Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T18:15:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sandra Celia Muniz Magalhaes.pdf: 14758717 bytes, checksum: d3b9b7af5b990f6ba4103d3fd01d4a5f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The occurrence of diseases that spread through water due to factors related to sanitation matters, specially the dumping of sewage in nature, has been an increasing concern of society. Thus, it is important to make safe information become available about the areas of occurrence of these diseases, as well as the variables which interfere on its incidence, for a later action of the competent organizations. The goal of this work is to know the relation between the basic sanitation conditions and the incidence of diseases propagated through water in Montes Claros-MG. For that there was a characterization of the urban growth of Montes Claros, assessing its sanitation management, identifying the water-born diseases predominant in this city and also analyzing the basic sanitation conditions of the main areas of incidence. The research intends to subsidize basic sanitation public policies in Montes Claros, serving also as subside for future researches. In order to answer the purposes of the research, firstly it was made a bibliographic and cartographic review on the theme approached, as well as the gathering of secondary data using as reference source The Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística IBGE, Fundação Osvaldo Cruz FIOCRUZ, The Centro de Zoonoses of Montes Claros, Companhia de Saneamento de Minas Gerais - COPASA and Secretaria Municipal de Saúde - SMS, among others. The areas of major incidences of diseases were mapped and there were field work in these areas with interviews of the leaders representative. There were also interviews with the representative of the Sanitation sector of Montes Claros. From the approaches it was concluded that the incidence water-born diseases is due to the fast urban expansion of the city in the last decades associated with the lack of public policies for these areas, mainly in relation to infrastructure of basic sanitation, for the lack of water is common in the districts. The floods which have occurred in the city as well as the amount of garbage filling up the sewers in all districts bring about inconveniences and illnesses to the population. All these problems points to the necessity of a reevaluation of the actions which have guided the responsible sectors for these issues in the City of Montes Claros / A ocorrência de doenças de veiculação hídrica em função de diversos fatores ligados a questões de saneamento, principalmente pelo lançamento de esgotos in natura nos mananciais, tem sido uma preocupação crescente da sociedade. Dessa forma, torna-se necessário disponibilizar informações seguras acerca das áreas de ocorrência dessas doenças, bem como das variáveis que interferem na sua incidência, para posterior atuação dos órgãos competentes. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho objetivou conhecer a relação entre as condições de saneamento básico e a ocorrência de doenças de veiculação hídrica em Montes Claros-MG. Para tanto se caracterizou a expansão urbana da cidade de Montes Claros, avaliando sua Gestão de saneamento, identificando as doenças de veiculação hídrica prevalentes nessa cidade e analisando as condições de saneamento básico das áreas de maior incidência. A pesquisa pretende subsidiar políticas públicas de saneamento básico na cidade de Montes Claros, podendo servir também como subsídio para pesquisas futuras. Para responder aos objetivos da pesquisa, inicialmente foi realizada pesquisa bibliográfica e cartográfica sobre a temática em estudo, como também levantamento de dados secundários, utilizando como fontes o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE, Fundação Osvaldo Cruz Fiocruz, Centro de Zoonoses de Montes Claros, Companhia de Saneamento de Minas Gerais COPASA, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde - SMS, entre outros. Depois de conhecidas as áreas de maior incidência dessas doenças, a área foi mapeada; posteriormente foi realizado trabalho de campo nesses bairros, momento em que foram entrevistadas suas lideranças. Foram entrevistados também representantes de órgãos responsáveis pelo saneamento de Montes Claros. A partir das abordagens realizadas conclui-se que a ocorrência de doenças de veiculação hídrica em Montes Claros está associada à rápida expansão urbana da cidade nas últimas décadas e à falta de políticas públicas específicas para essas áreas em expansão, principalmente em relação à infra-estrutura de saneamento básico, pois é constante a falta de água nos bairros. As inundações que ocorrem há anos na cidade, bem como a quantidade de lixo e entulho acumulados em todos os bairros visitados trazem transtornos e doenças à população; tudo isso aponta para a necessidade de uma reavaliação das ações que até o momento direcionaram os setores responsáveis por essas questões na cidade de Montes Claros

This study was initiated to demonstrate how declining neighborhoods can be revitalized through the cooperation and Partnership of local residents, financial institutions, and local government. The Neighborhood II Conservation Plan assumes that interested and informed residents can plan their own environment just as they plan their own family affairs and budget their incomes. The plan further assumes that residents working together as a team can revitalize their neighborhood at the point of decline. This study pursues various approaches to neighborhood preservation which may be useful to other cities.

Until recently, few have questioned the notion that the separation of uses in land use zoning is inherently correct. Many observers of the city are now suggesting that zoning, as it has been practiced in this country over the last 80 years, has created cities that are fractured and function poorly. Others propose that zoning should be reconsidered as a remedy for urban dysfunction. They suggest that the whole notion of zoning be rethought. The purpose of this study is to uncover some of the underlying rationales and methodologies that set the model for zoning. This study examines the rationales behind the classification and location of land use zones in a fast-growing area of Portland, Oregon, for its first zoning ordinance through history, culture, and geography. Between 1919 and 1924, two ordinances were prepared using two very different methodologies. The first of these was designed by nationally known consultant, Charles H. Cheney, using the latest scientific methods. After its rejection in the polls, a second ordinance was developed by a prominent group of realtors in conjunction with the city planning commission using more intuitive methods. This “realtors’ code” (MacColl 1979) was approved by the Portland electorate in 1924. Some fifty years later, the Portland planning commission would identify zoning as having played a significant role in the deterioration of the Buckman neighborhood in the study area. The comparison of the rationales and methods behind the locations of zone boundaries in both ordinances against the locations of actual uses in the study area, reveals the powerful influences of social Darwinism, laissez-faire attitudes, and newly developing social science methods on the association of zoning with the separation of uses and the land use patterns that were created.

Fatal automobile crashes have claimed the lives of over 33,000 people each year in the United States since 1995. As in any point event, fatal crash events do not occur randomly in time or space. The objectives of this study were to identify spatial patterns and hot spots in FARS (Fatal Analysis Reporting System) fatal crash events based on temporal and demographic characteristics. The methods employed included 1) rate calculation using FARS points and average daily traffic flow; 2) planar kernel density estimation of FARS crash events based on temporal and demographic attributes within the data; and 3) two case studies using network kernel density estimation along roadways to determine hot spots fatal crashes in Jefferson County and Warren County. Rate calculation analyses revealed that travel on roads with high speed limits and winding topography led to the highest number of crashes and highest rate of fatal crashesper 1,000 daily vehicles. Planar kernel density estimation results showed temporalpatterns, revealing that ‘hot spots’ and fatalities were highest in the summer, and typically occurred from 2pm-6pm on the weekends. Further, the 16 to 25 year age group was responsible for the most significant ‘hot spots’ and the most fatal accidents. Also showing that the most significant hot spots involving alcohol occurring in close proximity to meeting places such as bars and restaurants. Finally, results from the network kernel density estimation revealed that most hot spots were in high traffic areas of where majorr oads converged with secondary roads.

Hydrogeologic investigations were conducted on the drainage systems of an area of the Pennyroyal sinkhole plain of south central Kentucky. The degree of karstification of five area streams was studied to develop an understanding of the evolution of drainage as the landscape changes from a sandstone caprock plateau to a limestone sinkhole plain. The Chester Upland, capped by the Big Clifty Sandstone, possesses predominantly surface drainage and the Pennyroyal Plain, formed on Mississippian limestones, possesses considerable subsurface drainage. As the Chester Upland Escarpment retreats and surface streams are onto the limestones, the streams evolve to become subsurface streams. The five streams observed in the study (all flowing on limestones) demonstrated less karst development close to the Chester Escarpment and more karst development with increasing distance from the escarpment. Sediments derived from the escarpment and plateau blanket the stream beds thus perching the streams and preventing chemically aggressive water from forming karst solution features in the limestones. The streams farther away from the escarpment are removed from the sediment source and are therefore able to downcut into the limestone and invade the subsurface to become cave streams. Lithologic investigation of limestones exposed in stream beds revealed that minor resistant units can act to diminish downcutting and maintain short sections of surface flow. The stream investigated was not flowing on a perching layer, but instead was held on the surface by a stratigraphic control (spillover layer) that prevented subterranean stream invasion. Dye traces conducted on groundwater flow in the sinkhole plain revealed that the area drainage pattern is changing as surface streams invade the subsurface and that integration between drainage basins is taking place. Stream piracy and stream diversion are occurring in the subsurface causing alteration of the existing topographic drainage divides that developed before the surface streams invaded the subsurface. A general model is presented which shows the evolution of surface drainage to subsurface drainage, as the Chester Escarpment continues its northwestward retreat.

Man-nature relationship and that one of social groups among themselves, as well as the form of natural resources ownership, are determinant factors of the environment current state and of society life quality. This thesis aimed at analyzing Sergipe coastal plain sandbank landscape environmental changes. The spatial area of this analysis was Sergipe coastal plain, located in nine coastal counties bordering sea, namely: Brejo Grande, Pacatuba, Pirambu, Barra dos Coqueiros, Itaporanga D Ajuda, Estância, Santa Luzia do Itanhy e Indiaroba, grouped into three coast sectors (north, center and south). This study methodology is set upon four stages: documentary fieldwork, laboratory and synthesis. The theoretical-methodological model is the GTP (Geosystem, Territory, Landscape). Bertrand (2007), as this corroborates the idea of having an integral holistic vision, in opposition to the compartmentalized analysis, merely descriptive. Doing environmental research, from a method involving the intrinsic relationship between society and nature, is the innovative challenge of Geography. Among the obtained results, there was a concept that sandbank, in geographical sense, is part of the coastal plain, except for beach, dunes, tômbolos, among other sub-environments, covered or not by vegetation, and especially occupied or not by man, having as internal boundary the coastal plains (Barreiras Group). The study of the landscape physiology allowed one to visualize that landscape transformation by man represents one of the main elements in its formation. It was also possible to apply GTP in the study area. A geosystem (Coastal Plain) with seven territories and two landscape classifications with five major subdivisions was visualized. One reaches the conclusion that Bertrand s model enabled a better understanding of the area, for the integrated analysis, from the socio-environmental perspective that comes from such model, allowed one to see and analyze all spatial area phenomena, enabling a better understanding of Sergipe coastal plain sandbank landscape environmental changes. The presence of Hancornia speciosa Gomes in Sergipe is linked to environmental conditions required by this species, which is found in the study area and also to the reasons expressed in the Refuges Theory from AB Sáber. Currently, sandbanks have been the target of such explosive real estate speculation, which has transformed the natural landscape into a mosaic landscape, meaning, into a disturbed and fragmented landscape, in short term, where the climatic variability produce significant environmental changes when compared to the intensity of human actions. / A relação homem-natureza e dos grupos sociais entre si, bem como a forma de apropriação dos recursos naturais, são fatores determinantes do estado atual do meio ambiente e da qualidade de vida da sociedade. Esta tese objetivou analisar as transformações ambientais da paisagem de restinga da planície costeira sergipana. O recorte espacial desta análise foi a planície costeira sergipana, assentada em nove municípios costeiros defrontantes com o mar, a saber: Brejo Grande, Pacatuba, Pirambu, Barra dos Coqueiros, Aracaju, Itaporanga D Ajuda, Estância, sendo dois estuarinos: Santa Luzia do Itanhy e Indiaroba, agrupados em três setores do litoral (norte, centro e sul). A metodologia deste estudo está configurada em quatro etapas: documental, trabalho de campo, laboratório e síntese. O modelo teórico-metodológico é o GTP (Geossistema, Território, Paisagem) de Bertrand (2007), pois este corrobora com a ideia de se ter uma visão holística integralizada, contrapondo-se à análise compartimentada, meramente descritiva. Fazer pesquisa ambiental, a partir de um método que envolva a intrínseca relação sociedade e natureza, é o desafio inovador da Geografia. Dentre os resultados alcançados, chegou-se a um conceito de restinga que, na acepção geográfica, é a parte da planície costeira, com exceção da praia, dunas, tômbolos, entre outros sub-ambientes, coberta ou não por vegetação e, principalmente, ocupada ou não pelo homem, tendo como limite interno os tabuleiros costeiros (Grupo Barreiras). O estudo da fisiologia da paisagem permitiu visualizar que a transformação da paisagem pelo homem representa um dos elementos principais na sua formação. Foi possível também aplicar o GTP na área de estudo. Visualizou-se um Geossistema (Planície Costeira), sete territórios e duas classificações de paisagem com quatro subdivisões principais. Conclui-se que o modelo de Bertrand possibilitou um maior entendimento da área, pois a análise integrada, a partir da perspectiva socioambiental que dele se extrai, permitiu enxergar e analisar a maioria dos fenômenos do recorte espacial, possibilitando compreender melhor a realidade das transformações das restingas da planície costeira sergipana. A presença da Hancornia speciosa Gomes em Sergipe está ligada às condições edafoclimáticas exigidas por essa espécie, a qual é encontrada na área de estudo e também aos motivos expressos na Teoria dos Refúgios de AB Sáber. Atualmente, as restingas têm sido alvo de uma explosiva especulação imobiliária, que tem transformado o ambiente natural numa paisagem de mosaicos, ou seja, numa paisagem antropizada e fragmentada, onde a variabilidade climática produz alterações ambientais significativas quando comparada com a intensidade das ações humanas.

Our challenge was to consider the extent to which the environmental issue as a current problem involves the relationship between society and nature, because this relationship appears in the geographical analysis of their inseparability. From this context, we builded the theory that the relationship between society and nature in geography presents itself as the key to understanding environmental policy in the state of Sergipe, while understanding the contradictory relations engendered in the capitalist economy. Therefore, we present the core objective, a critical analysis of the process of formation and implementation of environmental policies in Brazil, as well as the government in Sergipe establishing its environmental policy from the standards set by the Union. The research was guided by the geographical knowledge in relation to the normative positions of the dialectical method adopting a course of theoretical abstraction, which equips the way they treat the relationship between the abstract and the concrete, and operates the notion of spaciousness as not only actively produced, but also an active moment in the social process. In addition to the documentary analysis, empirical data collected in field visits were also used, which is the process of territorial actions directed or not, by the state instituted environmental policies. For this purpose a cutout of the space planning of public policies embodied in the territory of the Great Aracaju was made. In this dimension all objectives that led to this thesis were gestated from the hypothesis that environmental policies are territorial, ie they are state actions that promote the reorganization of the national space preparing it for new specializations. It was tried to contextualize the "environmental issue" in the context of the internationalization of the capital, focusing on the role of international organizations in the formulation of environmental policies and the development of public policies, analyzing the role of the state in implementing policies the directly affects the environmental issue that reflects the quality of life of the population as an explanatory pattern of the expansion of capital in different scales, local / national / global. It was noted the important role of science and technology in the appropriateness of the environment for economic growth ruled in the rational instrumental technique with dialogue between the organized population and the social organization for the dissemination of sustainable development. It was concluded that the environmental policy based on sustainable development has nature and community as factors of production subsumed to the capital, with hegemonic discourse and practices of domination, which they conducted in the rhetoric of public environmental policy discourses in everyday life partnerships (NGOs, Foundations, Institutes, etc..) in postures participatory local community, as well as the permeability for democratic relations. / Nosso desafio consistiu em pensar em que medida a questao ambiental como problematica atual contempla a relacao sociedade-natureza, ja que essa relacao aparece na analise geografica em sua indissociabilidade. A partir desse contexto, construimos a tese de que a relacao sociedade-natureza na geografia apresenta-se como chave do entendimento da politica ambiental no estado de Sergipe, enquanto compreensao das relacoes contraditorias engendradas na economia capitalista. Para tanto, apresentamos como objetivo central a analise critica do processo de formacao e implementacao das politicas ambientais no Brasil, bem como o poder publico em Sergipe estabelece sua politica ambiental a partir das normas estabelecidas pela Uniao. A pesquisa foi guiada pelo conhecimento geografico em relacao aos posicionamentos normativos do metodo dialetico adotando um percurso de abstracao teorico, que instrumentaliza a forma de tratar a relacao entre o abstrato e o concreto, e opera a nocao de espacialidade como sendo, nao so produzida ativamente, mas tambem, um momento ativo dentro do processo social. Alem da analise documental foram utilizados tambem dados empiricos coletados em visitas de campo, onde se da o processo de territorializacao das acoes direcionadas ou nao, pelas politicas ambientais estaduais instituidas. Para esse proposito foi feito um recorte espacial do planejamento das politicas publicas, consubstanciado no Territorio da Grande Aracaju. Nesta dimensao todos objetivos que conduziram a tese foram gestados a partir da hipotese de que as politicas ambientais sao politicas territoriais, isto e, sao acoes estatais que promovem o reordenamento do espaco nacional preparando-o para novas espacializacoes. Procurou-se contextualizar a questao ambiental. no quadro da internacionalizacao do capital, focalizando o papel dos organismos internacionais na formulacao das politicas ambientais e na construcao das politicas publicas; analisar o papel do Estado na implementacao de politicas diretamente afetas a questao ambiental que reflete na qualidade de vida da populacao, como explicativas do padrao de expansao do capital nas diferentes escalas, local/nacional/global. Observou-se o papel importante da ciencia e da tecnologia para a adequacao do meio ambiente ao crescimento economico pautado na racionalidade tecnica instrumental com interlocucao entre a populacao organizada e a organizacao social para a difusao do desenvolvimento sustentavel. Concluiu-se que a politica ambiental estruturada no desenvolvimento sustentavel tem a natureza e a comunidade como fatores de producao subsumidos ao capital, com discurso e praticas hegemonicas de dominacao, que se efetivaram na retorica dos discursos das politicas publicas ambientais, no cotidiano, em parcerias (ONGs, Fundacoes, Institutos, etc.), em posturas participativas da comunidade local, bem como, na permeabilidade para relacoes democraticas.

Watersheds are transformed into point of interaction between the environment and man acting as a point of convergence of actions and consequences. In this sense, it lists as an object of study sub-basin Alligator River, set in the context of territorial PiauiRiver Basin, specifically in its upper course, in the semi-arid region of Sergipe, with the purpose of analyzing in overall, the socio-environmental relations in the period between 1990 and 2010. To fulfill this and other specific objectives were established many steps associated with different methodological procedures, initially prioritizing the bibliographic and cartographic survey, and later data collection in office through the official organs of direct and indirect public administration, finally culminating with the fieldwork. The use of the methodology supported in general systems theory, possible to understand the dynamics of the physical and socioeconomic environment and identify areas and/or factors that may restrict or prevent certain uses of space. From this perspective, it is concluded , therefore, that the anthropogenic interference in different degrees within the sub -basin , marked over time configure various stages of its evolutionary process, leaving marks to the present day of a concentrated land ownership and serious problems that reflect the social development of the population. Furthermore, it was noted that in some sectors of the sub -basin, the lack of planning between the potential and actual land use, and the pursuit of productivity in a destructive process has generated an immense spatial concentration of environmental impacts and misuse of soil. / As bacias hidrográficas transformam-se em ponto de interação entre o meio ambiente e o homem atuando como ponto de convergência de ações e consequências. Neste sentido, elenca-se como objeto de estudo a Sub-bacia do rio Jacaré, inserida no contexto territorial da Bacia do rio Piauí, mais especificamente em seu alto curso, na região semi-árida de Sergipe, com o propósito de analisar, em termos gerais, as relações socioambientais no período entre 1990 e 2010. Para o cumprimento desse e outros objetivos específicos estabeleceram-se diversos procedimentos metodológicos associados a diferentes etapas, priorizando inicialmente o levantamento bibliográfico e cartográfico, e posteriormente a coleta de dados em gabinete através dos órgãos oficiais da Administração pública direta e indireta, culminando finalmente com o trabalho de campo. O emprego da metodologia adotada apoiada na Teoria Geral dos Sistemas,possibilitou compreender a dinâmica do meio físico e socioeconômico e identificar as áreas e/ou fatores que podem restringir ou impedir determinados usos do espaço. Nessa perspectiva, conclui-se, portanto, que as interferências antrópicas em graus diferenciados no território da sub-bacia, marcadas ao longo do tempo, configuram diversas fases de seu processo evolutivo, deixando marcas até os dias atuais de uma estrutura fundiária concentrada e com sérios problemas que refletem no desenvolvimento social da população. Além disso, pôde-se constatar que em alguns setores da sub-bacia, a falta de planejamento entre o uso potencial e o real do solo, e a busca da produtividade num processo destrutivo tem gerado uma imensa concentração espacial dos impactos ambientais e da má utilização do solo.

Currently, southern Louisiana faces extreme land loss that could reach an alarming rate of about one football sized swath of land every hour. The combined effect of land subsidence and predicted sea level rise threaten the culture and livelihood of the residents living in this region. As the most vulnerable coastal population in Louisiana, the communities of south Terrebonne Parish are called to adapt by accommodating, protecting, or retreating from the impacts of climate change. For effective preparation planning, the state of Louisiana needs to 1) understand the adaptation preferences and responses of these residents and 2) involve these vulnerable communities in adaptation related decision making. The study uses a survey-based methodology to analyze current adaptation preferences. Findings suggest that protection is the preferred adaptation response. The present study additionally uses participatory techniques to develop a land loss awareness mobile application to illustrate the importance and benefits of community collaboration.

The purpose of the study was to explore the geography literacy, attitudes and experiences of Florida International University (FIU) freshman students scoring at the low and high ends of a geography literacy survey. The Geography Literacy and ABC Models formed the conceptual framework. Participants were freshman students enrolled in the Finite Math course at FIU. Since it is assumed that students who perform poorly on geography assessments do not have an interest in the subject, testing and interviewing students allowed the researcher to explore the assumption. In Phase I, participants completed the Geography Literacy Survey (GLS) with items taken from the 2010 NAEP Geography Subject Area Assessment. The low 35% and high 20% performers were invited for Phase II, which consisted of semi-structured interviews. A total of 187 students participated in Phase I and 12 in Phase II. The primary research question asked was what are the geography attitudes and experiences of freshman students scoring at the low and high ends of a geographical literacy survey? The students had positive attitudes regardless of how they performed on the GLS. The study included a quantitative sub-question regarding the performance of the students on the GLS. The students’ performance on the GLS was equivalent to the performance of 12th grade students from the NAEP Assessment. There were three qualitative sub-questions from which the following themes were identified: the students’ definition of geography is limited, students recall more out of school experiences with geography, and students find geography valuable. In addition, there were five emergent themes: there is a concern regarding a lack of geographical knowledge, rote memorization of geographical content is overemphasized, geographical concepts are related to other subjects, taking the high school level AP Human Geography course is powerful, and there is a need for real-world applications of geographical knowledge. The researcher offered as suggestions for practice to reposition geography in our schools to avoid misunderstandings, highlight its interconnectedness to other fields, connect the material to real world events/daily decision-making, make research projects meaningful, partner with local geographers, and offer a mandatory geography courses at all educational levels.