Migrationen inom Europeiska Unionen har ökat de senaste åren vilket även har påverkat migrationen till Sverige, hemlösa EU-migranter som ofta är socialt utsatta är idag ett förekommande inslag i stadsbilden. Hälsa kan upplevas på olika sätt och det är viktigt att studera denna grupps upplevelser av hälsa då det finns sparsamt med forskning på området. Studiens syfte var att utforska hur EU-migranter upplever hälsa. En kvalitativ metod har använts där data bestod av semistrukturerade intervjuer och kvalitativ innehållsanalys resulterade i tre kategorier; Upplevelser av hälsa, Upplevelser av ohälsa samt Upplevelser av social och ekonomisk utsatthet. Studiedeltagarna upplevde god hälsa främst som avsaknad av sjukdom och som förmåga att arbeta, ohälsa upplevdes främst som känsla av sjukdom, orkeslöshet och smärta. Att lida av psykisk ohälsa upplevdes som värre att drabbas av än fysisk ohälsa. Avsaknad av sjukförsäkring beskrevs av deltagare som att vara utestängd från sjukvården och upplevdes som svårt. Studiens resultat är användbart för hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal i bemötandet av hemlösa EU-migranter. / Migration within the European Union has increased in recent years, this has also affected the migration to Sweden, homeless EU-migrants who are often socially vulnerable are now an occurring sight in the city. Health can be experienced in different ways and it is important to study this group's experiences of health since few previous studies have focused on this topic. The study's aim was to explore how EU-migrants experience health. A qualitative method has been used where data consisted of semi-structured interviews and content analysis resulted in three categories: Experiences of health, Experiences of illness, and Experiences of social and economic vulnerability. Study participants experienced good health mainly as the absence of disease and the ability to work, illness was perceived primarily as a feeling of disease, fatigue and pain. Suffering from mental illness was perceived as worse than suffering from physical illness. Lack of medical insurance was described by participants as being excluded from healthcare and was perceived as difficult. The study results are useful for health professionals in the caring for homeless EU migrants.

Denna studie undersöker europeiseringen av svenska politiska partier från 1998 till 2016. Syftet har konkretiserats i frågeställningen ”På vilka sätt har svenska politiska partiers skrivande om samt inställning till EU-medlemskapet och unionen generellt utvecklats över tid?” och dess underfråga ”Har en europeisering av dessa partier skett?”. Det empiriska materialet har erhållits med hjälp av både kvalitativ och kvantitativ ansats i form av text- och innehållsanalys, och har innefattat Vänsterpartiets, Centerpartiets och Liberalernas partiprogram och valmanifest. De mätpunkter som har varit i fokus är omfång, inställning och policy vs. polity. För att analysera materialet användes europeiseringsteorin. Studieresultaten visade att samtliga partier har europeiserats inom åtminstone en av mätpunkterna. I Vänsterpartiet syns en svag europeisering vad gäller omfånget av vilket de nämner EU eller ord kopplade till unionen, i Centerpartiet syns en europeisering vad gäller inställningen till EU och det svenska medlemskapet och i Liberalerna syns en svag europeisering vad gäller inställningen till EU och det svenska medlemskapet såväl som vad gäller indelningen av olika politikområden kontra unionen i sig. Slutsatserna som dragits är att Europeiska unionen alltså har påverkat de svenska politiska partierna, men att denna europeisering tar tid och är väldigt varierande beroende på parti, mätpunkt och årtal. / This study examines the Europeanisation of Swedish political parties from 1998 to 2016. The purpose has been concretised in the research question “In what ways have the Swedish political parties’ writing of and attitude towards the EU-membership and the Union in general developed over time?” and its sub question “Has a Europeanisation of these parties occurred?”. The empirical material has been obtained by both a qualitative and a quantitative approach in the form of text and content analyses, and has included the Left Party’s, the Centre Party’s and the Liberals’ party platforms and manifestos. The measurement points that have been in focus are range, attitude and policy vs. polity. To analyse the material the Europeanisation theory was used. The study results showed that all parties have been Europeanised in at least one of the measurement points. In the Left Party a weak Europeanisation regarding the range of which they mention the EU or words linked to the Union was visible, in the Centre Party a Europeanisation regarding the attitude towards EU and the Swedish membership was visible and in the Liberals a weak Europeanisation regarding the attitude towards EU and the Swedish membership as well as regarding the dividing of different political areas contra the Union itself was visible. The conclusions that have been drawn are that the European Union thus have affected the Swedish political parties, but that this Europeanisation takes time and is very varying depending on party, measurement point and year.

Most of the European citizen can today live their lives in relative security. At the same time our communities are faced with more and greater security threats than ever. Terrorism has risen to become one of the greatest security threats to the European union and its citizens and one can therefore ask the question; has the European Union view of terrorism changed over time or has the interpretation of the threat been constant?                       The purpose of this essay is thus to analyse how the European Union describe and see the threat of terrorism before and after the attack on the United States 2001. The analytical instrument of the essay consist of Buzan et al. (1998) Securitization Theory that enables extraordinary measures to be used in the name of security. Furthermore, the essay is a systematic study and the material consist of documents from the European Union.

This research is about unemployment and how it effects on three dimensions of social exclusion: health, income deprivation and political activity. The aim is to investigate how age and welfare systems interact with unemployment’s impact on social exclusion. The analysis method used in this research paper is multilevel modelling. The analyze method gave the possibility to study the impacts of unemployment on social exclusion both from an individual and a context level. The results shows that unemployment does have an impact on all the three chosen dimensions of social exclusion. In addition, unemployment effects most people in countries which are characterized by the liberal welfare systems and east European welfares. At age level, unemployment has a larger impact on older individuals than the younger ones. / Denna studie undersöker arbetslöshetens påverkan på tre olika dimensioner som anses tillhöra social exkludering, dessa dimensioner är hälsa, inkomst och politisk inkludering. Här undersöks arbetslöshetens påverkan på. Arbetslöshetens inverkan på de olika dimensionerna i relation till olika välfärdssystem och åldersgrupper inom Europa. Analysmetoden som används i denna studie är multilevel analysmodellen. Denna analysmodellen ger en möjlighet att studera effekter på arbetslöshetsproblematiken både på individnivå och gruppnivå. Resultaten visar att arbetslösheten ger mest negativ påverkan på social exkludering i de europeiska länder som betraktas att ha liberala välfärdssystem samt i östeuropeiska välfärdsstater. På individnivå är effekten av arbetslöshet mest påtaglig bland kategorin äldre och etablerade inom de tre dimensionerna.

There's no doubt today that mankind has contributed to the changing climate by her use of fossil fuels. This must change in the nearby future. The European leaders are expressing concern that renewable energy sources are not being used to their full potential. The 2001/77/EC Directive on Electricity Production from Renewable Energy Sources was accepted in 2001 to encourage the development of energy production from renewable sources, which is considered a step towards the fulfillment of the goal of the Union, that 12% of the gross energy consumption should come from renewable energy sources by the year 2010. The objective of this thesis is to illuminate the common legislation of the EU regarding renewable energy with regard to goal fulfillment, judicial quality, conflicts with other goals of the EU and other faults. The objective is reached by a hermeneutic study in which interpretation of written text is the main method. To analyze whether the EU stimulates the usage of renewable energy within the union I have applied a method used in audits. I have analyzed an empirical material and drawn conclusions using an inductive method. It is difficult to make specific demands on the legislation of member states because the circumstances vary heavily depending on external factors and other laws. The laws of the European Union must conform to a large number of criteria to be considered rational and legitimate. They must be in line with the basic goals of the union, serve the purpose of the legislator, not violate any human rights and be coherent with other legislation. Directive 2001/77/EC complies with the fundamental goals of the union. It also complies fully with basic human rights, particularly the right to a good environment, which is included in the third generation human rights. The directive does not however meet all the political rationalities because it does not serve all intended political purposes. The directive was accepted as an important step for the union to reach the goals of the Kyoto protocol. It is, however, clear that the goals for the year 2010, as presented in the directive and the Kyoto protocol, will not be reached unless the use of renewable energy sources sees a drastic increase.

The purpose of this paper is to examine whether Gothenburg city maintains democracy, more specifically through a citizen perspective of the international work in the European Union. To examine democracy the essay will use Lundquists theory about democracy values and efficiency values, this to discern whether or not there are such values in their document about policy and guidelines for international cooperation in Gothenburg city. The paper will also discuss the results in relation to Dahl’s discussion about democracy vs efficiency. To fulfill the purpose, the paper uses a theory-consuming method. This due to the fact that the method places the case as the main object for the research, and not the theory. Furthermore, the method does not have the purpose to generalize the results. To be able to ascertain if there is such values in the policy document, the method contains a schedule with democracy values and efficiency values. The intent of the schedule is to find different ”sentences/keywords” in the document that fits under these different values. After the audit of the policy document, and after sorting out the sentences and the keywords under the schedule, the conclusion is that there are democracy and efficiency values in the policy document. Due to the fact that the purpose was not to measure the quantity of these values in the document, you cannot draw a conclusion of how ”many” it contains. Furthermore, the paper comes to the conclusion that there are some differences in the theoretical definition and the policy document. In relation to Dahl’s discussion, the conclusion is that the policy document maintains democracy values, but you cannot assert exactly to what extent. Keywords: European Union, Gothenburg city, democracy, efficiency.

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This paper explains the position of the principle of transparency in the EU up to the year 2010. (Including the changes made by the Lisbon treaty.) The question to answer is: how could transparency develop into a general principle without being mentioned explicitly in the legislation? It was also out to try to see what the future of transparency might look like. In the conclusion it was found that openness and transparency was not something fixed, but an evolving concept. If it was encoded into a single written principle, it could hamper the institutions‟ adaptation to the developing case-law. In the end I concluded that with will and trust, transparency could continue to grow in the future.

The aim of this essay is to use Linz and Stepan’s theory on their five interactive arenas (Civil Society, Political Society, Rule of Law, State Bureaucracy and Economic Society) of a consolidated democracy, to examine whether the Republic of Poland can be considered a consolidated democracy. I will base my research on facts from the year 2015 to 2021, since I want to see how the political changes that have been implemented since the party Law of Justice (PiS) entered into government, and how that has affected Poland as a consolidated democracy. This research is a case study, and the main results of it is that Poland can no longer be considered a consolidated democracy, since it has deficiencies in all five arenas, but they are strongest within the Rule of Law.

Den europeiska ålen (Anguilla anguilla) är enligt IUCN Red List (2014) kritiskt utrotningshotad. Med detta som bakgrund tog EU fram rådsförordningen (EG) nr 1100/2007 som handlar om åtgärder för att stoppa minskningen av ålpopulationen. År 2009 godkände Sverige den nationella förvaltningsplanen för ål. Dock har konsumerandet av ål ett stort traditionellt och kulturellt värde i Sverige, vilket innebär att förvaltningsplanen för ål (2008) har mött ett visst motstånd. Ål-debatten i det svenska samhället innehåller många olika åsikter som berör om ålen ska räddas samt i så fall hur. Kandidatuppsatsen har som syfte att kartlägga och analysera argumenten i ål-debatten genom att följa den kritiska diskursanalysen utvecklad av Fairclough. Resultatet av diskursanalysen visar att den svenska ål-debatten och ål-diskursen domineras av en antropocentrisk syn på ålen som sätter kultur och tradition i större fokus än själva ålen. Resultatet kommer förmodligen innebära att traditionen att konsumera ål vinner debatten och att ålen kommer fortsätta att minska. / The european eel (Anguilla anguilla) are according to IUCN Red List (2014) critically endangered, and therefore the European Union developed an eel action plan concerning how to stop the decrease of the eel population. Year 2009 Sweden approved their eel action plan. However fishing and consuming eel are a big part of Swedish culture and tradition, therefore the development of the Swedish eel action plan has meet some resistance. The debate in Swedish society concerning how and if we should take action to save the eel are widely spread and involves many different arguments. The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to categorize, analyze and map all the arguments in the Swedish eel-debate by following the critical discourse analysis developed by Fairclough. The results of the critical discourse analysis shows that the Swedish eel-debate and eel-discourse mainly have an anthropocentric view on the eel. This view puts culture and tradition in greater focus than the eel. The result of this will probably be that the tradition of consuming eel wins the debate and the population of eel will continue to decrease.