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Nowadays, with the development of international economy, international investment has become one of the most important ways to prompt global economic development. The number of the bilateral treaties (BITs) and multilateral treaties are increasing as well. These treaties are an important basis for resolving disputes between investors in international arbitration. Many treaties contain a sunset clause. In the field of international law, the use and utility of sunset clauses has remained largely unnoticed despite the fact that they have been employed in major international treaties and agreements.  Nowadays, such clauses have become a core feature in international investment agreements, playing an underappreciated role with the ability to enhance legal certainly in regards to the tension between stability and flexibility. Moreover, sunset clauses complement the protection to investors with the entrenchment effect.  But meanwhile, as one of the important economic entities in the global economic development, the European Union (EU) is trying to terminate all intra-EU BITs, as well as the sunset clauses which contained in the BITs.  This thesis analyse the impact of the sunset clause on intra-EU arbitration after the EU members terminated their intra-EU BITs. Trying to clarify the nature and the utility of the sunset clause in EU law, and try to disengage from the entrenchment effect of the sunset clause at EU and international level.

Following a usage-based approach to language acquisition, lexically specific patterns are considered to be important building blocks for language productivity and feature heavily both in child-directed speech and in the early speech of children (Arnon, Inbal & Morten H. Christiansen. 2017. The role of multiword building blocks in explaining L1-L2 differences. Topics in Cognitive Science 9(3). 621–636; Tomasello, Michael. 2003. Constructing a language: A usagebased theory of language acquisition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press). In order to account for patterns, the traceback method has been widely applied in research on first language acquisition to test the hypothesis that children’s utterances can be accounted for on the basis of a limited inventory of chunks and partially schematic units (Lieven, Elena, Dorothé Salomo & Michael Tomasello. 2009. Two-year-old children’s production of multiword utterances: A usage-based analysis. Cognitive Linguistics 20(3). 481–508). In the current study, we applied the method to code-mixed utterances (n = 1,506) of three German-English bilingual children between 2 and 4 years of age to investigate individual differences in each child’s own inventory of patterns in relation to their input settings. It was shown that units such as I see X as in I see a Kelle ‘I see a trowel’ could be traced back to the child’s own previous productions. More importantly, we see that each child’s inventory of constructions draws heavily on multiword chunks that are strongly dependent on the children’s language input situations.

This dissertation consists of three essays examining the relation between corporate governance and firm performance. The theme of this study is that the widely documented long-term underperformance in equity carve-outs can be partly explained by weak corporate governance. The first essay presented in Chapter 2 explores the effect of shareholder-rights protection on the performance of a sample of firms that initiated a carve-out during the period 1983-2004. Using the Gompers, Ishii, and Metrick (2003) index and Bebchuk, Cohen, and Ferrell (2004) entrenchment index, as proxies for the quality of shareholder-rights protection, I provide evidence that firms with better shareholder rights protection outperform those with weaker rights protection. Results indicate that the weaker the rights protection, the greater the degree of underperformance. Overall, the results are robust to measures of firm performance and to model specification. The second essay presented in Chapter 3 examines the relation between firm performance and board structure. In particular, I study how board size, board independence, and CEO duality influence firm performance. I find that board size for non-financial firms is negatively related to firm performance but positively associated with performance for financial firms. Board independence is positively related to firm performance and CEO duality is negatively associated with performance for both financial and non-financial firms. These results are robust to various measures of firm performance. The conflicting evidence on board size, between financials and non-financials, seems to suggest that the scope and complexity of a firm.s operations drives board size. The third essay presented in Chapter 4 investigates corporate ownership and firm performance. I focus on insider ownership, outside blockholder ownership, and ownership concentration. Results show that insider ownership is negatively related to firm performance even at low levels of insider ownership levels. It is plausible that the combination of parent ownership and management ownership in the subsidiary exacerbate the entrenchment effect thus overwhelming the incentive alignment effects that theory posits. I document a positive relation between outside blockholder ownership and firm performance. And finally, I show that the level of ownership concentration increases (decreases) in anticipation of positive (negative) changes in firm performance.

Esta pesquisa investigou a influência do comprometimento com a carreira e do entrincheiramento na carreira no processo de ensino, mais especificamente, no esforço instrucional e no comprometimento com o preparo de aula, entre professores pertencentes à Carreira de Magistério do Ensino Básico, Técnico e Tecnológico. A pesquisa tem como finalidade colaborar no desenvolvimento de escalas com as quais a realidade pode ser apreendida objetivamente, provendo informação para decisões e ações em Gestão de Pessoas. A pesquisa é do tipo survey. Os dados coletados foram tratados estatisticamente, realizando Análise Fatorial Exploratória e Modelagem de Equações Estruturais (MEE). Quando a MEE foi inexequível, aplicou-se Correlação e Regressão. As escalas de Comprometimento com a Carreira, de Carson e Bedeian (1994), e de Entrincheiramento na Carreira, de Carson, Carson e Bedeian (1995), foram testadas em uma base de dados coletados de 105 professores e obtiveram resultados semelhantes aos de outros estudos. A pesquisa colabora com a validação de outra escala, Esforço Instrucional de Rowe (2008). Os resultados sobre a escala de Esforço Instrucional foram divergentes com o estudo original, sugerindo que a escala ainda pode ter outras dimensões e exigir mais testes. Também propõe e pré-testa uma nova escala, de Comprometimento com o Preparo de Aula, para validação de expressão. A validade de expressão foi assegurada, ou seja, a escala de Comprometimento com o Preparo de Aula pode ser submetida a testes mais abrangentes. A pesquisa identificou relação de influência entre os construtos Comprometimento com a Carreira e Comprometimento com o Preparo de Aula, em destaque, o poder preditivo da dimensão Identidade sobre todas as dimensões do construto Comprometimento com o Preparo de Aula. Concluiu-se que o potencial das escalas de Esforço Instrucional e Comprometimento com o Preparo de Aula no auxílio da gestão escolar justifica a continuidade de aprimoramento e testes dessas escalas. E que o processo de ensino, percebido como Entrada em uma Visão Sistêmica, precisa de mais estudos e maiores reflexões para que se garanta a oferta de ensino de qualidade. / This study investigated the influence of career commitment and entrenchment career in the teaching process, specifically in instructional effort and class preparation commitment, including teachers belonging to the Teaching Career in Basic Education, Technical and Technological Advice. The research aims to collaborate in the development of scales with which reality can be grasped objectively, providing information for decisions and actions in Human Resource Management. The research is a survey. The collected data were statistically analyzed by performing Exploratory Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). When the SEM was unachievable, applied Correlation and Regression. The Career Commitment scale, Carson and Bedeian (1994), and the Entrenchment Career scale, Carson, Carson and Bedeian (1995), were tested in a database collected from 105 teachers and obtained similar results to those of other studies. This research contributes to the validation of another scale, Instructional Effort, Rowe (2008). The results were conflicting with the original study about Instructional Effort scale, suggesting that the scale can also have other dimensions and require additional testing. It also proposes and pre-testing a new scale, Class Preparation Commitment, for expression validation. The validity of expression was guaranteed, so the Class Preparation Commitment scale may be subjected to more extensive testing. The research identified relationship of influence between the constructs Career Commitment and Class Preparation Commitment, highlighted the predictive power of Identity dimension on all dimensions of the construct Class Preparation Commitment. It was concluded that the potential of Instructional Effort scale and Class Preparation Commitment scale in helping the school justifies the continued enhancement and testing of these scales. And the educational process, perceived as Input in a Systemic View, needs further study and further reflection in order to guarantee the quality educational provision

Submitted by Karen Britto (karenbritto@unipampa.edu.br) on 2018-05-22T13:11:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Ribeiro da Rosa - 2018.pdf: 2894492 bytes, checksum: 64142b06e7c49d4a1b6c6e54a435e9fd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-22T13:11:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Ribeiro da Rosa - 2018.pdf: 2894492 bytes, checksum: 64142b06e7c49d4a1b6c6e54a435e9fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-19 / Esta dissertação teve como objetivo analisar as relações que se estabelecem entre as intenções empreendedoras do indivíduo e o seu nível de entrincheiramento organizacional junto às Startups e empresas de Tecnologia da Informação no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Com o intuito de buscar compreender o quanto a ligação do indivíduo com a empresa em que trabalha, pode influenciar as intenções empreendedoras destes indivíduos. Este estudo é caracterizado como explicativo, através do método survey, com um questionário como instrumento de pesquisa. O questionário utilizou dois modelos já consolidados no âmbito acadêmico: o modelo do entrincheiramento organizacional de Rodrigues e Bastos (2015) e o modelo de intenção empreendedora de Kristiansen e Indarti (2004), além de coletar informações pessoais e sobre a trajetória ocupacional e atual dos indivíduos participantes do estudo. Com isso, identificou-se que a ligação das dimensões do entrincheiramento organizacional se relaciona em 5,4% com a intenção empreendedora, ou seja, parte do perfil de intenção empreendedora é afetado pelo fato de o indivíduo estar entrincheirado à empresa em que trabalha. Especialmente no que se refere à percepção do indivíduo sobre limitação de alternativas. Demonstrando que ao perceber-se um profissional desejado no mercado de trabalho, levando em consideração o desligamento da empresa atual, o indivíduo potencializa sua capacidade empreendedora. De maneira geral, 61,45% dos respondentes dizem que tem intenção de empreender e apresentam um médio entrincheiramento organizacional. Identificou-se também que os indivíduos que são responsáveis pela renda familiar e que possuem filhos acreditam que suas atitudes determinam o sucesso nas suas execuções, contrariando os demais respondentes. Já os respondentes que tem de 11 a 20 anos de atuação do mercado de trabalho afirmam ter mais estrutura para iniciar seu empreendimento do que os demais. Ou seja, responsabilidade familiar e experiência profissional são itens que geram nos indivíduos diferença na percepção sobre oportunidade de empreender e também na relação que estabelecem com a empresa onde atuam. Conjuntamente com isso, foi possível constatar que os níveis de entrincheiramento organizacional apresentam uma média maior junto às cidades fora da capital do estado. Dado que pode ser explicado pela diferença de oferta de emprego entre a região metropolitana e o restante do estado, muito também por conta do tamanho populacional e consequente desenvolvimento. Este estudo trouxe uma perspectiva distinta das trabalhadas na linha organizacional e nos estudos de intenção empreendedora, pois indica que a ligação que o indivíduo tem com a empresa que atua, não se relaciona diretamente com àqueles que pretendem empreender. Os resultados aqui obtidos podem ser utilizados como base para novos estudos com as temáticas, na qual haja um aprofundamento de pontos interferem. / The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the relationships established between the entrepreneurial intentions of the individual and their level of organizational entrenchment with the startups and companies of Information Technology in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. The research also aims to understand how the connection of the individual and the organization in which he works, can influence the entrepreneurial intentions of these individuals. This study is characterized as explanatory, through the survey method, with a questionnaire as a research tool. The questionnaire uses two models already consolidated in the academic scope: the organizational entrenchment model of Rodrigues and Bastos (2015) and the entrepreneurial intention model of Kristiansen and Indarti (2004), besides collecting personal information and data about the current and occupational trajectory of the study participants. Thus, it was identified that the connection of the dimensions of the organizational entrenchment is related to 5.4% with the entrepreneurial intention, that is, part of the profile of entrepreneurial intention is affected by the fact that the individual is entrenched in the organization in which he works, especially regarding the individual's perception of the alternatives limitation, demonstrating that when perceiving a desired professional in the labor market, taking into account the disconnection of the current organization, the individual enhances his entrepreneurial capacity. As an overall, 61.45% of respondents say that they intend to undertake and present an organizational midfielder. It was also identified that individuals who are in charge of their family income and who have children, believe that their attitudes determine success in their executions, contrary to the other respondents. Respondents who have 11 to 20 years of work in the labor market say they have more structure to start their enterprise than the others. This means that family responsibility and professional experience are items that generate in individuals a difference in the perception about the opportunity to undertake and also in the relationship that they establish with the organization where they act. In addition to this, it was possible to verify that the organizational entrenchment levels present a higher average next to the cities outside the state capital. Having said that, it can be explained by the difference in the supply of employment between the metropolitan region and the rest of the state, much more because of population size and consequent development. This study brought a different perspective from the ones worked in the organizational line and the studies of entrepreneurial intention, since it indicates that the connection that the individual has with the company that he works, does not relate directly to those that intend to undertake. The results obtained here can be used as a basis for new studies with thematic ones, in which there is a deepening of interfering points.

Cette recherche vise à comprendre la gouvernance des relations interorganisationnelles dans le cadre spécifique de la distribution automobile en France. Une analyse de l’environnement économique et juridique permet de contextualiser la recherche et met en exergue les externalités qui s’exercent sur les acteurs du secteur. La revue de littérature, fondée sur une approche qui s’appuie à la fois sur les théories des organisations et les théories du canal, met en lumière les variables économiques et comportementales de la relation entre les partenaires. Nous croisons ces visions avec l’approche ressources et compétences. L’ensemble nous permet de construire un cadre intégrateur de la relation entre les constructeurs automobile et leurs réseaux de concessionnaires. La démarche qualitative adoptée dans une perspective interprétativiste s’appuie sur soixante-cinq entretiens qui ont été retranscrits intégralement afin de fournir la matière à une analyse de contenu. Les résultats de la recherche permettent dans un premier temps de souligner le rôle clé du concept de pouvoir dans cette relation. Ensuite, nous démontrons comment la stratégie d’enracinement suivie par les constructeurs leur a permis à la fois, d’ancrer leur pouvoir en configurant le cadre juridique de la relation et de le renforcer en pilotant les allocations de ressources de leurs partenaires concessionnaires. Enfin, nous concluons en montrant que le système actuel pourrait être revisité à la faveur d’une nouvelle démographie des réseaux. / The present study intends to provide further clarity on interorganizational relationships within the car retail business in France. The analysis of the economic and legal frame aims at defining the current business environment and stress out the importance of the various outside forces that may influence the market players. A thorough review of the related literature, focusing on organization theory and marketing channel theory, highlights the different variables, either economic or customer behavior related , that impact the business relationships. This approach will be completed by a resource-based analysis. The overall study contributes to draw a complete picture of interdependencies between car makers and car dealers.The qualitative approach is based on a series of sixty-five interviews that have been transcribed in their entirety in order to provide material to this content. As a first outcome of the analysis, the study points out the key role played by power in the interactions between firms. In a second step, the analysis demonstrates how the entrenchment strategy embraced by car makers has enabled them to establish their dominance by reshaping the legal frame of the business interactions, and how it has permitted them to strengthen their negotiation power by becoming the driving force of the resources allocation process followed by the distributors. In a final section, the study shows how the current business model may evolve as new perspectives related to retail network concentration may open.

Na agenda de pesquisa sobre comprometimento organizacional, predomina o modelo de pesquisa de corte transversal, quantitativa, que busca relacionar os vínculos com antecedentes e consequentes de maneira direta, considerando variáveis internas à organização. Esta abordagem tem sido foco de discussão nesta área, que começa a apontar a necessidade de estudos exploratórios buscando compreender a dinâmica dos vínculos ao longo do tempo. O presente trabalho busca contribuir com esta lacuna, e tem por objetivo compreender o papel de elementos de contexto individual na dinâmica dos vínculos do trabalhador com a organização ao longo de sua trajetória. A etapa preliminar quantitativa foi realizada por meio de uma survey que obteve 1584 respostas válidas, coletando com escalas validadas padrões dos vínculos de comprometimento e entrincheiramento com a organização. A partir destes padrões, foram destacados 30 indivíduos com diferentes padrões de vínculos para uma etapa principal qualitativa, que ocorreu por meio de entrevistas exploratórias com estes participantes. As análises de narrativa, conteúdo e eventos foram combinadas para processar estes dados, visando compreender o papel do contexto individual nos vínculos. Estas análises buscaram compreender o papel de diferentes temas da vida do indivíduo: A fase da vida e careira, as âncoras de carreira, eventos marcantes de sua vida, elementos de seu contexto individual (família, comunidade, lazer, amizade, outros trabalhos e autodesenvolvimento) e fenômenos da literatura de vínculos organizacionais. Como resultado, foi encontrado que as fases da vida e carreira exercem papel relevante na dinâmica dos vínculos, e as fases de equacionamento e manutenção são mais propensas a registrarem alto comprometimento, e a fase de manutenção também com alto entrincheiramento. As âncoras de carreira modelam as expectativas que geram os contratos psicológicos, e atuam também na forma com que o indivíduo lida com os eventos em sua vida. Em termos dos eventos, os que se relacionam com mudança cultural e liderança/gestão tem relação com quebras de contrato psicológico, que geram diminuição ou quebra do comprometimento com a organização, se relacionando com o fenômeno da literatura de quondamcommitment. No contexto individual, ele atua como um mediador entre a dinâmica dos vínculos e os eventos vivenciados pelo indivíduo, sendo também pautados pela permeabilidade entre a vida pessoal e profissional. As dimensões de amizade, família e comunidade tem relação mais relevante com a dinâmica de vínculos. Por fim, foi elaborado um modelo teórico que organiza e sistematiza todas as áreas observadas neste estudo, apontando o papel delas na dinâmica dos vínculos. Conclui-se que os vínculos de comprometimento e entrincheiramento são afetados indiretamente pelas fases da vida, e que a depender da âncora de carreira, o indivíduo tenderá a desenvolver maior comprometimento com diferentes focos. Ainda, o estudo explicita o papel de eventos de liderança/gestão e cultura organizacional, que estão associados à quebra de contrato psicológico e diminuição dos níveis do comprometimento. Por fim, o presente trabalho possibilita uma maior compreensão dos fenômenos contextuais na agenda de pesquisa dos vínculos organizacionais, trazendo elementos à tona que podem ser aprofundados em futuras pesquisas. / In the research agenda on organizational commitment, the cross-sectional, quantitative research model predominates, which seeks to relate the links with antecedents and consequents in a direct way, considering internal variables to the organization. This approach has been a focus of discussion in this area, which begins to point out the need for exploratory studies seeking to understand the dynamics of bonds over time. The present work has the objective to contribute to this gap, and aims to understand the role of individual context elements in the dynamics of the worker \'s bonds with the organization throughout its trajectory. The preliminary quantitative stage was accomplished by means of a survey that obtained 1584 valid answers, collecting with validated scales standard of the bonds of organizational commitment and organizational entrenchment. From these standards, 30 individuals with different patterns of bonds were selected for a qualitative main stage, which occurred through exploratory interviews with these participants. Narrative, content, and event analyzes were combined to process these data to understand the role of the individual context in the bonds. These analyzes sought to understand the role of different subjects in the individual\'s life: the life stage and career, career anchors, life events, elements of their individual context (family, community, leisure, friendship, other work and self-development) and bond´s organizational phenomena. As a result, it was found that the life stages and career stages play a relevant role in the dynamics of the bonds, and the phases of equation and maintenance are more likely to register high commitment, and the maintenance phase also with high entrenchment. Career anchors shape the expectations that generate the psychological contracts, and also act on how the individual deals with the events in his or her life. In terms of events, those related to cultural change and leadership / management are related to psychological contract breaches, which generate a decrease or decrease in commitment to the organization, related to the quondam commitment literature phenomenon. In the individual context, it acts as a mediator between the dynamics of the links and the events experienced by the individual, and are also guided by the permeability between personal and professional life. The dimensions of friendship, family and community are more relevant to the dynamics of links. Finally, a theoretical model was elaborated that organizes and systematizes all the areas observed in this study, pointing out their role in the dynamics of the links. It is concluded that the bonds of commitment and entrenchment are affected indirectly by the life cycle, and that depending on the career anchor, the individual will tend to develop greater commitment with different foci. Furthermore, the study explores the role of leadership / management events and organizational culture, which are associated with psychological contract breakdown and decreased levels of commitment. Finally, the present work contributes to a greater understanding of the contextual phenomena in the research agenda of organizational bonds, bringing elements to the fore that can be deepened in future researches.

本研究以適用於民國九十九年九月一日修正前之「公開發行公司辦理私募有價證券應注意事項」辦理私募增資之上市櫃公司為研究對象，研究期間為民國九十四年十月十一日至九十九年八月三十一日，以探討內部人行為對私募折價幅度之影響。 　　研究結果發現，公司內部人若有參與私募者，則折價幅度會較純粹為外部人應募之私募案為大，顯示內部人可能藉由其職權，壓低私募價格以自肥，符合利益掠奪假說。此外，若內部人於應募前後，尚還有出售老股套利或隱瞞應募人與公司關係之情事者，其折價幅度越大。顯示內部人若意圖假私募手法圖利自身時，其確會運用其對公司之影響力，蓄意壓低私募價格以賺取折價之價差，或刻意隱瞞資訊以規避小股東之監督。因此，私募折價幅度與內部人是否參與應募以及續後之作為，確有密切關聯。 / This study examines the effect of insiders’ activities on the price discount of private placement. The sample period starts from October 11th, 2005 and ends August 31th, 2010, one day before the last revision on the regulation, Directions for Public Companies Conducting Private Placements of Securities. The empirical result shows that the price discount under private placement with insiders involved is more than that with outsiders only. The insiders, in accordance with entrenchment hypothesis, may benefit by discounting the price in the private placement. In addition, more price discount may also be taken by the insiders who intend to benefit from selling stocks while purchasing stocks from the private placement or intentionally concealing information about their relationship with the company. It’s evident that the price discount under private placement has something to do with whether the insiders are involved and how they behave in response.

In this thesis, the relationship between technological innovation and the development of language and thought is analysed. For this purpose, three different fields of technology are investigated: 1) the steam engine, 2) electricity, and 3) motor vehicles, roads and ways. They have all either played an extremely important part in people’s lives, or they are still essential to us. The overall aim is to find out in what ways these inventions and discoveries have helped people to develop abstract thinking and given speakers of English new possibilities to express themselves. Questions being asked are a) if the correlations in experience between the inventions and other domains have motivated new conceptual mappings? b) if the experiences that they provide people with may be used to re-experience certain conceptual mappings, and hence make them more deeply entrenched in people’s minds? and c) if the uses of them as cognitive tools have resulted in meaning extension in the English lexicon? The study is based on metaphoric and metonymic phrases collected from a number of different dictionaries. In the material a large number of metaphorical and metonymic expressions including terms connected to the inventions and discoveries that are part of this thesis are found. As is clear from the expressions, the steam engine, electricity, motor vehicles, roads and ways have all provided us with ample tools for structuring our thoughts, and for conveying our thoughts to others. Primarily, it seems to be the different functions of the discoveries and inventions, or the effects that they have on other objects that have motivated the mappings. In addition to analysing the cognitive role of the inventions that are part of this thesis, some general conclusions concerning the relationship between language, thought and world are suggested.