Rescued from Japanese colonization after 36 years, Korea resumed independence as The Republic of Korea in 1948 grounded on liberal democracy. The democratic institution promised a system of separation of power, democratic rights and freedom for all people. In this context, local autonomy was experimented with but soon ceased due to internal instability and local government was suspended until the 1990s. Institutionally Korean central government undertook a steady shift toward decentralization over the past two decades or so, but that shift has more recently been tempered by the exercise of stronger central controls facing fiscal crises. This thesis argues that centralism is still a predominant ideology in intergovernmental relations despite the implementation of local autonomy. Central controls exhibited democratic change in some cases but the core nature of controlling local government has survived through institutional change appearing in different modes since the introduction of local autonomy. The democratic change in central control is declared to increase local autonomy. From this viewpoint, the democratic change in central control is assumed to improve the performance of local government based on the theory that the growth of local autonomy motivates local government to improve its performance. Financial crises were used to justify the revival of pervasive central controls. So this thesis is concerned with the relationship between central control and local performance in the context of fiscal crisis, whose focus is driven by the experience of fiscal crises over recent years in Korea. An extensive statistical analysis, drawing on a unique data base, reveals that, despite the local autonomy rhetoric, overall current central controls have a negative link with local government performance. Democratic change of central controls has not significantly improved the performance of local government. This evidence supports the view that even after the revival of local autonomy in Korea; central control plays a role of regulator rather than a role of constructive engagement with local government and emphasises institutional stability. Thus central government has not yet developed the creative potential of democratic local government and should more positively make an effort to establish democratic central-local government relations.

Nesta dissertação, investigarei de que forma as regras do processo orçamentário do Brasil, Chile e Argentina explicam os seus respectivos desempenhos fiscais nos anos 1990 e 2000. Para isto, construo um modelo teórico com raízes no problema do estoque comum de recursos e trabalho com a hipótese de que quanto mais centralizada for a segunda etapa do ciclo orçamentário (etapa de tramitação da proposta do Executivo no Congresso) e a terceira (etapa de execução do orçamento), mais equilibrado tende a ser o desempenho fiscal. A forma ideal de centralização é restringir o poder do Legislativo de decidir sobre política fiscal e tornar a lei impositiva durante a execução, permitindo ao Executivo apenas ajustar os gastos de acordo com a arrecadação tributária. Somente o Chile centralizou o seu processo orçamentário da forma ideal, enquanto a maneira com que a Argentina e o Brasil o fizeram lança dúvidas sobre a manutenção de uma política fiscal responsável no futuro. Este trabalho inova no sentido de investigar detalhes da estrutura micro-institucional de cada um dos países e mostrar que esses detalhes ajudam a entender com mais clareza o sentido do impacto das micro-instituições na performance fiscal de um país. / In this dissertation I will investigate how the rules of the budgetary process in Brazil, Chile and Argentina explain their respective fiscal performance in the 1990\'s and 2000\'s. In order to do that, I will create a theoretical model based on the common pool of resources problem and work with the hypothesis that the more centralized the budgetary cycle\'s second stage (stage in which the Executive proposal is discussed by the Congress) and third stage (budget execution), the more balanced tend to be the fiscal performance. The most effective way of centralization is to constrain the Legislative power to make decisions on fiscal policy and to impose the law during the execution, allowing the Executive only to adjust the expenses according to tax collection. Only Chile has centralized its budgetary process in the most effective way, whereas the way how Argentina and Brazil have done it casts doubts on the maintenance of a responsible fiscal policy in the future. This work innovates in the sense that it investigates details of the micro-institutional framework of each country and shows that these details help us to understand the impact of micro-institutions on a country\'s fiscal performance.

Nesta dissertação, investigarei de que forma as regras do processo orçamentário do Brasil, Chile e Argentina explicam os seus respectivos desempenhos fiscais nos anos 1990 e 2000. Para isto, construo um modelo teórico com raízes no problema do estoque comum de recursos e trabalho com a hipótese de que quanto mais centralizada for a segunda etapa do ciclo orçamentário (etapa de tramitação da proposta do Executivo no Congresso) e a terceira (etapa de execução do orçamento), mais equilibrado tende a ser o desempenho fiscal. A forma ideal de centralização é restringir o poder do Legislativo de decidir sobre política fiscal e tornar a lei impositiva durante a execução, permitindo ao Executivo apenas ajustar os gastos de acordo com a arrecadação tributária. Somente o Chile centralizou o seu processo orçamentário da forma ideal, enquanto a maneira com que a Argentina e o Brasil o fizeram lança dúvidas sobre a manutenção de uma política fiscal responsável no futuro. Este trabalho inova no sentido de investigar detalhes da estrutura micro-institucional de cada um dos países e mostrar que esses detalhes ajudam a entender com mais clareza o sentido do impacto das micro-instituições na performance fiscal de um país. / In this dissertation I will investigate how the rules of the budgetary process in Brazil, Chile and Argentina explain their respective fiscal performance in the 1990\'s and 2000\'s. In order to do that, I will create a theoretical model based on the common pool of resources problem and work with the hypothesis that the more centralized the budgetary cycle\'s second stage (stage in which the Executive proposal is discussed by the Congress) and third stage (budget execution), the more balanced tend to be the fiscal performance. The most effective way of centralization is to constrain the Legislative power to make decisions on fiscal policy and to impose the law during the execution, allowing the Executive only to adjust the expenses according to tax collection. Only Chile has centralized its budgetary process in the most effective way, whereas the way how Argentina and Brazil have done it casts doubts on the maintenance of a responsible fiscal policy in the future. This work innovates in the sense that it investigates details of the micro-institutional framework of each country and shows that these details help us to understand the impact of micro-institutions on a country\'s fiscal performance.

本文討論台灣縣市長選舉中，財政健全程度及收入支出決算狀況會如何影響選舉結果。以台灣21個縣市在1989年至2005年間共5屆的縣市長選舉為實證研究，探討縣市長選舉結果出現政黨輪替的可能因素，在經濟投票及政治意識形態的研究方向以外，就縣市政府財政表現的角度進行分析。實證模型採用Probit model進行估計，本文實證假定為：如果縣市長致力於提升財政健全或是提供符合選民需要的公共支出時，便不容易出現政黨輪替。由實證結果發現，在財政變數方面，選舉年財政健全度及選前一年歲出成長率提高時，有助於執政黨持續執政。然而，選前二年竊案發生率較高的縣市，反而使執政黨被輪替的機率提高。對於與總統相同政黨的縣市長而言，只有在面對較高的選前一年全國及地方失業時，容易受到拖累而出現政黨輪替。競選連任的縣市長具有優勢。桃竹苗區與中彰投區相較其他地區而言，顯然較容易出現政黨輪替。 / By the five campaigns from 1989 to 2005 of the 21 local jurisdictions (includes 16 counties and 5 townships) in Taiwan, this paper discusses how fiscal health, revenue and expenditure conditions affect the election results. We analysis that the possible factors that cause election results to appear party rotation. Except for economic voting and other political factors, we mainly examine if fiscal performance results in party rotation. We adopt the Probit model to setup our empirical model. Our hypothesis is that party rotation possibly happens if local officers do not devote in fiscal health or fiscal policy that voters need. For the fiscal variables, the empirical evidence shows that increasing fiscal health in election year and total expenditures growth rate in one year before election help incumbents persist in political power. However higher crime rate on burglaries and larcenies in two year before election will reduce the probability in party rotation. If the president and incumbents are the same party affiliation, incumbents will be implicated while national and local unemployment rate worsen. Besides, incumbents who run for reelection will be in dominant position. The jurisdictions in the northeast and middle areas of Taiwan compare to the others, it is more possible to occur party rotation.

L’objectif de la présente thèse est d’identifier les pratiques relevant de la gestion fiscale au sein des groupes de sociétés en Tunisie afin d’évaluer l’impact de ces pratiques sur la performance fiscale de ces acteurs majeurs de l’économie Tunisienne. Pour ce faire, le premier chapitre est consacré à la définition de la notion de groupe de sociétés en Tunisie en mettant en exergue leur poids économique et en soulignant leur réalité juridique. Le deuxième chapitre est axé sur l’identification des différentes pratiques de gestion fiscale, auxquelles ont recours ces groupes à travers une analyse de la jurisprudence fiscale représentée par 17 arrêts rendus en cassation de 2005 à 2011. Un questionnaire réalisé auprès de responsables des sociétés mères cotées à la BVMT est également mobilisé au cours de ce chapitre afin de sonder les raisons de la non application du régime d’intégration fiscale pourtant sensé être un outil efficace d’optimisation fiscale. Le troisième chapitre introduit la théorie des coûts de transaction qui semble adéquate pour déceler la relation entre pratiques de gestion fiscale et performance fiscale. Cette relation est développée au prisme de trois hypothèses de recherche qui pronostiquent le type de corrélation entre le nombre de transactions intra-groupe, le volume de la dette intra-groupe et le dégrèvement financier d’un coté et le taux d’imposition effectif de l’autre (respectivement H1, H2 et H3). Ces hypothèses sont vérifiées dans un quatrième et dernier chapitre à travers une analyse statistique multi variée menée sur des données financières d’un échantillon de 36 groupes de sociétés (21 non financiers et 15 groupes de sociétés financiers), dont la société mère est cotée à la BVMT sur une période allant de 2007 et 2011. Ainsi, cette analyse statistique a permis de valider deux des trois hypothèses de recherche (H1 et H3) dans la totalité de l’échantillon et dans le secteur financier et une seule hypothèse dans le secteur non financier (H3). Il s’avère alors que les groupes de sociétés tunisiens opèrent essentiellement par deux pratiques afin de diminuer leur taux d’imposition effectif : les techniques de dégrèvement de bénéfice et les transactions internes au groupe (cette technique n’a été vérifiée que pour le secteur financier). / The purpose of this thesis is to identify practices of fiscal management within corporate groups in Tunisia to assess the impact of these practices on fiscal performance of these major players in the Tunisian economy. Thus, the first chapter is devoted to the definition of the concept of group of companies in Tunisia highlighting their economic weight and emphasizing their legal reality. The second chapter focuses on the identification of different fiscal management practices that use these groups through an analysis of fiscal jurisprudence represented by 17 judgments of the Court of Cassation from 2005 to 2011. A survey conducted among managers of parent companies listed on the TSE is also mobilized during this chapter to sound the reasons for the non-application of the tax consolidation regime however supposed to be an effective tax planning tool. The third chapter introduces the theory of transaction costs that seems adequate to detect the relationship between fiscal management practices and fiscal performance. This relationship is developed through three research hypotheses that are forecasting the type of correlation between intra-group transactions, intra-group debt and financial relief on one side, and the effective tax rate on the other (respectively H1, H2 et H3). These hypotheses are tested in a fourth and last chapter through a multivariate statistical analysis conducted on financial data from a sample of 36 groups of companies (21 non-financial groups and 15 financial companies), whose parent company is listed on the TSE over a period from 2007 to 2011. So this statistical analysis led to confirm two of the three research hypotheses (H1 and H3) in the whole sample and in the financial sector and a single hypothesis in the non-financial sector (H3). It was then found that Tunisian groups of companies operate mainly through two practices to reduce their effective tax rate: financial relief and intra-group transactions practices (this last practice has been verified only in the financial sector).

La réalité économique vécue aujourd’hui, principalement par les pays européens, apporte,en même temps qu’une naturelle préoccupation, un nouvel horizon de pensées, un souffle de nouvelles idées. La pratique a montré qu’une réduction des dépenses publiques n’est pas la solution la plus fiable pour répondre à la crise de la dette publique. La présente thèse se propose de démontrer que l’investissement dans la performance de la perception fiscale peut être une puissante prophylaxie. Au lieu de diminuer les dépenses générées par les plus divers services publics, la meilleure politique à adopter est le développement de la performance de l’Administration fiscale. Dans le texte, nous décrirons la performance d’une administration qui parvient à percevoir les ressources nécessaires au fonctionnementde l’État, avec un minimum de dépenses et en causant un préjudice moindre aux contribuables, dont les intérêts et les satisfactions sont préservés au maximum. Il s’agit d’une définition générale qui n’est pas restreinte à l’analyse d’une certaine ordonnance.Notre objectif est de construire une notion universelle, applicable en tout lieu. De la même manière, nous chercherons à identifier les moyens généraux qui promeuvent l’objectif de performance de l’Administration fiscale. Il ne fait pas de doute que cet objectif ne peut être atteint qu’en rendant le travail de l’administration plus pratique. Le « principe de praticité » aide exactement à la diminution des multiples tâches. Cet objectif est complété par la privatisation de certaines activités liées à la perception des impôts. Au-delà de la réduction du travail du Fisc, nous comprenons qu’il est nécessaire d’investir dans les mesures de contrôle et de diminution des litiges, qui en plus de dégrader la sensible relation entre administration et contribuable, retarde l’encaissement des impôts, ce qui a un impact négatif au niveau de la perception fiscale. Cet objectif peut être atteint par le biais du développement du consentement à l’impôt et de l’adoption de moyens alternatifs de résolution de litiges fiscaux. / The economic reality lived today primarily by European countries, along with a natural concern, brings a new horizon of thoughts, a breath of new ideas. The practice has already shown that cutting public spending is not the most reliable output to the Government debt crisis. What is intended to demonstrate with this thesis is that the investment in tax collection performance can be a powerful prophylaxis. Instead of reducing spending accomplished with the most diverse public services, the best policy to be adopted is the development of tax administration performance. In the text, we describe as performer the Administration which manages to raise the resources needed to perform its functions, the State with the least expenses for the minor nuisance caused possible for taxpayers, in which their interests and satisfactions to be preserved as much as possible. This is a general definition that is not restricted to a particular land-use analysis. Our goal is to build a universal notion applicable anywhere. Similarly, we seek to identify a general meanswhich promotes the objective of making the effective tax administration. There is no doubt that this goal can only be achieved if the work of the Administration becomes more practical. The "principle of practicality" helps exactly in the reduction of multiple tasks. This is complemented through the privatization of some activities related to tax collection. In addition to reducing the work of tax authorities, we understand that it is necessary to invest in control measures and reduction of disputes, which in addition to degrade the sensitive relationship between administration and taxpayers, slows the receipt of taxes, causing a negative impact on the level of revenues. This goal can be achieved, mainly through the development of consent to tax and the adoption of alternative means of dispute resolution.

Submitted by paulo junior (paulo.jr@fgv.br) on 2010-03-04T19:03:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniela de Melo.pdf: 710873 bytes, checksum: cf5b6c70fc7ee242bfd589e5104ff4fd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by paulo junior(paulo.jr@fgv.br) on 2010-03-04T19:03:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniela de Melo.pdf: 710873 bytes, checksum: cf5b6c70fc7ee242bfd589e5104ff4fd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2010-03-05T14:12:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniela de Melo.pdf: 710873 bytes, checksum: cf5b6c70fc7ee242bfd589e5104ff4fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-03 / Muitos trabalhos têm analisado o sucesso da Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal a partir do desempenho dos indicadores fiscais. A evolução destes índices nos últimos anos mostra um sucesso incontestável. Por outro lado, a evolução dos indicadores sociais, embora permaneça em constante debate, acaba subordinada aos limites impostos ao poder discricionário do gestor público. A busca pelo cumprimento das metas de superávit e dos limites de gastos definidos a partir da Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal é favorável até o ponto em que não se sobreponham ao papel principal do Estado de provedor de bens públicos. Desta forma, na medida em que o controle das contas públicas é objetivo importante das políticas públicas, mas não pode ser o único, este trabalho constrói uma visão mais ampla de avaliação da Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal, levando-se em conta a dimensão qualitativa do gasto público e não apenas a quantitativa, medida pelos resultados fiscais. A fim de colaborar com o debate acerca do aprimoramento da Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal, estudou-se a existência de impactos de bons resultados fiscais na qualidade do gasto público das unidades da federação. Para isso, elaborou-se um Índice Fiscal, bem como um Indicador de Observância aos limites da LRF e avaliaram-se as correlações entre estes e os Índices também elaborados, de Educação, Saúde, Saneamento e Habitação e Riqueza. Além disso, também foram analisadas, de forma comparativa entre as vinte seis unidades da federação e mais o Distrito Federal, o desempenho relativo de cada uma e a sua evolução ao longo dos anos. Este problema de pesquisa é alinhado à premissa do New Public Management, que busca imbuir na esfera pública a gestão baseada em resultado (outcome oriented) e a otimização da eficiência alocativa dos recursos (value for money). 4 Os resultados encontrados indicam que uma gestão fiscal de acordo com os parâmetros estabelecidos pela LRF não garante que os serviços públicos serão prestados com qualidade e eficiência.

Esta dissertação visou analisar se a observância dos mecanismos estabelecidos pela Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal consagrados no princípio da gestão fiscal responsável principalmente relativos a dois dos seus pilares: o equilíbrio das contas públicas e a obediência aos limites e condições por ela estabelecidas foi eficiente para também promover a responsabilidade social, de forma a cumprir as garantias constitucionais de acesso à educação e saúde públicas de qualidade, além da geração de emprego e renda aos seus cidadãos, na Região Metropolitana do Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte (RMVPLN), abrangendo os anos de 2005/2008 e 2009/2012; dois ciclos políticos, portanto. Para tanto, se verificou o comportamento de oito fundamentos da gestão fiscal dos municípios: capacidade de arrecadação das receitas próprias, execução orçamentária, endividamento de longo prazo, endividamento de curto prazo, liquidez, despesa com pessoal e grau de investimento. Criou-se, então, uma matriz de risco que verificou o comportamento destes fundamentos nos últimos anos de mandato dos gestores municipais (2008 e 2012). Para aferir os desempenhos sociais, este trabalho utilizou os indicadores de Desenvolvimento Municipal disponibilizados pela Federação das Indústrias do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FIRJAN). A partir da combinação destes dois resultados, os 39 municípios da RMVPLN foram distribuídos em cinco classes que compuseram o Índice de Desempenhos Fiscal e Social Agregados (IDFSA), e analisada a sua evolução nos mesmos anos de referência: 2008 e 2012. O método de pesquisa utilizado foi analítico, quanto à abordagem, e quali-quantitativo em relação ao seu objetivo. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram ser realmente necessário cumprir as regras estabelecidas pela Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal, até como instrumento que viabilizará a disponibilidade de recursos necessários não só para a manutenção das políticas públicas existentes, mas também para a expansão ou a implementação de novos programas sociais. Entretanto, não são bastantes em si mesmos, de forma que alguns dos municípios analisados, mesmo obtendo o mais elevado grau de desempenho fiscal, não tiveram bons resultados sociais. Assim, a Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal teve um importante papel nas circunstâncias em que foi editada. Entretanto, decorridos mais de quinze anos de sua edição, é imprescindível se fazer a sua revisão para nela integrar uma outra diretriz: a da responsabilidade social. / This work aimed to analyze the observance of strict mechanisms established by the Fiscal Responsibility Act enshrined the principle of fiscal management responsible - mainly related to two of its pillars: the balance of public accounts and obedience to the limits and conditions established by it - was effective also to promote social responsibility in order to comply with the constitutional guarantees of access to education and public health quality, and the generation of employment and income to its citizens, the metropolitan area of the Paraiba and the North Coast Valley (RMVPLN) covering the years 2005/2008 and 2009/2012; two political cycles so. To this end, he found the behavior of eight grounds of fiscal management of municipalities: storage capacity of its own revenues, budget execution, long-term debt, short-term debt, liquidity, personnel expenditures and investment grade. Was created, then a risk matrix that investigated the behavior of these fundamentals in recent years mandate of municipal managers (2008 and 2012). To measure the social performance, this study used the Municipal Development of indicators provided by the Federation of Industries of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FIRJAN). From the combination of these two index, the 39 municipalities of RMVPLN were divided into five classes that composed the Fiscal Performance Index and Social Aggregates (IDFSA), and analyzed its development in the same reference years: 2008 and 2012. The research method used was analytical, as the approach, and qualitative and quantitative in relation to your goal. The results indicate that it is really necessary to comply with rules established by the Fiscal Responsibility Law, even as a tool to enable the availability of necessary resources not only for the maintenance of existing public policies, but also for expansion or implementation of new social programs. However, they are not enough in themselves, so that some of the municipalities analyzed, even getting the highest degree of fiscal performance, did not have satisfactory social outcomes. Thus, the Fiscal Responsibility Act played an important role in the circumstances in which it was edited. However, after more than fifteen years of its issue, it is essential to do your review to integrate it another guideline: the social responsibility.