The thesis identifies a methodology for practice-led Fine Art research that emphasises day-to-day processes, which tend to be overlooked, and a practice, which becomes invisible to the mainstream art world. Attending to day-to-day habitual process is found to open up possibilities for embodied becoming through thinking and re-membering. Negotiating boundaries in face-to-face encounter is discovered to encourage inter-subjective becoming and is explored in terms of ethical interaction. The reflexive methodology considers questions arising from the possibility of exchange instead of gift, art as process rather than commodity, and an attitude of dissensus relating to artists as nonconformists. Tension and interaction in community leads to a pacific process of immanent invisibility, which functions as quiet activism and gentle politics provided by readymade situations. Mierle Laderman Ukeles s Touch Sanitation (1984), Allan Kaprow s Trading Dirt (1983) and selected works of Heath Bunting (2002-2010) are amongst the artworks cited in a discussion of artists who engage with materials or processes that are often overlooked including waste disposal, soil, and institutional structure. Emmanuel Levinas s approach to alterity (Levinas, 1988, 172) and Julia Kristeva s suggestion that connection cannot occur without severance (Kristeva, 1987, 254) have helped define an ethical practice of inter-subjective becoming. Victor Turner s notion of communitas (Turner, 1969) has affirmed a choice to avoid hierarchical structure and engage in processes that result in immanent invisibility. My contribution to practice-led, Fine Art research has involved testing a method rather than proving a hypothesis. I have developed a methodology that values art becoming invisible during the process of emphasising the overlooked in day-to-day life. Anecdotal passages throughout the text together with links in the text to my website and web log demonstrate an integration of practice with theory, which has been arrived at through a process of reflexive speculation. Two discs accompany the printed thesis that allow for digital reading.

Bakgrund: Över hela världen lever människor med HIV, en kronisk infektion som påverkar individens immunförsvar. Dessa människor har varit en utsatt grupp för diskriminering av samhället under flera år. Det vilar ett etiskt ansvar hos sjuksköterskan att bemöta och vårda människor på lika villkor samt med respekt för den personliga integriteten. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva hur människor som lever med HIV upplever möten med vårdpersonal. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en allmän litteraturöversikt baserad på åtta kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: I resultatet framkom fyra huvudkategorier: Att bli dömd och diskriminerad, Känslan av att vara smittsam, Känna tillit eller misstro samt Att bli respekterad. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskan har möjligheter i mötet med människor som lever med HIV, att verka för att individens känslor av utanförskap samt inskränkande av den personliga integriteten reduceras. Då patientens unika erfarenheter och behov tas tillvara i mötet beskriver människor med HIV upplevelser av att bli sedd för den person de är. Vilket är av värde i omvårdnaden, då målet för sjuksköterskan är att stärka patientens hälsoprocesser och verka för en individanpassad vård. / Background: People are living with HIV all over the world, a chronic infection that affects the individual's immune system. These people have been a vulnerable group, discriminated by society for several years. There is an ethical responsibility of the nurse to respond to and nurture people on equal terms and with respect for the personal integrity. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe how people living with HIV experience the encounter with healthcare professionals. Method: The study was conducted as a general literature review based on eight qualitative scientific articles. Results: The results revealed four main categories Being judged and discriminated, Feelings of being contagious, An emotion of trust or distrust and Being respected. Conclusion: The nurse has opportunities in the meetings with people living with HIV, to ensure that the individuals’ feelings of alienation and restrictive of personal privacy are reduced. When the patients’ unique experiences and needs are utilized in the meeting, people with HIV describes that they are being seen for who they are. Which is in the value of nursing care where the aim of the nurse is to strengthen the patients’ health processes and promote individual care.

This dissertation analyzes the impact of musical transatlanticism on the identities of American communities. I do so through case studies in three time periods: seventeenth-century colonial Massachusetts, the post-Revolutionary Early American Republic, and early twentieth-century Progressive era Chicago. I develop an Atlantic musicology approach that which moves beyond national and nationalist frameworks and traces the strong and lasting musical connections between America and Europe. I explore three kinds of musical transatlanticism: the migration of musicians, the transmission of musical works, and the circulation of ideas about music. Music that crossed the Atlantic Ocean underwent changes wrought by transcription, translation, and contrafacting, and I argue that these changes were instrumental to the self-fashioning of American identity. Intercultural encounter and ideas of difference also drove communities to delineate their conceptual boundaries, although not without ambivalence. Ever in a state of flux, music reflected groups’ self-conceptions both locally and for transatlantic audiences in an ongoing process of conscious and unconscious musical adaptation. A wide-ranging project such as this demands a myriad of historical sources, which range from printed musical volumes to newspapers to diaries and letters. These variegated materials call for an interdisciplinary approach, and I draw on analytic methods from musicology, archival methods from history, and interpretive lenses from ethnomusicology and Atlantic history. I begin with an introduction that elucidates the conceptual and historiographical stakes of the project. The first two case studies focus on puritan psalmody in the seventeenth century. Chapter 1 analyzes puritan ideas about the affective power of music to promote personal piety, and Chapter 2 examines the role of music in colonial encounters with the native population of southern New England. Moving to the late eighteenth century, Chapter 3 traces the circulation of political song, particularly partisan and patriotic American contrafacta of British tunes, through the public print sphere. Chapter 4 turns to the domestic sphere, using one woman’s musical activities as a guide through the contemporary debates over feminine musical accomplishment. Chapter 5 enters Progressive-era Chicago, where European immigrants brought Old World folk repertories to the aesthetically and civically idealistic programs at the Hull-House Settlement. / Music

Readings of Fun Home thus far have tended to focus on the representation of Alison Bechdel’s traumatic life experiences and on the ways in which the memoir bears witness to that trauma. While Jennifer Lemberg explores the role of drawing in overcoming the difficulty or impossibility of naming the traumatic experiences Alison undergoes (135), Ann Cvetkovich draws attention to the cultural and political work the memoir performs by making space for everyday life histories of trauma and for accounts of forbidden, pathologized desires (111). I would like to explore the ways in which Fun Home foregrounds those illicit desires, and performs that political work, not only through the telling of Alison’s story but, more specifically, by mobilizing the reader’s affective capabilities in the face of what may be read as surprising, emotionally charged objects and situations. I suggest that Bechdel’s memoir boldly sets the stage for an affective and cognitive encounter with out-of-bounds, unapproachable bodies and histories. Our assumptions about hetero and homonormativity, as well as our conception of home and the family as heterosexual, normative spaces, are interrogated in and through those encounters. I analyze the fundamental role of the graphic narrative form, and the employment of archival objects and elements of performance in particular, in setting the stage for the reader’s affective encounter with Alison’s family history. / text

Background: Homelessness is increasing, and health care is still difficult for many homeless people to achieve. If they get sick, it is both technically challenging to get a clinic they can go to, but also an economic problem because most of the homeless have no gainful employment. The fact that many homeless people experience bad attitudes of health care professionals is one reason why they don’t seek healthcare until an emergency arises. In the profession as a nurse, all people should be given equal treatment regardless of background. A nurse's obligation is to provide equal care to all.Aim: The aim of this study was to describe how homeless persons experience the encounter with health care providers.Method: The study was designed as a literature review with aim to critically review and compile the results from the found articles results. Five articles from CINAHL, two from PubMed and two from an unsystematic review were analyzed from their results of homeless person’s experience of the encounter with health care providers.Results: Four different themes were revealed in the analysis of the articles: Communication, Involvement, Subject – Object and Attitudes. Both positive and negative feelings perceived by the homeless persons emerged. Not being treated with respect because being homeless and not listened to where frequently mentioned. Even a wish that health care providers would be more human in the encounter with the homeless persons was a desire.Conclusion: Many homeless persons experience bad treatment from health care providers. Few studies has been done on this subject, wich needs to be explored to give health care providers a better understanding for a vulnerable group of people.Keywords: Encounter, experience, Halldorsdottir, health care provider, homeless

Bakgrund: Långvarig smärta är svår att bota. Smärtan är svår att lindra och kan vara mycket påfrestande för kroppen. Sjuksköterskans bemötande kan påverka patientens smärtupplevelse. Ett gott bemötande kan hjälpa patienten att finna tilltro till vården samt lindra smärtan medans ett dåligt bemötande kan förvärra smärtupplevelsen. Syfte: Syftet är att ta reda på hur patienter med långvarig smärta upplever sin smärta samt hur de upplever sjuksköterskans bemötande i omvårdnaden. Metod: En litteraturstudie har genomförts där tio artiklar rörande långvarig smärta har granskats och analyserats och sammanställts i olika teman. Artiklarna har varit både kvalitativa och kvantitativa. Uppsatsen utgår från Joyce Travelbees omvårdnadsteori men baseras även på andra teorier. Resultat: I resultatet framkommer det att sjuksköterskans bemötande har stor betydelse för patientens upplevelse av vården. Patienter har känt sig förolämpade och nedvärderade och upplevt att de inte blivit trodda på. Patienter menar att dialogen mellan dem och sjuksköterskan är av stor vikt då det kan vara ett sätt att bearbeta oro och rädsla över deras sjukdomstillstånd. Diskussion: Det är viktigt att sjuksköterskan är medveten om patienten och dennes upplevelser. Hur sjuksköterskan bemöter patienten kan påverka dennes upplevelser av vården och kan skapa både en trygghet men också en känsla av osäkerhet hos patienten. Som sjuksköterska är det viktigt att frångå egna värderingar för att kunna se den unika personen som man har framför sig. Nyckelord: Långvarig smärta, omvårdnad, patientens upplevelser, bemötande / Background: Persistent pain is difficult to cure. The pain is difficult to reduce and can be very stressful to the body. The approach by the nurse can affect the patient’s perceived pain. A good approach can help the patient to find trust in public care and to reduce the pain, and a bad approach can make the pain experience worse. Aim: The aim of this study was to find out how patients with persistent pain experience their pain and how they experience the nurses clinical encounter in the care. Method: A literature study has been conducted, where ten articles handling persistent pain have been investigated, analyzed and been compiled into different themes. The articles have been both qualitative and quantitative. The study is based on Joyce Trevelbees nursing theory but includes other theories as well. Results: The result shows that the approach by the nurse is very important for the patient’s perception of the public care. Patients have felt offended, disparaged and disbelieved. Patients mean that the dialogue between the patient and the nurse is of high importance, as this is a way to handle concern and fear related to their illness. Discussion: It is important that the nurse is aware of the patient and the patient’s experiences. The approach by the nurse can affect the patient’s perception of the public care. It can create both a sense of security and of uncertainty for the patient. It is important as a nurse to leave your own values aside to be able to see the unique person in front of you. Keywords: Persistent pain, nursing, patients experiences, clinical encounter

Bakgrund: Dagens forskning visar på att det finns en oengihet om orsaken bakom fibromyalgi. Ålder, etnicitet eller social status spelar ingen roll, alla kan drabbas, dock finns det forskning som visar att kvinnor drabbas oftare än män.. De mest framträdanden symtomen är värk, stelhet och trötthet. Den behandling som erbjuds denna patientgrupp är oftas symtomlindrande behandling. Syfte: Att beskriva upplevelsen av mötet med vården för patienter med fibromyalgi. Metod: Författarna har valt att göra en litteraturöversikt av åtta vetenskapliga artiklar som har fokus på patienters upplevelse av att leva med fibromyalgi och mötet med vården. Författarna valde Joyce Travelbees omvårdnadsteori med fokus på kommunikation och mellanmänskliga relationer. Resultat: Resultatet visar att patienter med fibromyalgi upplever att sjukvårdspersonal ifrågasätter deras trovärdighet och inte tar deras problem på allvar. Vidare visar resultatet att sjukvårdspersonalen kategoriserar dessa patienter efter stereotypa rolluppfattningar och möter dem utifrån deras förförståelse om vad fibromyalgi är eller inte är. Diskussion: Denna studie visar att sjukvårdspersonal utgår från sin egen eller andras objektiva bedömning av patientens situation istället för patientens unika upplevelse i mötet med dessa. Författarna gör då tolkningen utifrån resultatet och utifrån Joyce Travelbees omvårdnadsteori att sjukvården brister i deras förmåga att lära känna och kartlägga patientens behov. / Background: The cause for fibromyalgia is not known. Age, ethnicity and social status doesn´t matter. The most prominent symptoms are pain, stiffness and fatigue. The treatment for fibromyalgia is limited, it is often a combination of pain relief, physical activity and lifestyle changes. Nurses working with fibromyalgia patients have an important role in education and informing patients about their disease. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe patient with fibromyalgia and their experience of the encounter with the health care. Method: A literature review of eight scientific articles, with the focus on patients’ experience of living with fibromyalgia and the encounter with the health care. The authors chose Joyce Travelbees theoretical framework for their literature review. Result: The result shows that patient with fibromyalgia experience that health care professionals question their credibility and that they don’t take their problems seriously. Furthermore the result showed that health care professionals categorized these patients by stereotypical role perceptions, and encounters these patients by their pre-understanding about what fibromyalgia is or is no. Discussion: This study shows that health care professionals meets these patients, based of their own and others objective assessment of the situation, instead of being based on the patient´s unique perception of their situation. The authors make the interpretation based on the result and Travelbees nursing theory that health care professionals lack in their ability to know and to identify the patient´s needs.

Bakgrund: Hur bemötande upplevs påverkas av många olika faktorer och beskrivs som ett svårdefinierat begrepp. Hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalen skapar sitt bemötande bland annat genom hur de tar emot och hälsar på patienterna. Även hur kroppen är riktad i förhållande till patienterna och anhöriga har en inverkan på upplevelsen av bemötandet. I hälso- och sjukvården sker flera tusentals möten varje dag och mötena blir på många sätt avgörande för patienternas upplevelse av den vidare vårdkontakten. Metod: Litteraturstudien gjordes med fokus på omvårdnad och vetenskapliga artiklar söktes i Cinahl, PubMed och SweMed. Valda artiklar granskades. Resultat: Materialet resulterade i fyra teman; människovärde, omhändertagande, information och konversation, respekt och glädje. Litteraturstudien visade att patienter upplever mycket olika känslor och tankar i mötet med hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal. Många faktorer påverkar hur mötet upplevs. Diskussion: Patienter upplever mötet på olika sätt och liknande faktorer påvisas i flera studier. Dock finns skiljaktigheter i huruvida upplevelsen av den specifika faktorn är positiv eller negativ. Slutsats: Författarna ansåg efter litteraturstudiens genomförande att mer forskning på begreppet bemötande ur ett patientperspektiv hade behövts. Inom hälso- och sjukvården är det av vikt att ha god kännedom om patienters upplevelser av bemötande för att kunna skapa god omvårdnad. / Background: How treatment is experienced in healthcare is affected by many different factors and is described as a concept difficult to define. Among other things, healthcare professionals create their treatment of patient and their relatives through the ways they receive and greet the patients. Body positioning of staff also have an impact on how the patients and their relatives experience treatment. Every day several thousands of meetings take place in healthcare, and these meetings are in many ways crucial to the patient's experience of further healthcare contact. Method: The literary study was performed with a focus on nursing, and scientific articles were researched in Cinahl, PubMed and SweMed. Selected articles were reviewed. Findings: The material resulted in four themes; dignity, care, information and conversation, respect and joy. The literary study showed that patients experience very different feelings and thoughts in the encounter with healthcare professionals. Many factors may affect how the meeting is experienced. Discussion: Patients will experience the encounter with healthcare professionals in various ways, and similar factors were identified in several studies. However, there is a difference in whether the experience of a specific factor is positive or negative. Conclusions: After the literary study was conducted, the authors believed that further research on the concept of treatment from a patient perspective is required. Within healthcare, it is essential with extensive knowledge of the patients' experiences in order to provide good care.

Syfte: Att identifiera och beskriva sjuksköterskans kommunikation och bemötande av personer med kognitiv nedsättning, i form av afasi orsakad av stroke. Syftet var även att undersöka vilken betydelse datainsamlingsmetoden har för de inkluderade artiklarna.Metod: Beskrivande litteraturstudie baserad på 14 vetenskapliga artiklar som publicerats år 2000-2012 via databaserna PubMed och Cinahl. En metodologisk granskning av artiklarnas datainsamlingsmetod genomfördes. Resultat: Sjuksköterskans bemötande och kommunikation hade en påverkan på patientens upplevelse av vården. Det framkom både möjligheter och hinder som påverkade kommunikationen i mötet. Brist på kompetens, personalresurser och tid samt stress ansågs vara de faktorer som hindrade kommunikationen. Användning av verbal och icke- verbal kommunikation, bra vårdmiljö, en trygg, lugn och ödmjuk sjuksköterska förbättrade möjligheten till att kunna uppnå ett gott bemötande och en framgångsrik kommunikation. Ostrukturerade intervjuer, djupintervjuer, videoinspelningar och frågeformulär förekom i de valda vetenskapliga artiklarna.Slutsats: En fungerande relation mellan sjuksköterskan och patienten utgör en grund i omvårdnaden och förbättrar omvårdnadskvalitén. Sjuksköterskan behöver ha kompetens, självinsikt och förståelse av mänskligt beteende i mötet med patienter som har en kognitiv nedsättning orsakad av stroke. Sjuksköterskan bör ha ett genomtänkt förhållande till sina egna värderingar och förhållningssätt i mötet och kunna ha förmågan att förutse både eget och patientens beteende. Vald datainsamlingsmetod ger djupare förståelse i det valda omvårdnadsämnet. / Aim: To identify and describe how nursing staff communication and treatment of patients with cognitive impairment such as aphasia caused by stroke and to examine the significance of the included article’s data collection methods.Method: A descriptive literature review based on 14 articles which was published between 2000-2012 in the databases PubMed and Cinahl. A detailed inspection of the articles’ data collection methods was conducted.Result: The nurse communication and treatment had an impact on the patient’s experience of care. It emerged both opportunities and barriers that affected the communication. Lack of staff resources and competence as well as stress were factors that hindered communication. The use of verbal and non-verbal communication, good health environment, a secure, calm and humble nurse improved the possibility to achieve a good treatment and successful communication. Unstructured interviews, in-depth interviews, video recordings and questionnaires occurred in the selected articles.Conclusion: A functional relationship between the nurse and patients is a basis in nursing and improves its quality. Nurses need to have skills, self-awareness and understanding of the human behavior when meeting patients with cognitive impairment caused by stroke. Nurses ought to have a deliberate relation to their own values and attitudes in meetings and be able to anticipate both their own and patient’s behavior. The selected data collection methods give a deeper understanding of the chosen nursing substance.

The theory of restorative justice has always lagged behind practice. As such, gaps in theory have existed over time and continue to exist today, particularly in terms of explaining “the magic” that occurs within the encounter process. By exploring the theories of Jürgen Habermas, it is suggested that new frameworks can be developed that can help theorists think about, and explain the experiences and outcomes central to restorative processes. This paper focuses on Habermas’ theory of universal pragmatics and communicative action as a means to better understand the mechanisms within the encounter process, and the conditions necessary, to give rise to common understanding, agreement, learning and strengthened relationships. It then examines Habermas’ concept of the lifeworld and the interplay with communicative action to shed light on restorative justice’s potential for community building through norm clarification, victim and offender reintegration and increased individual capacity.