Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2016-03-04T12:08:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jennifer Santos de Oliveira - 2015.pdf: 1605154 bytes, checksum: cf2df07f3d2c5eeaae902874b91dd8ce (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-03-04T12:20:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jennifer Santos de Oliveira - 2015.pdf: 1605154 bytes, checksum: cf2df07f3d2c5eeaae902874b91dd8ce (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-04T12:20:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jennifer Santos de Oliveira - 2015.pdf: 1605154 bytes, checksum: cf2df07f3d2c5eeaae902874b91dd8ce (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-28 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / Environmental themes have been analyzed from a variety of reality interpretations, from conservative ideological perspectives to more critical ones. Bearing in mind that environmental education is a field of intense discussion, it is of considerable importance for educators to understand of environmental discourses of subjects involved in the educational process. In this sense, seeking to combine aspects of environmental complexity, the need for environmental education that aims a social transformation and the influence of different areas in human training and human socialization, this study aimed to understand the environmental discourse of teachers in training for a possible signaling triggers concepts of an educational intervention in critical perspective. This study is part of a broader research and, methodologically, is configured as a participant research. We had as research subjects 12 chemistry course students who were enrolled in the Institutional Scholarship Program Introduction to Teaching. Both on the study design and in the analysis of the collected data, we assume as a reference fundamentals array of historical and dialectical materialism proposed by Marx and socio-historical psychology proposed by Vigotski. The environmental discourse of these future teachers proved to be hybrid and influenced mainly by environmental paradigms of contemporary society. Two concepts that we consider to be triggers of a critical environmental discussion, namely culture and conscience, emerged from the analysis. As the concepts of environment , sustainability and environmental education, the concepts of culture and consciousness were linked strictly to the notional values and behavioral changes devoid of socio-historical factors. We believe that a more fruitful approach these concepts can be found in the concept of culture in the broadest sense and consciousness in cognitive perspective. / Temas ambientais têm sido abordados a partir de diferentes interpretações da realidade, desde perspectivas ideológicas conservadoras a críticas. Considerando a educação ambiental como um campo de disputa torna-se importante, para os educadores ambientais, a compreensão do discurso ambiental dos sujeitos envolvidos no processo educativo. Nesse sentido, buscando conjugar os aspectos da complexidade ambiental, da necessidade de uma educação ambiental que almeje uma transformação social e da influência de diferentes instâncias formativas na formação/socialização humana, o presente estudo objetivou compreender o discurso ambiental de professores em formação para uma possível sinalização de conceitos deflagradores de uma intervenção pedagógica na perspectiva crítica. Este estudo é um recorte de uma pesquisa mais ampla e, metodologicamente, configurou-se como uma pesquisa participante. Tivemos como sujeitos da pesquisa 12 licenciandos em Química inscritos no Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação à Docência. Tanto no delineamento da pesquisa quanto na análise dos dados coletados, admitimos como matriz referencial fundamentos do materialismo histórico-dialético proposto por Marx e da psicologia sócio-histórica proposta por Vigotski. O discurso ambiental desses futuros professores mostrou-se híbrido e influenciado, principalmente, pelos paradigmas ambientais da sociedade contemporânea. Das análises, emergiram dois conceitos que julgamos ser desencadeadores de uma discussão ambiental crítica, o de cultura e o de consciência. Assim como nos conceitos de meio ambiente, sustentabilidade e educação ambiental, os conceitos de cultura e consciência estiveram vinculados, estritamente, a noções de valores e mudanças comportamentais desprovidas dos determinantes sócio-históricos. Acreditamos que uma abordagem mais profícua desses conceitos reside no conceito de cultura em sua acepção ampla e de consciência na perspectiva cognitivista

Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2016-08-19T20:05:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Carolina de Araujo Silva5.pdf: 3291076 bytes, checksum: 62c403a73a3000990637d6be4462419b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T20:05:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Carolina de Araujo Silva5.pdf: 3291076 bytes, checksum: 62c403a73a3000990637d6be4462419b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-05 / This thesis has as main theme the local environmental discourse. It is a proposal of analysis that can be applied to this type of discourse in any location, and a case study, that applied the analysis proposed in the thesis. The general objective of this research was to analyze the local information on the environment conveyed through journalistic, political and business discourse, establishing historical, social and ideological relations of environmental discourse that permeate the three areas concerned. The methodology included three phases: literature search and literature review on the key concepts pointed in the research; survey of local discourses available in the media to analyze in the case study; discourse analysis using the protocol developed based on the French line of discourse analysis. The case study presents an analysis of the environmental discourse in the city of Frutal-MG, which are now underway various research and environmental projects. The main conclusion confirms the hypothesis of the research that environmental information produced from political, journalistic and business discourses at the local level has predominantly situational, marketing and propaganda character, little focused on awareness and education, with an emphasis on commercial and electoral interests and in solving emergency problems / Esta tese tem como tema principal o discurso ambiental local. Trata-se de uma proposta de análise, que pode ser aplicada a este tipo de discurso em qualquer localidade, e um estudo de caso, que aplicou a análise proposta na tese. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi analisar a informação local sobre meio ambiente veiculada por meio dos discursos jornalístico, político e empresarial, estabelecendo relações históricas, sociais e ideológicas do discurso ambiental que permeiam as três áreas em questão. A metodologia incluiu três fases: pesquisa bibliográfica e revisão de literatura sobre os principais conceitos levantados no trabalho; levantamento de discursos locais disponíveis na mídia para análise no estudo de caso; análise dos discursos a partir de protocolo elaborado com base na Análise do Discurso de linha francesa. O estudo de caso traz a análise do discurso ambiental no município de Frutal-MG, onde hoje estão em andamento várias pesquisas e projetos na área ambiental. A principal conclusão do trabalho confirma a hipótese da pesquisa de que a informação ambiental fruto dos discursos político, jornalístico e empresarial em âmbito local tem caráter predominantemente situacional, mercadológico e propagandístico, pouco focada em conscientizar e educar e com ênfase em interesses comerciais e eleitorais e na resolução de problemas emergenciais

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2017-04-12T16:48:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE_JEANCERQUEIRA_PPGOM_CAC_UFPE_2016.pdf: 2814555 bytes, checksum: e1fcb2662a21ea4b892c5ca0f21b79c4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-12T16:48:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE_JEANCERQUEIRA_PPGOM_CAC_UFPE_2016.pdf: 2814555 bytes, checksum: e1fcb2662a21ea4b892c5ca0f21b79c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-07 / Capes / Neste trabalho analisamos as representações dos discursos ambientais em animações brasileiras veiculadas em três dos mais relevantes festivais internacionais realizados no país e com foco no audiovisual ambiental: Festival Internacional de Cinema e Vídeo Ambiental (FICA), Festival Latino Americano de Cinema Ambiental (FestCineAmazônia) e Festival Internacional do Audiovisual Ambiental (Filmambiente). Considerando que no cinema de animação as questões ambientais ganharam maior atenção a partir do final do anos 1990, quando essa temática passou a ser representada de forma mais intensa em produções comerciais hollywoodianas, e com mais vigor na vertente autoral e independente, entendemos que a animação comporta, no seu conjunto, uma diversidade de discursos e de problemáticas ambientais, compondo filmes que representam as relações entre homem e natureza, cujas abordagens mais críticas foram convencionalmente chamadas de enviro-toons. Contudo, diante da polissemia do termo natureza, da complexidade e multidimensionalidade das questões ambientais e da diversidade de discursos acerca do ambiente, sustentamos a tese de que predomina nas animações uma representação significativa dos discursos orientada para a perspectiva hegemônica do meio ambiente, antropocêntrica e reformista, de acomodação ao capitalismo industrial globalizado. A análise das 40 animações do corpus, veiculadas nas edições dos festivais realizadas no período compreendido entre 1999 a 2014, reforça a hipótese aqui defendida. Pois apesar de revelar a emergência de uma animação ambiental brasileira caracterizada por uma diversidade técnica, estética, temática e autoral, torna evidente que as representações dos discursos ambientais valorizam histórias em que as relações homem/ambiente são desenvolvidas sem problematizações consistentes. Sendo predominantemente limitadas a responsabilizar o indivíduo, sem atribuir maiores responsabilidades à estrutura social. Por outro lado, observamos que as limitações discursivas observadas nesse corpus revelam a animação ambiental brasileira em sua capacidade de refratar e refletir as contradições e disputas que caracterizam o debate ambiental no contexto nacional. Fundamentalmente, a pesquisa adotou como suporte teórico os estudos de Rousseau, Descartes e Heidegger sobre a natureza, ambos no campo da filosofia, de Goldblatt, Dunlap e Hannigan sobre as causas estruturais da problemática ambiental, ambos no campo da sociologia ambiental, de Corbett, Hansen e Cox acerca das singularidades da comunicação ambiental, dos trabalhos de Ingram, MacDonald e Ivakhiv sobre o cinema ambiental, os estudos de Murray e Heumann, Starosielski, Whitley e Wells sobre a animação e o meio ambiente, além dos estudos de Dryzek e Corbett sobre os discursos ambientais, e de Fairclough e Maingueneau, acerca da constituição, circulação, poder e ideologia nos discursos. / This study analyzes the representations of environmental discourses of Brazilian animations broadcasted in three important international festivals of environmental audiovisual films held in Brazil: Festival Internacional de Cinema e Vídeo Ambiental (FICA), Festival Latino Americano de Cinema Ambiental (FestCineAmazônia) and Festival Internacional do Audiovisual Ambiental (Filmambiente). Considering that environmental issues have gained greater attention on animated cinema. From the late 1990s, when this issue started to be represented more often in Hollywood commercial productions, and strongly by independent audiovisual productions, we understand that animation movies have a diversity of discourses and environmental issues, making films that represent and question the relationship between man and nature, whose most critical approaches have been conventionally called enviro-toons. However, given the polysemy of the term nature, as well as the complexity and multidimensionality of environmental issues and the diversity of speeches about the environment, we maintain the hypothesis that the predominant representation of the discourses of animations have hegemonic, anthropocentric and environmental reformist perspectives that tend to accommodation to globalized industrial capitalism. The analysis of a corpus of 40 animations broadcasted in the editions of the festivals held in the period 1999- 2014 reinforces our hypothesis. Despite revealing the emergence of a Brazilian environmental animation characterized by a technical, aesthetic, thematic and authorial diversity, the analysis makes it clear that their representations of environmental discourses value stories in which the man/environment relationships are developed without consistent problematizations. The discourses are predominantly limited to blame the individual, without giving more responsibility to the social structure. On the other hand, we observed that the discursive limitations observed in this corpus reveal the Brazilian environmental animation in its ability to refract and reflect the contradictions and disputes that characterize the environmental debate in the wider context, the green public sphere. Fundamentally, we adopted as theoretical support studies about the nature of Rousseau, Descartes and Heidegger, both in the field of philosophy, Goldblatt, Dunlap and Hannigan about the structural causes of environmental problems, both in the field of environmental sociology, Corbett, Hansen and Cox about the singularities of environmental communication, of Ingram works, MacDonald and Ivakhiv about environmental cinema, of Murray and Heumann, Starosielski, Whitley and Wells about animation and environment, in addition to the Dryzek and Corbett studies about environmental discourses, and Fairclough and Maingueneau about the circulation, power and ideology in discourses.

Située dans une perspective d’anglais de spécialité et adoptant des outils d’analyse de discours, cette thèse vise à contribuer à la caractérisation du discours environnemental entendu comme un discours spécialisé. Résultat d’une conception changée de notre environnement, les mouvements de pensée, les pratiques et les discours qui se développent dans le but de sa protection, préservation ou régénération font partie du domaine spécialisé environnemental. Ce domaine émergent, ainsi que ses composants principaux, sont définis dans cette thèse.La première partie de notre thèse présente une vision globale du domaine et de son discours. Les concepts centraux de mouvement environnemental, d’environnementalisme, d’écologie et d’écologisme y sont analysés. Nous offrons ensuite une définition du concept de discours environnemental en partant du contenu des travaux faits par différents auteurs sur cet objet et en aboutissant à la prise en compte de ses spécificités grâce aux outils élaborés dans le cadre des études d’anglais de spécialité. La deuxième partie s’attache plus particulièrement aux discours et aux pratiques des organisations au Royaume-Uni. Dans ce contexte culturel particulier, nous présentons les principales organisations qui ont un rôle à jouer dans le domaine environnemental et décrivons leurs principaux discours de communication dans le domaine en nous interrogeant notamment sur les nouveaux genres de discours, les termes spécialisés et les pratiques discursives récurrentes. L’organisation interne du domaine est également considérée avec la présentation d’une typologie des organisations et des relations entretenues entre elles ainsi que du rôle et de la spécificité des experts dans le domaine. Cette étude est complétée dans une troisième partie par une analyse descriptive d’un genre de discours jouant un rôle prééminent dans le domaine : les rapports sur la responsabilité sociale des organisations. Après avoir présenté son contexte d’apparition et sa fonction principale, nous nous interrogeons sur la représentation des acteurs du domaine offerte par l’étude de ce genre puis sur les phénomènes de normalisation générique de ces rapports d’un point de vue diachronique. / With an English for Specific Purposes perspective and adopting the methodological tools of discourse analysis, this thesis explores the characteristics of environmental discourse considered as a specialized type of discourse. As a result of a change of conception of our environment, the trends of thinking, the practices and discourses that are developing, with the aim of contributing to the protection, preservation, or regeneration of the environment have become part of the specialized domain referred to as environmental. This emerging domain and its main components are defined in this thesis.The first part of the thesis presents a global vision of the domain and of its discourse. The central concepts of the environmental movement, environmentalism, ecology and ecologism are analyzed. A definition of the concept of environmental discourse is then offered, starting with the presentation of the content of various authors' work on the object and concluding with the identification of its specificities thanks to tools elaborated in the French school of English for Specific Purposes. The second part of the thesis is devoted to the discourses and practices of organisations in the UK. We present, within this specific cultural context, the main organisations that have a role to play in the environmental domain and describe their principal environmental communication discourses with a particular focus on new genres, specialized terms and recurrent discursive practices. The internal organisation of the domain is also considered with the presentation of a typology of organisations, of the relations they maintain as well as of the role and specificities of environmental experts.The study is completed in a third part by a descriptive analysis of a genre that plays a decisive role in the domain: reports on corporate social responsibility. After having presented the context in which this type of report emerged and its main function, we question the way these reports represent the main actors of the domain and the existence and influence of generic norms in a diachronic perspective.

This report addresses the environmental discourse of the current comprehensive plan of Stockholm, The Walkable City, and in what ways it can be developed following an ecofeminist framework. With a foundation in a critical perspective on current processes of urbanization, ecofeminist theory, and an interest in the potential in utopian thought, this thesis attempts to assist the comprehensive plan in finding alternative ways of approaching the urban development of the city, in search for social and environmental justice through increased citizen participation. Ecofeminists argue that economic growth is conditioned by and enforces colonial and patriarchal relations between humans, and between humans and nature. The current global process of urbanization is an integral part in sustaining the economic growth, making cities an important area to address in search of other relations. Sustainable development has been put forth as a way to relieve the negative social and environmental effects of the economic system, and has informed much urban policy-making. Urban policy, such as comprehensive plans, shape the path of urban development. The main strategy of the current comprehensive plan of Stockholm is ”sustainable growth”. This thesis analyses the components that make out the strategy of sustainable growth in order to understand why it is problematic. Further, it engages in participatory scenario generation using an ecofeminist framework, to find new ideas and paths for a sustainable urban development in Stockholm. The conclusions that are found comprise the positive notion that there are great chances to develop the notion and strategies for sustainability through workshops with stakeholders. While the overall course of development of the scenarios may be too far from our current reality to be easily implemented, there are several suggestions with great potential even in our current context. Furthermore, the results point out important directions in which to develop the plan in a longer perspective, that concern a fundamental restructuring of the political economy along more socially and environmentally sound lines that elevate the interconnectedness of humans and nature. This is a restructuring that makes economic growth according to the current model impossible, but that aims for equality between humans and far-reaching environmental protection. It is also pointed out that the deployment of a multitude of conflicting scenarios in planning would benefit both the urban development and democratic participation. / Denna studie hanterar miljödiskurser i den gällande översiktsplanen för Stockholm, Promenadstaden, och hur de kan utvecklas utefter ett ekofeministiskt ramverk. Med en grund i ett kritiskt perspektiv på samtida urbaniseringsprocesser, ekofeministisk teori, och ett intresse i den potential som vilar i utopiskt tänkande, avser detta arbete vara översiktsplanen behjälplig i att hitta alternativa vägar att närma sig stadens utveckling, på jakt efter social och miljörättvisa genom ökat medborgardeltagande. Ekofeminister menar att ekonomisk tillväst villkoras av och förstärker koloniala och patriarkala relationer mellan människor, och mellan människor och naturen. Den nuvarande globala urbaniseringsprocessen är en grundläggande del i att upprätthålla ekonomisk tillväxt, vilket gör städer till ett viktigt område att hantera ifall nya relationer ska etableras. Hållbar utveckling har framhävts som ett sätt att minska det ekonomiska systemets negativa sociala och miljöeffekter, och har därför haft stort inflytande över policys för stadsutveckling. Policys, som översiktsplaner, formar hur våra städer utvecklas. Den huvudsakliga strategin i Stockholms gällande översiktsplan är ”hållbar tillväxt”. Denna studie analyserar de delar som formar strategin hållbar tillväxt för att förstå varför den är problematisk. Vidare ägnas arbetet åt generering av framtidsscenarier med deltagare utifrån ett ekofeministiskt ramverk, för att finna nya idéer och spår för hållbar stadsutveckling i Stockholm. Slutsatserna omfattar den positiva uppfattningen att det finns goda chanser att utveckla formuleringen av och strategierna för att nå hållbarhet genom workshops med deltagare. Även om den övergripande utvecklingsinriktningen i scenarierna ligger alltför långt ifrån vår nuvarande verklighet för att med lätthet implementeras finns det fortfarande många konkreta förslag med god potential redan idag. Vidare pekar resultaten ut viktiga riktningar för planens utveckling i ett längre perspektiv, vilka har att göra med en grundläggande omstrukturering av den politiska ekonomin i enlighet med en mer socialt och miljömässigt förnuftig riktning, där mänsklighetens och naturens ofrånkomliga sammanlänkning upphöjs. Det är en omstrukturering som gör ekonomisk tillväxt enligt nuvarande modell omöjlig, men som eftersträvar jämlikhet mellan människor och ett långtgående miljöskydd. Det påpekas vidare i rapporten att nyttjandet av motstridiga scenarier i planering skulle bidra både till stadsutveckling och demokratiskt deltagande, där de konflikter planering präglas av blottläggs.

Denne studien undersøker hvordan samiske krav om økte rettigheter til land og vann kobles til miljøspørsmål i Norge. Da urbefolkningsspørsmål i dag har en sterk kobling til miljøspørsmål er dette et interessant perspektiv å løfte i et miljøvitenskaplig perspektiv. Ved hjelp av diskursteori og kritisk diskursanalyse undersøker jeg hvordan den samiske diskursen utvikles fra Alta-konflikten i 1987 til slutten av 90-tallet. Analysen viser at diskursen om samiske rettigheter til land og vann kan kobles til en internasjonal miljødiskurs, dominert av moderne tanker om dualisme, bærekraftig utvikling og tradisjonell kunnskap. / This study examines how the demands on rights to traditional land by the Norwegian Sáami relates to environmental discourse development I Norway. Discourse theory and critical discourse analysis is used to follow the Sáami discourse from the Alta-conflict in 1987 to the end of the nineties. The analysis shows that the Sáami discourse on land rights has evolved on the same path as the dominant environmental discourse, dominated by modern thoughts and ideas, sustainable development and traditional environmental knowledge.

No description available.

När den svenska klimatdebatten intensifierades under 2000-talets första decennium tilldelades allmänheten en särskild roll. I den mediala och politiska debatten verkade lösningen på miljöproblemen intimt förknippad med individers livsstilar. I den här avhandlingen betraktas det synsättet som del av en pågående individualisering av miljöansvar. Med en poststrukturalistisk feministisk utgångspunkt hanteras det individualiserade miljöansvaret som en specifik diskurs. Diskursen beskriver individer som de centrala aktörerna som ska motverka miljöproblemen. Hur individer förhåller sig till rimligheten i en sådan ansvarsfördelning eller förstår innebörden av ett sådant ansvar är emellertid oklart. Syftet med avhandlingen är att utforska hur individer begripliggör och förhandlar diskursen om individuellt miljöansvar i gruppsamtal. För att förstå hur individer kan positionera sig i relation till diskursen analyseras tolv fokusgruppsamtal med personer som befinner sig i olika livssituationer och har olika erfarenheter av miljöfrågor och resande. Samtalsdeltagarnas förhandlingar av diskursens innebörd och relevans analyseras. Avhandlingen undersöker vilka andra diskurser som stödjer, konkurrerar med eller utgör motdiskurser till den individualiserade miljödiskursen. Därmed framgår hur individer kan införliva eller göra motstånd mot miljödiskursens verklighetsbeskrivning. I avhandlingen undersöks även vilka subjektspositioner som görs problematiska respektive oproblematiska i relation till ett individualiserat miljöansvar. Det bidrar med insikt om hur diskurser knutna till genus och klass kan positionera individer som i olika grad eller på olika sätt ansvariga för sin miljöpåverkan. Analysen visar hur individuellt miljöansvar förknippas med resursstarka och oberoende individer, individer som kan tänka sig att agera utan stöd från vare sig omgivningen eller stödjande samhällsstrukturer. Samtalsdeltagare i studien beskriver det individualiserade miljöansvaret som alltifrån moraliskt viktigt och positivt till orimligt och orealistiskt. Konkurrens mellan individer följer i diskursens spår. Både personer som tar på sig stort ansvar och de som inte förmår eller vill leva upp till idealet om att förändra sin livsstil pekas ut som problematiska. Samtidigt hamnar andra potentiella ansvarstagare och politiska arenor ofta i skymundan. Därtill riktar vissa samtalsdeltagare misstro mot samhällets förmåga att överhuvudtaget hantera miljöproblem, vilket tolkas som en aspekt av det individualiserade miljöansvarets dominans. / Over the last decade, the behaviors and lifestyles of the Swedish public have been depicted as having important environmental effects by both politicians and the media in Sweden. In this thesis, this is regarded as part of an ongoing tendency to individualize environmental responsibilities. Using a feminist poststructuralist point of departure, this individualized environmental responsibility is understood as a particular discourse that frames individuals as essential actors in handling environmental problems. How individuals position themselves in relation to the reasonableness and meaning of these responsibilities, however, is still an open question. The aim is to explore how individuals make scnse of and negotiate the discourse of individual environmental responsibility in group discussions. Twelve focus group conversations involving people in various life situations and with various expericnces of environmental issues and travelling are analyzed. The analysis investigates how the focus group participants position themselves in relation to the discoursc and, thus, negotiate its meaning and relevance. The analysis seeks to understand what other discourses support, compete with, or challenge the discourse of individual environmental responsibility in order to illuminate how individuals can incorporate or resist this particular discursive description of the world. The thesis also investigates what subject positions are made troubled or untroubled by the focus group participants, which reveals how gender and dass discourses position individuals as in various ways or to various degrees responsible for their individual impact on the environment. The analysis suggests that the discourse of individual environmental responsibility privileges independent, self-governing individuals, that is, people who assume responsibility without demanding either societal or social support. Some focus group participants depict individual environmental responsibility as morally significant and beneficial, while others depict it as unrealistic and unacceptable. The discourse seems to engender competition between individuals. Both people acting as highly environmentally responsible and people acting as unable or unwilling to take environmental responsibility are framed as troubled individuals in the conversations. Concurrently, other potential environmentally responsible actors and political scenes are often neglected. The discourse of individual environmental responsibility dominates; for some focus group participants, this discourse leads toa lack of faith in societal ability to handle environmental problems.

Abstract In this treatise I will describe and analyse the problematic dialogue about hunting, which, especially after the Second World War has been on the increase. Some of the critics have even demanded that hunting should be stopped altogether. Hunting is criticised and opposed both on ecological and other grounds. These other grounds include religious, philosophical and ethical considerations. The research material includes sociological, anthropological, philosophical and other scientific literature, general literature, newspapers and articles from magazines, video tapes, fairy tales; all that according to the knowledge of sociology is valid information about the society. The applied methods include discursive analysis, tabulation and mathematical models (Boole's algebra) The second chapter focuses on reviewing and analysing literature; its purpose is to point out how the justification of hunting is perceived especially in recent times. In the next three chapters I will analyse the articles published in Helsingin Sanomat in 1992–1996. The sixth chapter focuses on describing the group of criticisers. The background of those critical views will be discussed in conclusions. Hunting can be restricted by ecological premises when the game stock in question would not stand hunting. We are talking about ecological squandering when the spontaneously renewing natural resources, i.e. game, is left unused when people still need to be fed with food that is ecologically more expensive than food obtainable freely from nature e. g. through hunting. Man's own deontological principles require that, when hunted, animals are not tortured or teased. In the beginning, when food was acquired, the prevailing principle was that of ecological primacy principle and total ecology. All food came straight from nature. Nothing was gained by man's own production. Ecological primacy means that part of the food still comes straight from nature, no matter how slight that part may be. Ecological primacy cannot cease to exist because there will always be nature's own yield, available for man as food. If it is not used, it will result in ecological squandering. / Tiivistelmä Tässä tutkimuksessa kuvaillaan ja analysoidaan metsästyksen ongelmapuheita. Niitä on alkanut lisääntyvästi esiintyä toisen maailmansodan jälkeen. Näissä puheissa kritisoidaan metsästystä aina sen lopettamisen vaatimiseen saakka. Metsästystä arvostellaan ja vastustetaan sekä ekologisilla että muilla perusteilla. Näitä muita perusteita ovat uskonnolliset, filosofiset ja eettiset näkökohdat. Tutkimusaineistona on käytetty sosiologista, antropologista, filosofista ja muuta tieteellistä kirjallisuutta, yleistä kirjallisuutta, sanomalehti- ja muita lehtikirjoituksia, videonauhoja, satuja: kaikkea sitä, joka tiedonsosiologian mukaan käy tiedosta yhteiskunnassa. Menetelminä on käytetty diskurssianalyysiä, taulukointia ja matemaattisia malleja (Boolen algebra). Toisessa luvussa selostetaan ja analysoidaan kirjallisuutta ja pyritään osoittamaan, miten metsästyksen oikeutusta mielletään erityisesti viime aikoina. Seuraavissa kolmessa luvussa analysoidaan Helsingin Sanomissa vuosina 1992–1996 julkaistuja kirjoituksia. Kuudennessa luvussa kuvataan arvostelijoiden ryhmää. Johtopäätöksissä pohditaan sitä, miten noihin kriittisiin kannanottoihin on tultu. Metsästys pyritään mitoittamaan ekologisilla perusteilla, niin että kysymyksessä olevan riistaeläimen kanta kestäisi kulloisenkin metsästyksen. Ekotuhlaus taas on kysymyksessä, kun spontaanisti uusiutuvaa luonnonvaraa, riistaa, jätetään käyttämättä, kun ihmisille on kuitenkin tuotettava ruokaa, joka on ekologisesti selvästi kalliimpaa kuin luonnosta vapaasti esimerkiksi metsästämällä saatava ruoka. Ihmisen oma velvollisuusetiikka vaatii, ettei eläimiä niitä metsästettäessä kiduteta eikä kiusata. Alussa vallitsi ruoan hankinnassa suora luonnon käyttö, ekologinen primariteettiperiaate, jossa kaikki ruoka tuli suoraan luonnosta. Mitään ei saatu ihmisen oman tuotannon tuloksena. Se oli ekototalismia, kun ei vielä viljelty kasveja eikä kasvatetettu karjaa. Nykyäänkin osa ruoasta saadaan yhä suoraan luonnosta. Se voi olla kuinka vähäinen osa tahansa. Tämä suora, osittainen luonnon käyttö, ekoprimarismi, ei voi loppua, koska aina on olemassa luonnon spontaania tuottoa, jota ihminen voi käyttää ruokanaan. Jollei sitä käytetä, aiheutetaan siltä osin turhaa viljelyä ja eläinten kasvatusta. Sellainen on ekotuhlausta.

In the coverage of the Mayan Train in the Southeast of Mexico, national newspapers have either ignored Indigenous peoples as the main stakeholders affected by this project or portrayed them as victims and enemies of modernization. The purpose of this study is to analyse how the Mexican newspapers, La Jornada & Reforma, have omitted or ‘othered’ Indigenous communities in their coverage of the Mayan Train between March and June 2022. Fifteen articles from each newspaper were chosen to be analysed to show how most of them collectivize Indigenous peoples into a minority that is represented as ignorant and in need. The language used to describe Mayan pueblos in these articles reduces Indigeneity to ideas related to the past, poverty and violence, among other concepts which evidence an ideological disconnection between environmental issues and Indigenous concerns. These media omissions and language choices do not only contribute to the othering of the Mayan identity and individuality which are already threatened by this project, but to a racist and discriminatory treat against them. This thesis aims to bring up questions about the representation of Indigenous peoples in national news media articles, as well as to think about how the rebuilding of these could help influence public mindset to incorporate Indigenous communities in environmental concerns in Mexico.