This thesis aims to investigate the extent to which work-related factors contribute to the health inequalities often observed between foreign-origin and native-origin persons in Sweden. Four empirical studies using survey data and population-based registers assessed the health impact of different labor market adversities among groups of foreign-origin persons who were both in and outside the labor market relative to native-origin Swedes. Studies I and II examined associations between different measures of working life quality, including adverse psychosocial and physical working conditions and educational mismatch, and self-reported health among the employed. Adverse psychosocial and physical working conditions minimally contributed to the excess risk of poor health found among workers from low- and middle-income countries. Over-education had a stronger association with increased risk of poor health, most notably among foreign-born workers from countries outside of Western Europe. Under-educated women from these countries also demonstrated an elevated risk of poor health.  There was no association between educational mismatch and poor health among native-born workers.  Studies III and IV focused on the health implications of labor market exclusion, and examined relationships between employment status and risk of all-cause mortality and suicide. The majority of foreign-origin groups that experienced unemployment showed an elevated risk of both mortality and suicide. The magnitude of excess risk varied by generational status and region of origin. Variations in patterns of suicide risk were also evident among migrants by age at arrival and duration of residence. Yet within many foreign-origin groups, health advantages were observed among the employed. The health of migrants is affected by the confluence of several different pre- and post-migration factors.  The extent to which health inequalities are found among persons of foreign-origin in Sweden is influenced by the degree to which they experience labor market adversities, as well as differential vulnerability to the negative effects of these adversities across foreign-origin groups. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

Ce travail de thèse entend prendre en compte l'analyse d'un groupe humain évoluant dans un cadre géographique trop longtemps délaissé par l'historiographie et pour une période chronologique élargie par rapport à la tradition consacrée. Les Grecs, qui quittent leurs cadres de vie originels sous l'effet de causes variées (exils suite à la conquête ottomane intérêts économiques, humanistes ou religieux) entre le début du XVe siècle et la fin du XVI" siècle, se dirigent e majorité vers la Péninsule italienne. Certains n'y effectuent qu'un passage quand d'autres décident de s'implante durablement. Or, la chaîne montagneuse des Alpes a semble-t-il fait office de barrière infranchissable pour les Grecs aux yeux de nombre d'historiens. Or, les Grecs se déplacent hors d'Italie, quoiqu'en nombre très restreint : comme en Italie certains ne restent pas et d'autres s'installent. Leur étude révèle des logiques et des comportements originaux par rapport à ce qu'on observe plus au sud (comme l'organisation grecque en milieu urbain). La reprise de toute la documentation disponible mène à l'étude de trois axes majeurs : la construction d'une prosopographie grecque au nord des Alpes l'analyse des comportements sociaux des Grecs entre eux et avec les locaux ; une analyse fine des textes occidentaux que cherchent à comprendre, expliquer et verbaliser l'apparition de populations largement mal connues, souvent fantasmée et fréquemment décrites en des termes qui diffèrent de la vision personnelle que les Grecs peuvent avoir d'eux-mêmes. Toute l'analyse mène donc à une nouvelle approche de la fabrique des identités grecques. / The aim of this work is about studying mechanisms of identities' creation. Indeed, The Greeks are people who were leaded to leave Greece because of political (the rise of the Turks), economics (some are merchant) or religious reasons (some became Catholics since the council of Florence in 1439). For these reasons, the Greeks came first to Italy. Few of them decided to follow their path to Northern Europe, towards England, Burgundian States and France. Of course, they were only a handful of them, but we tried to understand who were they and what was their purpose. First we determined what were their number their qualities, their activities and their intentions. Secondly, we tried to evaluate the Greeks as strangers or as members diasporic groups like the historiography traditionally qualify the m. We brought to light that the Greeks couldn't be understood as rigid societies which were never changing: sometimes they were received as strangers and excluded from western societies sometimes not. A Greek could change during his life : he could be a poor and foreigner migrant during a certain period an then become a rich merchant integrated to a western society few years later. The third part of our work was to understand t meaning of the word 'Greek' which is often applied in documents: did the word 'Greek' get the same meaning in England in France, during the early fifteenth century or the end of the sixteenth century? Of course, not. We explained the documentation built a stereotypical speech about the Greeks, about what they were supposed to be, to eat, to wear, to spear or to pray . This is the Greek Identities' Laboratory.

The aim of this study was to identify high school student’s thoughts and experiences about discrimination based on background. Six students, all with foreign origin, was interviewed where different questions about discrimination and stigmatization was asked. The results of this qualitative research show that there are students who are experiencing discrimination based on their origin and that the discrimination differs very much dependently on how deviant the person is from the swedes in terms of background and appearance. Students with foreign origin notice how this affects their conditions and possibilities in school where they are more easily categorized and stigmatized as worse. This is a problem that should be recognized not least because the teacher as official has an obligation to treat every student equally but also because the proceeding discrimination contributes to the maintenance of existing ethnical power hierarchies.

The purpose of this study is to examine how school meals are organized in a selection of Stockholm's secondary schools and to examine the relationship between school meals and the different parameters that indicate each school's symbolic capital and educational capital. By looking at the statistics from each school on the basis of the final grade average, percentage of pupils with foreign background and gender, I examine whether it is possible to see a relationship between how schools organize meals and which pupils attend the school.  In my study, I systematically went through each school's website and tried to identify how school meals at each school are organized. To increase the validity of the study, I have also conducted a questionnaire survey by mail addressed to school principals.   In order to analyse and understand my results and put them in relation to my current knowledge about the schools in my sample, I am using Bourdieu's theoretical tools that a given aid, both in methodological and analytical purpose. Based on Bourdieu's theories of symbolic capital, cultural capital and educational capital, I can understand and analyse school meals are organized and focused as part of schools' symbolic assets in competition with other schools.   The first part of the study shows that there are four different organizational models for school meals, fully equipped kitchen and canteen, heating kitchen and canteen, school meals in restaurants and school meal card.    In the second part, I have examined the relationship between the type of organization for school meals used and the symbolic resources available at the school. I can conclude from the results that it is difficult to find a correlation between the symbolic resources and the different categories. But even though it is not possible to see all the schools' symbolic assets equally clear, there are still some very telling examples. In many ways, these examples can be seen as polar opposites to each other based on Mikael Palme’s concepts ”goal rational” and ”education oriented” schools.

Le droit pénal génère des distinctions entre étrangers et nationaux, les premiers faisant, dans certaines situations, l’objet d’une pénalisation spécifique. Pourtant, la pertinence de cette pénalisation peut être questionnée au regard d’un balancement, opéré par le droit pénal, entre distinction et assimilation.Dans un premier temps, l’étude démontre que les différentes distinctions en droit pénal peuvent être contestées. D’une part, la pénalisation dont fait l’objet l’ensemble des étrangers ne semble pas opportune car elle apparaît tant superflue – lorsque le droit pénal se superpose à un dispositif extra-pénal suffisant – qu’illégitime – lorsque le droit pénal utilise l’apparence d’extranéité comme critère d’application. D’autre part, la pénalisation spécifique dont font l’objet les étrangers en situation irrégulière apparaît inadéquate puisque, dépendante de l’évolution des règles administratives et européennes, elle revêt un caractère instable et parce qu’elle ne présente qu’un intérêt relatif pour lutter contre l’immigration illégale.Dans un second temps, l’analyse montre, à travers un mouvement d’assimilation progressive de l’étranger au national, que le droit pénal sait aussi se désintéresser de l’extranéité. D’une part, cette assimilation répond à un impératif d’égalité qu’il est possible d’observer dans le cadre du procès pénal, mais également à l’aune de la création d’immunités pénales au profit de certains étrangers. D’autre part, cette assimilation est fondée sur la lutte contre l’impunité des auteurs d’infractions puisqu’elle est commandée par les impératifs de la coopération pénale internationale et consacrée par le mécanisme de la compétence universelle. / Criminal law gives rise to distinctions between aliens and nationals, the former being subjected to specific criminalization. But the relevance of this criminalization may be questioned, considering the balance sought by criminal law between distinction and assimilation.First, the study demonstrates that the different distinctions provided by criminal law may be challenged. On one hand, criminalization that applies to every alien is not convenient since it appears non-essential – when criminal law overlaps already sufficient extra-criminal rules – and illegitimate – when criminal law uses foreign origin as selection criterion. On the other hand, specific criminalization applied to illegal aliens appears to be inadequate since, depending on the evolution of national administrative rules and European rules, it has no legal certainty and relative interest to restrict illegal immigration.Then, the analysis shows, through a movement of progressive assimilation of aliens to nationals, that criminal law can also lose interest in foreign origin. On one hand, this assimilation meets to a requirement of equality that one may observe not only in criminal lawsuits but also in matters of criminal immunities in favor of some aliens. On the other hand, this assimilation is based on broader fight against impunity of offenders as required by international criminal cooperation and recognized by the mechanism of universal jurisdiction.

La monnaie est au coeur des rapports de droit et d’obligation qui se créent dans les transactions des plus simples au plus complexes. Cette prépondérance de la monnaie trouve sa justification dans ses fonctions juridiques et économiques d’instrument de mesure, de réserve de la valeur de biens et services, et également de sa fonction de moyen de paiement. Les flux quotidiens de monnaie révèlent cette importance. Si ces rapports de droit doublés d’une dimension économique sont habituellement confinés dans un cadre géographique étatique, ils suivent aujourd’hui une tendance à l’internationalisation. La circulation de la monnaie suit la même tendance en dépassant le simple cadre des États. Pour assurer le transfert de la monnaie par-delà les frontières, diverses techniques ont pendant longtemps été utilisées. Les premières apparurent dans les foires du Moyen Âge avec l’utilisation des effets de commerce (lettre de change et billet à ordre) et plus tardivement du chèque. Ces premières techniques traditionnelles qui ont la particularité de reposer sur du support papier déclinent et cèdent la place à de nouvelles techniques (virement électronique, carte électronique, porte-monnaie électronique). L’exigence de célérité inhérente à l’activité commerciale a fait ressentir un besoin d’innovation qui s’est traduit par la création de nouvelles techniques de transfert de la monnaie voire d’une nouvelle forme de monnaie : la « monnaie électronique ». Une autre innovation majeure réside dans l’émergence grâce à l’informatique des « systèmes de paiement » qui constituent un nouveau cadre de réalisation des transferts de fonds.L’élément d’extranéité inhérent au caractère international de l’utilisation des nouvelles techniques de transfert de monnaie pose la récurrente problématique des conflits de lois. Si pour les techniques traditionnelles de transferts de fonds, des initiatives d’uniformisation (conventions de Genève relatives à la lettre de change et au chèque) ont permis de résoudre à certains égards cette difficulté, il n’existe pas pour l’heure un cadre légal spécifique régissant l’utilisation internationale des nouvelles techniques de transfert de fonds. Il n’existe non plus à l’échelle internationale, de texte législatif régissant les nouveaux systèmes de transferts de fonds. Face à ce vide législatif, ne convient-il pas de prendre en considération la nature contractuelle des relations qui se nouent grâce à l’informatique dans les systèmes de transferts de fonds et de déterminer une « loi contractuelle » qui aurait vocation à régir les nouvelles techniques de transferts de fonds présentant un caractère international ? Cette thèse se propose à cet effet de démontrer la nature contractuelle des divers rapports qui se nouent dans les systèmes des transferts internationaux de fonds. Une telle qualification contractuelle en amont permet de soutenir en aval l’idée d’une applicabilité d’un régime contractuel aux nouvelles techniques de transferts de fonds. / Legal relations are based essentially on the monetary obligations. The dominant role of money is explained by its legal and economic functions. The daily flow of money transfers attest this importance. If those legal and economic relations are usually located in a limited geographical area, they now follow a movement towards internationalization. The circulation of money also follows the same movement beyond the simple framework of a country. To ensure the funds transfer across borders, various techniques have long time allowed to make international money transfers. Early techniques appeared in fairs of the middle Ages, with the use of commercial paper (bill of exchange or promissory note) and later the check. These traditional instruments which have the characteristic of being based on the paper declined to give way to new techniques. The celerity required by business, has created a need of innovation. It explains the creation of new techniques of money transfer and a new form of currency: the "electronic money”. Another important innovation is the emergence through the computing, "systems" that are a new framework of funds transfers.The foreign element related to international nature of the new techniques of money transfer raises the legal problem of conflict of laws. If for traditional techniques of fund transfer, standardization initiatives (Geneva Conventions on bills of exchange and checks) seem to have solved this problem, there is not presently, any uniform law governing the international use of new techniques of funds transfer. So, is it necessary to consider the nature of contractual relationships which are formed thanks to computing in systems in order to determine a “contract law” able to govern the new techniques of international funds transfers.

La tesi vol respondre quatre preguntes: Quina concepció d'educació intercultural ens cal a la Catalunya del segle XXI? Com ha fet front el sistema educatiu de Catalunya a l'arribada d'alumnes d'origen estranger? Quins canvis haurem de propiciar en el currículum escolar per tal de fer una educació més científica i més justa? Quina ha de ser la formació que hem d'oferir al professorat de l'educació bàsica per garantir una educació intercultural?L'educació intercultural que es propugna en aquesta tesi és la que es proposa treballar perquè tots els alumnes aprenguin a viure en societats obertes i plurals. Dins de l'educació intercultural que es proposa, s'hi plantegen tres èmfasis diferents: el que posa l'accent en els aspectes ètics, en els aspectes didàctics i en els culturals o curriculars. I pel que fa a la formació del professorat, es diu que un dels primers objectius ha de ser la revisió dels propis coneixements i actituds. / The thesis wants to reply four questions. Which conception of intercultural education, do Catalonia need in the 21st century? How has the educational system of Catalonia faced the arrival of foreign origin pupils? What kinds of changes will have to propitiate in the school curriculum in order to make a more scientific and fairer education? Which has to be the training that we have to offer to the teaching staff of the basic education to guarantee an intercultural education?The intercultural education that is advocated in this thesis is that which it proposes to work so that all pupils learn to life in open and plural societies. In the intercultural education that is proposed there are three different emphases; the one that puts the accent on the ethical aspects, in the didactic aspects and in the cultural or curricular ones. And regarding the formation of the teachers, it is said that one of the first objective has to be the revision of the knowledge themselves and actitudes.