Human trafficking has become an international issue of significant importance; it is the largest and most profitable organised crime after drugs and arms trafficking. Particular concern has recently been raised due to the Brexit potential ramifications on Human trafficking. There is a risk that the EU directive 2011/36 will be repealed as a result of Brexit. Accordingly, it has been questioned whether the UK national efforts and legislation concerning human trafficking are comprehensive and sufficient enough without the strengthening support of the EU and especially the EU directive 2011/36. Thus, this thesis aimed to determine the impact Brexit will have on human trafficking in the UK by investigating if there will be "gaps" in the UK national legislation on human trafficking.  A comparative content analysis was conducted to analyse the UK national legislation on human trafficking, The Modern Slavery Act 2015 (MSA 2015). The Modern Slavery Act was compared with the EU directive 2011/36 to determine how the legislation differed. The method and analysis were conducted on both a latent and manifest level which means it both described the definitions and analysed how the definitions could be interpreted, hence how it affects reality. Based on what has commonly been argued the main reasons behind human trafficking in Europe, the content analysis focused on the definitions of human trafficking, prostitution and protection of migrant victims. Prostitution and migrations are frequently claimed to be the main reasons behind human trafficking in Europe.  Due to the risk of the EU directive 2011/36 being repealed, the result of the thesis exhibits the need for the UK to update their national legislation. The MSA 2015 needs to become coherent with international agreements and strengthen the protection of victims of human trafficking. Due to the gendered nature of human trafficking, this research addressed human trafficking from a feminist perspective by applying the "dominance theory" and the "sameness theory". The feminist theories helped analyse and investigate the issue of human trafficking and the potential ramifications of Brexit. Applying the ideas illustrated the patriarchal structures surrounding human trafficking and within the MSA 2015.

Le présent mémoire dresse un portrait des règles entourant la mise en vigueur et l'entrée en application de régimes de droits de souscription d'actions. À cet effet, l'auteur résume les règles entourant les offres publiques d'achat, examine les principes touchés par la mise en place d'un régime de droits de souscription d'actions, ainsi que les effets d'un tel régime sur la valeur des actions. Dans un deuxième temps, l'auteur se penche sur la légalité des régimes de droits de souscription d'actions en effectuant une revue du principe de l'égalité des actionnaires et des droits et obligations des administrateurs en matière de défense à une offre publique d'achat. L'auteur termine en effectuant une revue des divers recours qui s'ouvrent aux divers intervenants. / The present thesis tries to review the main rules regarding the creation and the application of a shareholders rights plan. The author reviews also the sections of the Securities Act pertaining to the Take-Over bid. The author also explains the main principles of the corporation law domain and how a shareholders rights plan may be implemented. Second, the author reviews the legality of the implementation of the shareholders rights plan with regards to the shareholders rights given by the Law, and to the obligations and duties of the directors of the Corporation. At the end of the present thesis, the author presents a review of the main recourses opened to the Shareholders, the corporation and the bidder.

La gestion d’une entreprise expose l’employeur au risque de discrimination. Dans son acception originelle, la notion de discrimination vise les distinctions reposant sur un critère illicite. La mise en oeuvre effective de la prohibition des discriminations amène le juge à exiger de l’employeur qu’il justifie de façon pertinente ses décisions. L’entreprise est sommée de développer des outils lui permettant d’apprécier de manière objective les compétences de ses salariés. Au-delà de cet objectif initial, la lutte contre les discriminations doit dorénavant faciliter l’intégration d’un public défavorisé. Les notions d’égalité professionnelle, de diversité, d’actions positives et de discriminations indirectes font aujourd’hui parti du vocabulaire des entreprises. Bien qu’elles ne disposent pas toujours de leviers d’action efficaces pour agir, les pouvoirs publics les contraignent à négocier sur certains thèmes pour résorber les inégalités. L’employeur responsable ne peut ignorer cette métamorphose du concept de discrimination. Il doit déterminer les nouvelles frontières de ce risque afin de mettre en oeuvre les dispositifs adéquats pour faire obstacle à sa réalisation. / Managing a company incurs a risk of discrimination for the employer. In its original meaning, the notion of discrimination refers to distinctions based on an illegal criterion. To be effective, the prohibition of discriminations brings the judge to require that the employer give pertinent justifications of his/her decisions. The company is compelled to develop means of assessing in an objective manner employees’ professional skills. Beyond this initial objective, the fight against discriminations must now ease the integration of disadvantaged populations. The notions of equal access to employment, diversity, affirmative action and indirect discrimination are now part of companies’ vocabulary. Though companies do not always have effective leverage for action, public authorities force them to negotiate on certain subjects in order to reduce inequalities. A responsible employer cannot ignore this radical change in the concept of discrimination. He/she must now setthe new boundaries to this risk so as to implement adequate means to prevent its materializing.

This study demonstrates the negative effect of stereotypes in the progression of women in the legal profession in South Africa and the laws, policies and measures that reinforce gender and sex stereotypes are discriminatory on the basis of gender and sex. This notwithstanding, it considers whether gender equality can be achieved where the measures adopted for gender transformation are premised on gender or sex stereotypes. The study analyses the Cape Bar Maternity Policy in concluding that this approach is justifiable and necessary to achieve substantive gender equality. In addition, this study provides recommendations for the legal profession to achieve substantive gender equality that include: special measures to ensure that the working environment is cognisant of the lived realities of women; requiring practitioners to confront their individual bias by holding them accountable for habits and attitudes that maintain gender inequality; and linking the career advancement of legal professionals to a demonstrable commitment to gender transformation. / Jurisprudence / LL. M. (Human Rights Law)

Dans l’Union européenne, la nécessité de mieux protéger les droits fondamentaux favorise la recherche d’un nouvel équilibre entre équité et efficacité procédurales. La thèse examine les incidences de ce phénomène en droit des aides d’État, qui se caractérise par sa technicité et sa sensibilité politique, puisqu’il confie à la Commission le droit exclusif d’autoriser ou d’interdire les aides que les États membres projettent de verser à certaines entreprises. Bien que celles-ci soient en principe reconnues comme des sujets de droit fondamental, le contrôle des aides d’État fait figure d’exception, puisqu’il n’offre quasi-aucune garantie procédurale lors de la phase administrative, apparaît souvent imprévisible aux entreprises et retient une norme de contrôle juridictionnel largement perfectible, tant en matière de légalité que d’exécution. Ce constat plaide pour une réforme, dont l’étude examine quelques pistes. / In the European Union, the need to better protect fundamental rights calls for research into finding a new balance between procedural fairness and efficiency. The thesis examines the impact of this phenomenon in State aid law which is characterized by its technical nature and its political sensitivity since it confers on the Commission the exclusive right to authorize or prohibit aids that Member States plan to grant to certain companies. Although these businesses are in principle recognized as legal persons in regards to fundamental rights, the State aid control is an exception since it offers almost no procedural guarantees during the administrative phase, often appears unpredictable to companies and maintains a standard of judicial control that could be considerably improved, both in terms of legality and enforcement. This observation argues for a reform that the study examines in the following lines of thought.

Le présent mémoire dresse un portrait des règles entourant la mise en vigueur et l'entrée en application de régimes de droits de souscription d'actions. À cet effet, l'auteur résume les règles entourant les offres publiques d'achat, examine les principes touchés par la mise en place d'un régime de droits de souscription d'actions, ainsi que les effets d'un tel régime sur la valeur des actions. Dans un deuxième temps, l'auteur se penche sur la légalité des régimes de droits de souscription d'actions en effectuant une revue du principe de l'égalité des actionnaires et des droits et obligations des administrateurs en matière de défense à une offre publique d'achat. L'auteur termine en effectuant une revue des divers recours qui s'ouvrent aux divers intervenants. / The present thesis tries to review the main rules regarding the creation and the application of a shareholders rights plan. The author reviews also the sections of the Securities Act pertaining to the Take-Over bid. The author also explains the main principles of the corporation law domain and how a shareholders rights plan may be implemented. Second, the author reviews the legality of the implementation of the shareholders rights plan with regards to the shareholders rights given by the Law, and to the obligations and duties of the directors of the Corporation. At the end of the present thesis, the author presents a review of the main recourses opened to the Shareholders, the corporation and the bidder.

Aucun cap clair n’a été fixé par les pouvoirs publics européens s’agissant du droit de la protection sociale complémentaire. La contribution du droit européen en la matière est toutefois majeure. Les opérateurs spécialisés chargés de la gestion des régimes institués ont fait l’objet de nombreux textes, quoique non axés spécifiquement sur le droit de la protection sociale complémentaire et ne tenant pas toujours compte de l’originalité du modèle économique et social de certains d’entre eux. Les intérêts des bénéficiaires des dispositifs établis ont été pris en considération davantage en raison de l’extension du rôle du droit du travail au sein de l’Union européenne que des dispositions adoptées en droit de la protection sociale. Située au croisement de plusieurs domaines du droit, de l’économie et de la politique sociale, la protection sociale complémentaire cherche toujours, dans le concert du droit européen, à faire entendre une voix qui lui soit propre. Il est cependant permis d’espérer qu’un fil conducteur soit un jour plus clairement adopté, plaçant l’entreprise, qui constitue le socle du droit de protection sociale complémentaire, au coeur des réflexions et des réformes. C’est en effet au sein des entreprises, et en Europe, qu’est née la protection sociale complémentaire. Il serait cohérent que, deux siècles plus tard, les pouvoirs publics européens reviennent aux origines de celle-ci pour en déterminer l’avenir. / No clear direction has been set by the European authorities regarding complementary social protection law. However, European law still makes a major contribution on the subject. The specialized operators in charge of administrating complementary schemes have been the subject of numerous laws, but not specifically focused on complementary social protection law and not always taking into account the originality of the economic and social model of some of them. The interests of the beneficiaries were more taken into consideration because of the employment law growing position within the European Union than because of the measures adopted on social protection law. Complementary social protection happens to be right at the crossroads of several areas of law, economics and social policy. It is therefore still trying to have its own voice heard in the concert of European law. However, we can hope that a common connecting thread will be more clearly adopted, which will put the company, as the foundation of complementary social protection law, at the heart of debates and reforms. It isindeed within companies, and in Europe, that complementary social protection was born. It would make sense that, two centuries later, European authorities return to the roots of the latter to set a course for the future.

No description available.

(Prohibition on discrimination in international law of protection of human rights) The purpose of this thesis is definition of concept of human rights, equality and discrimination, explanation of principle of equal treatment and their reflection in present time. From general definitions, I gradually step towards the aplication of these terms in international law, legislation on regional level within Europe and at the end, implementation of principle of equal rights and prohibition on discrimination in law of Slovak Republic. The most extensive part is dedicated to issues of antidiscrimination from the perspective of the United Nations and pose its basic instruments that are used for promoting equality and fight against discrimination. The UN, within its activity, adopted a large number of international conventions explicitly focused on this issues since it was established. These documents became a pattern for additional conventions addopted within regional or internal law. Significant role in the field of fight against discrimination within the european region plays the Council of Europe. Convention on human rights and fundamental freedoms as a result of activity of this organisation is considered for basic pillar of protection against discrimination among european legal stanards. Compliance of the...

L’allongement de la durée de la vie humaine et le déficit du rapport démographique constituent de véritables défis pour les systèmes sociaux des États membres. Pour y faire face, les législateurs doivent à la fois développer une politique de protection des plus jeunes dans le cadre des relations professionnelles, tout en revisitant les logiques des seuils d’âge notamment au regard de la fin de ces relations. Cette étude a vocation à s’interroger sur l’existence d’un concept de l’âge. Fort d’une histoire culturelle, confortée par une analyse du phénomène physiologique du vieillissement par le législateur, le critère de l’âge entretient des liens particuliers avec les principes généraux du droit de l’Union, tel que le principe de la dignité humaine et le principe de l’égalité de traitement. Malgré tout, le critère de l’âge conserve une ambivalence certaine, mise en exergue à travers le principe général du droit de l’Union de non-discrimination à raison de l’âge. Cette ambivalence se manifeste plus fortement encore à l’issue des relations professionnelles, posant ainsi la question de la place de l’âge à la fin de la vie active. Ce curseur au soutien du pacte intergénérationnel, conditionnant le bénéfice de la liquidation de la pension, connaît actuellement un renouveau, dépassant les frontières des États membres. Une convergence dans le traitement de la vieillesse se crée, tendant au développement de nouvelles solidarités dans le cadre de l’entreprise (régimes professionnels d’entreprise). Il s’agit en outre de favoriser la poursuite de l’activité à un âge élevé (relèvement de l’âge légal de la retraite, décote, surcote, encadrement des régimes dérogatoires, prohibition des ruptures de la relation de travail fondée sur l’âge…) et de repenser les rapports entre les relations de travail et l’âge (cumul emploi - retraite, retraite progressive…). Ce faisant, les législateurs promeuvent un traitement de l’âge qui s’inscrit dans la problématique générale de la longévité humaine en Europe / Dealing with longer life expectancy and demographic deficit is currently a huge challenge for the social system of European member states. To face this challenge, it is necessary for legislators to develop a dedicated protection policy for the young people in a business relationship context and, at the same time, to redefine age limits policy especially in business relationship termination situation.. The presented study focuses on the factuality of the « age » concept. Based on cultural history, confirmed by the legislator analysis of the physiological aging, « age » criterion is closely linked to general principles in E.U. legislation like, for example, the human dignity and the equal treatment. However, the « age » criterion still remains ambivalent which is underlined by the non-discrimination principle. This ambiguity is emphasized in business relationships which leads to the influence of the « age » in an ending working life situation. This intergenerational pact support, which influence the proceed of the pension liquidation, is currently experiencing a revival beyond E.U. member state boundaries. A converging point is achieved in old-age treatment which leads to new solidarity development schemes inside companies (like for example the company occupational scheme). An important objective is to promote the pursuance of a professional activity in order to retire later (increasing in the statutory retirement age, increment or reduce of the retirement pension, restriction of derogations, proscription of business relationship breaches if they are based on age, …) and to redefine the connection between age and business relationships (combined work and retirement, phased retirement, …). By this way, legislators promote a human longevity based age treatment in Europe