorie sociale fait valoir sa formation pour obtenir un emploi dans un secteur public alors en pleine expansion. Un tel débouché consolide une représentation du diplôme comme voie infaillible de promotion sociale. Or, l’application des mesures d’ajustement structurel, à partir de 1983, freine de façon drastique le rythme d’insertion dans la fonction publique. Mis à mal, l’Etat employeur n’est pas relayé par un secteur privé, au demeurant incapable d’assurer la stabilité sociale afférente aux emplois publics.Depuis la fin des années 1980, des « diplômés chômeurs » s’organisent dans des structures militantes pour revendiquer collectivement leur insertion dans la fonction publique. Leurs demandes donnent lieu à diverses formes d’action : marches, sit-in, grèves de la faim, occupations de bâtiments ou lobbying direct auprès des responsables publics. Le discours collectif met en avant le statut de diplômé et l’ « injustice » implicite au chômage de cette catégorie. Devenue une constante de la scène protestataire, la mobilisation des diplômés chômeurs est parvenue à se stabiliser dans une version apparemment « apolitique ». Son efficacité est imprévisible mais réelle, au regard des postes d’emploi accordés aux militants, ce qui entretient une disponibilité de candidats pour le passage à l’acte. L’efficacité de la mobilisation tient aux modalités d’insertion des protestations dans l’arène politique marocaine, faisant du « diplômé chômeur » l’objet d’usages disparates.En tant que catégorie sociologique et acteur protestataire, les diplômés chômeurs incitent une pluralité d’acteurs à « faire et à dire ». Les modalités d’action et de discours des chômeurs sont en constant mouvement, altérées ou intégrées aux calculs de partis en situation de concurrence électorale, de coalitions protestataires élargies critiques à l’égard du régime, de responsables publics visant à légitimer leurs décisions, etc. Protéiforme et apparemment inépuisable, la dynamique protestataire des diplômés chômeurs nous renseigne sur les limites autoritaires des expressions de mécontentement au Maroc. Elle nous permet d’approcher les modalités de la gestion de la question sociale et les ressorts du traitement des débordements sociaux et des (potentielles) oppositions politiques. Si la gestion par la force n’a pas disparu, elle est sans doute effacée et dépassée par une approche publique qui vise à domestiquer la mobilisation protestataire. / In Morocco, educated youth faces difficulties to join the job market. After the independence in 1956, this social category use to be recruited in a growing public sector, therefore consolidating an image of the university diploma as an infallible channel of social promotion. However, structural adjustment policies, implemented since 1983, dramatically slowed down the recruitment of civil servants. The “employer-State” will barely be relieved by a private sector unable to assure the stability of public sector jobs. Since the end of the eighties, « unemployed graduates » organise themselves in mobilization structures claiming for recruitments in the public administration. They set up a wide range of actions: rallies, sit-in, hunger strikes, building occupations or lobbying actions. The collective discourse stresses the interpretation of unemployment as an « injustice » suffered by the graduates. The mobilisation of unemployed graduates has achieved a high level of stability within the contentious politics Moroccan arena. Using an apparently “apolitical” discourse, the action of the unemployed periodically succeeds in obtaining jobs. The efficacy of the collective action is to be understood as an assumption of the targets and stakes that unemployed graduates serve in the multiple scenes of the political. Action and discourse modalities are in constant movement. They are influenced (and sometimes co-opted) by parties within electoral contexts, by contentious actors within projects of opposition to the regime, and by public authorities trying to legitimize their choices. Diversified and apparently inexhaustible, the collective action of the unemployed graduates sheds some light on the authoritarian limits to the expression of collective grieves in Morocco. It enables us to observe how the social question is approached and how power deals with social unrest and potential political oppositions.

The diploma thesis named "The Role Of The State And Nonprofit Organizations In The Solution To The Disabled People Unemployment" is devoted to the ways of solving this negative phenomenon. Those instruments of the employment policy, which are mostly used against the disabled people unemployment are presented here. The use of these state instruments of treatment is sufficient but there are still many issues remaining in the field of unemployment. Especially, the Assisted Employment Service aimed to the employment of disabled people meets very often with the lack of financial support for its operations. This absence of necessary funds is the result of an insufficient legislation in this field. One of the possible effective solutions is the social policy concept which being a new instrument of the public policy plays a challenging role for the whole contemporara society.

This master´s thesis „The role and benefits of Incentives in attracting FDI in CR“ is focused on the sphere of investment incentives used as an instrument of Czech goverment policy by decision making of foreign investors to enter and start busines in the Czech Republic. This thesis gives a picture on the specific factors, which play the greatest influence on decision if foreign companies will finally invest in CR. There are four studies by evaluating company´s business plan to show influence of investment grants on start-up costs of investment comparison to obtained incentives funds and the impact on the employment in certain regions force on goverment employment policy.

Le droit fiscal est le droit de l’impôt alors que le droit du travail régit la relation salariée. Cette apparente indifférence des deux systèmes juridiques cache une interdépendance due aux fonctions de l’impôt. De manière classique, l’impôt a une fonction budgétaire. De ce fait, il exerce une pression sur les contribuables par son impact économique sur leurs patrimoines et leurs revenus. Les contribuables sont alors tentés de mettre en œuvre des techniques d’évitement de l’impôt, par la voie du travestissement des notions juridiques. Le droit fiscal réagit en consacrant des notions autonomes. Ainsi une notion fiscale de salarié permet de déterminer le champ d’application de l’impôt. Une notion spécifique de salaire sert à la détermination des bases d’imposition du salarié.De façon plus contemporaine, la fonction incitative de l’impôt est de plus en plus usitée. Elle n’est pas directement liée à une finalité budgétaire. Elle est appréciée parce que l’impôt exerce une contrainte moins violente que l’interdiction ou la punition. Elle permet d’agir sur les comportements des contribuables en les orientant dans un sens souhaité. Or, il apparaît que le revenu fiscal dépend étroitement du revenu salarial. Pour cela, le Législateur a créé des instruments fiscaux pour annihiler les inégalités du marché du travail. Le droit fiscal devient un droit de la régulation du marché du travail. / Tax law is the law related to taxation while labor law is governing the employee/employer’s relationship. This apparent indifference of these two branches of law covers an interdependence due to tax functions. Conventionally, tax has a budget function. Therefore, it puts pressure on taxpayers by its economic impact on their assets. Taxpayers are then tempted to implement tax avoidance techniques, through the disguise of legal concepts. Tax law reacts by devoting independent concepts. Thus the concept of « employee » in tax law allows one to determine the scope of application of the tax field. A specific concept of « pay » is used to determine the employee's tax base. In a more contemporary way, the incentive function of taxation is increasingly used. It is not directly related to a budgetary purpose. It is also appreciated because tax exercice a less violent strain than prohibition or punishment. It has an influence on the behavior of taxpayers by directing them in a desired direction. However, it appears that tax revenue heavily depends on the wage income. For this reason, the legislator has created fiscal instruments to reduce inequalities in the labor market. Tax law tends to become a law regulating the labor market.

In demokratischen politischen Systemen haben staatliche Akteure darauf zu achten, die legitimatorische und die ökonomische Basis ihres Handelns stabil und miteinander vereinbar zu halten. Dieses Interesse des politischen Systems an sich selbst wird damit zur Grundlage all seiner Steuerungsbemühungen. Aufgrund der strukturellen Abhängigkeit des Staates von einer funktionsfähigen Ökonomie ist staatlichen Akteuren auch an der Steuerung der industriellen Beziehungen gelegen – zumindest dann, wenn sie in Rezessionsphasen das Handeln der Tarifverbände als dysfunktional bewerten. Unmittelbarer staatlicher Intervention und Steuerung steht aber das grundgesetzlich verankerte Konstrukt der Tarifautonomie entgegen. Das bedeutet jedoch nicht, dass dem Staat alle Steuerungsmöglichkeiten genommen sind. Am Beispiel der staatlichen Forcierung betrieblicher Bündnisse für Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass der Staat über den Umweg der indirekten, diskursiven Steuerung in der Lage ist, gesellschaftliche Akteure zur Selbststeuerung anzuregen. Im Ergebnis lässt sich eine Transformation der Strukturen der industriellen Beziehungen beobachten, die zu einem wesentlichen Teil nicht von den Tarifverbänden, sondern vom Staat ausgeht.:Einführung; Inhalte und Verbreitung betrieblicher Bündnisse für Arbeit; Das Interesse des Staates an betrieblichen Bündnissen für Arbeit; Daten: Das Interesse des Staates am Diskurs über betriebliche Bündnisse; Das Desinteresse des Staates an betrieblichen Bündnissen?; Fazit / In political systems that are liberal and democratic state actors must keep the legitimating and economic basis of their actions stable and compatible with each other. This interest of political systems in themselves becomes the basis of all their intervention policies. Due to the structural dependency of the state from a functioning economy state actors also attempt to regulate industrial relations; at least during periods of recession in which free collective bargaining is regarded as dysfunctional. Direct state intervention and regulation are restricted by the right of free collective bargaining, which is guaranteed by the German constitutional law. Notwithstanding this does not mean that the state has lost all its possibilities of regulation and control. The example of the state’s demand, and to a certain extent enforcement, of internal alliances for jobs shows that the state is very well in the position to stimulate collective actors to self-regulation. This stimulation takes place through a discursive, indirect intervention. As a result of these shifts and changes a structural transformation of industrial relations takes place, which, to a great extent, is not initiated by employers’ and employee’s associations, but by the state.:Einführung; Inhalte und Verbreitung betrieblicher Bündnisse für Arbeit; Das Interesse des Staates an betrieblichen Bündnissen für Arbeit; Daten: Das Interesse des Staates am Diskurs über betriebliche Bündnisse; Das Desinteresse des Staates an betrieblichen Bündnissen?; Fazit

(in English) The work is focused on the possibilities of people with disabilities in the labor market. What kind of services there are, what are the possibilities of finding work both on open labour market and in the sheltered environment. The work also describes what is in the Czech Republic legislation regarding the employment of people with disabilities. The work includes mapping of services, what is offers to to people with disabilities by state employment policy - its pros and cons, accessibility and clarity of the services provided by NGOs, mainly by supported employment as an alternative to the protected labor market. The work also deals with a proposal for the creation and of the workplace, which should be co-financed by the labor office and its active employment policy funds. Workplace should be managed by NGO Rytmus - od klienta k občanovi. The aim is to analyze and capture the particular aspects of the financing and viability of project, which would be within the organization completely new. I tis not an attempt to create a comprehensive business plan, which would mapped all the aspects, but rather to create a material that will be in the organization and serve as guide or inspiration. Key words: active employment policy, persons with disabilities, supported employment, strategic...

This research aimed to investigate the relationship between motivation and long term unemployment of people who were 50 years old and older. We looked at issues that occured during the time when people were being signed in and were linked to the tools of active employment policy. This report also focused on other apescts of unemployment, for instance motivation. The goal was to find solutions that would help ÚP ČR to provide job seekers with solutions and help them get motivated again, as well as help them become desirable candidates. The data was collected in the region of South Bohemia. Therefore, this region was introduced shortly and we described some important characteristics of its inhabitants. We evaluated the active politics of unemployment and the analyses revealed what were the shortcomings of the system and what tools were not working well. We used two different questionnaires for collecting our data: 1. A questionnaire for unemployed people over 50; 2. An online survey that looked to reveal opinions of ÚP ČR's managers via focus group.

The diploma thesis deals with the Special Work Visa (SWV) as a tool to solve the problem of the shortage of unskilled workers in agriculture, forestry and food labor market in the Czech Republic. This instrument of economic migration came into effect in December 2019 under the Czech Government regulation No. 291/1999 on special work visas for citizens of Ukraine working in agriculture, food or forestry. The main goal of this diploma thesis is to compare the practice with the newly introduced SWV with its intention - getting foreign workers into the country in a faster and easier way. The next goal of the thesis is to analyze the formation and conditions of obtaining a Special Work Visa. The third goal is to find out how was labor migration developing after 1989 and the third one is to discover the current trends of employment policy for foreigners in the Czech Republic. The thesis uses primary and secondary data and uses the dual labor market theory which explains the reasons for labor migration. The research part draws on semi-structured expert interviews. The work first analyzes the problem of labor shortages in the Czech labor market and deals with the establishment of Special Work Visa. It further analyzes in detail the goal, conditions, criteria and procedure of the SWV acquisition process....