Transitioning from the conventional steel process to a direct hydrogen reduction process in the steel industry is a significant step towards reducing carbon dioxide emissions and achieving greater sustainability. The process involves using hydrogen gas as a reducing agent instead of carbon to remove oxygen from the iron ore. This study aimed to investigate the future capacity of the hydrogen-based steelmaking process in Sweden by 2050 while also examining the pathway for transitioning to hydrogen-based steelmaking in other European countries in comparison to the Swedish case. To achieve this goal, a systematic literature search was conducted using Scopus and Web of Science databases to identify relevant case studies and reviews that focused on green steel solutions and that discussed associated challenges and barriers. A aconsupteal model was designed by simplifying the process into three production steps, hydrogen storage, and hot briquette iron storage to calculate the energy consumption and material requirements for the hydrogen direct process in Sweden. Additionally, a survey providing insights regarding current practices and perspectives was administered to seven companies in Sweden and two in other European countries, namely the Netherlands and Germany. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of the literature review on life cycle assessment was conducted to compare the carbon emissions associated with two different steel production processes: the conventional process using the basic oxygen furnace and the emerging hydrogen-based steel production process.  An analysis of the energy consumption within the hydrogen-based steelmaking process reveals several components, including the electrolyze, direct reduction shaft furnace, electric arc furnace, and briquetted iron and hydrogen storage. The model results showed that electrolyzing alone accounts for 60% of the energy needed in the process. The model showed that hydrogen direct reduction steelmaking needs 3.66 MWH of electricity per ton of liquid steel produced in Sweden.  Only a few of the Swedish companies have adopted innovative approaches while the remaining steel mills primarily rely on scrap-based methods. While they may obtain hydrogen-reduced iron as a raw material in the future, emissions reduction is not their primary focus. These mills contribute to emissions through fuel usage, and efforts are underway to transition from fossil fuels to electricity, bio -based gas, or hydrogen. Hydrogen-based steel production produces significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions than conventional steel productio, by up to 90 percent, depending on the specific process and energy used, as stated in the life cycle analysis reviews.  This thesis shows key factors for the success of hydrogen-based steel production methods; low -emission electricity and flexibility to store hydrogen. All three countries have expressed interest in and invested in hydrogen-based steelmaking. the share of renewable energy produced and consumed in hydrogen-based steel production in Sweden is expected to make up a share of 2.3% of the total renewable energy production in the country, while Germany and the Netherlands are projected to contribute a modest 1.5% and 1.3% respectively. However, the search for ways to lower carbon dioxide emissions is costly in terms of the amount of electricity required. There are practical reasons for the restricted usage of this steelmaking process in Europe, including the availability of steel scrap, electricity demand, and the low likelihood of scrap generation and recycling scrap availability on the EU  market. Because of this, it is challenging to predict capacity and carbon dioxide reduction by 2050.

Hydrogen is under the spotlight due to its ability to decarbonize the hard-to-abate sector. Sweden, which aims to achieve net zero emissions by 2025, has incorporated hydrogen as an instrument to reach a decarbonization pathway. The Swedish Energy Agency announced that the hydrogen target covers a 5 GW electrolyzer installation needing an enormous electricity supply of around 22-42 TWh in phase 1. However, generating fossil-free hydrogen on a large scale is relatively new in Sweden’s history. There is an urgency to identify the current state of production, distribution, storage, and application of fossil-free hydrogen in Sweden. Comprehending the potential direction using a system thinking approach is also mainly absent. Thus, the study aims to fill those knowledge gaps and provide insight into hydrogen’s current state and future direction. The thesis evaluates materials through the qualitative research design with quantitative data supplementation. The system thinking approach is implemented to investigate the leverage points that can influence the system. The findings showed that various actors had proposed a total of 3.85 GW of electrolyzer installation, implying that 17-32 TWh of electricity should be available. The projects are primarily used to meet industrial demand in the electrofuel, iron and steel, and refinery sectors. However, insufficient electricity supply and investment could inhibit growth. Storage and pipeline infrastructure development is also lagging. Those elements should be resolved to achieve the hydrogen target. The study suggested that reducing production costs, increasing government support, and pursuing disruptive technology will accelerate the transition to a fossil-free hydrogen society.

This study aims to perform a feasibility study on the DTU 10MW-RWT wind turbine blades constructed in the fossil-free high-strength steel 1300 MPa from SSAB. The acceptance criteria, on which the study is based, are taken from the DTU composite wind turbine model. A maximum weight of 41 000kg and a maximum tip displacement of 12.5 m are chosen. By fulfilling the acceptance criteria, the results of this study could contribute to a more sustainable future by decreasing the carbon dioxide emissions of wind turbine blades and improving their  recycling options. To perform weight optimization the Finite Element Analyses software Abaqus and the optimization software Tosca Structure are used.  The study is conducted based on Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) up until the design concept SG2. The study results in a preliminary design of the wind turbine blade constructed in SSAB Strenx 1300 and proofs that Tosca is a suitable software for performing weight optimization. The results show that it would be feasible to replace the wind turbine blades with SSAB Strenx 1300 MPa, but it will result in a weight increase for the current design. For further studies, it is recommended to consult with the stakeholders on how much weight increase of the blade is acceptable and study on how to modify the design of the steel wind turbine blade.

Today’s society is standing in front of a revolution where fossil energy should be replaced with renewable energy. Governmental agencies and policy makers have formed goals and regulations to become greener, and the organisation Fossil Free Sweden has published roadmaps for fossil free competitiveness. Therefore, this report has connected Paroc’s operations with a roadmap for fossil free competitiveness to form a strategic environmental plan. Early, it was recognized that the field was big and a limitation to CO2-emissions during production were established. The facts were gathered mostly throughout literature studies, scientific publications/articles, and personal communication with personnel at Paroc/Owens Corning. The results gave a description over fossil free competitiveness for the construction sector, previous, and current sustainability efforts at Paroc. After that, the report lifted suggestions of modifications to the mainstream process. Focus laid on the reduction of coke, propane, and dolomite. Later, the report discussed a possible strategy to become fossil free by 2045. It found out that there are many approaches to become climate neutral. Moreover, a need for practical testing of the solutions in the mainstream processes, and that emissions can be calculated in an absolute of relative way.

Denna studie kartlägger vilka insamlingsmetoder för PET-flaskan som finns för avfalls- och återvinningsfasen på den svenska marknaden samt vilka verksamheter som ansvarar för dessa. Vilken omställning som görs av verksamheterna för att uppnå fossilfrihet, gällande insamlingsmetoder, energi- och drivmedelsanvändning. Tidigare forskning, djupintervjuer och enkäter ligger som grund för de resultat som presenteras. Studien tittar även på miljömässiga påverkansfaktorer men även komplexiteten gällande kommunala och rikstäckande verksamheter, hur de jobbar med hantering av PET på den svenska marknaden samt deras användning av fossila resurser och vad som görs för att minska sin miljömässiga påverkan. Insamlingsmetoderna dit PET-flaskan kan nå är restavfall, fastighetsnära insamling, återvinningsstationer och pantstationer. Verksamheternas ansvarsområde sker både rikstäckande och på kommunal nivå. Nulägesanalysen indikerar att verksamheter behöver göra ytterligare åtgärder för att bli helt fossilfria men att det sker en omställning med åtgärder för energi och transporter för att uppnå detta. Det finns insamlingsmetoder som möjliggör återvinning, men där sorteringsmetoderna kan vara avgörande för att PET ska kunna återgå till rätt materialflöde. Det går att se att verksamheterna använder förnyelsebar energi och drivmedel och att de aktivt arbetar mot att bli helt fossilfria. / This study identifies which collection methods for the PET bottle are available for the waste and recycling phase on the Swedish market and which businesses are responsible for these methods. What adjustment is being made by the operations to achieve fossil-free, current collection methods, energy, and fuel use. Previous research, in-depth interviews and questionnaires form the basis for the results presented. The study also looks at environmental impact factors but also the complexity of municipal and nationwide activities, how they work with handling PET in the Swedish market and their use of fossil resources and what is done to reduce their environmental impact. The collection methods that the PET bottle can reach are residual waste, collection close to the property, recycling stations and pawn shops. The area of ​​responsibility of the operations takes place both nationwide and at the municipal level. The current situation analysis indicates that businesses need to take additional measures to become completely fossil-free, but that there is a change with measures for energy and transport to achieve this. There are collection methods that enable recycling, but the sorting methods can be crucial for PET to be able to return to the correct material flow. You can see that the companies use renewable energy and fuel and that they are actively working towards becoming completely fossil fuel.

Komplexa värdekedjor och utsläppstung produktion har länge präglat vårt samhälle och utgör grunden till flera globala svårigheter. Syftet med detta självständiga arbete är att undersöka hur prismodeller och prissättningskalkyler kan användas som underlag i prissättning och produktlansering av fossilfria modulära produktionsanläggningar. Studien identifierar 4 prismodeller inom försäljning av fossilfria modulära produktionsanläggningar och hur dessa kan realisera ett värdeerbjudande för ett företag i uppstartsposition.  I studien behandlas priset för en produktionsanläggning som tvådelat. Ett pris för att förvärva anläggningen och redovisas i prismodell A och B. En licensavgift för att bedriva operativ verksamhet och presenteras i prismodell C och D.  Prismodell A behandlar ägande i from av direkt förärvning (evigt ägande) och prismodell B behandlar leasing. Båda modellerna genererar en omedelbar intäktsström till fallföretaget som på grund av sin uppstartsposition vill undvika att låsa upp stora mängder kapital. Av dessa två framgår att prismodell A utsätter kunden för en ekonomisk risk men bidrar till en högre lönsamhet på lång sikt. Att erbjuda kunden ett leasingalternativ (Prismodell B) eliminerar den ekonomiska risken och öppnar upp fallföretaget för en större marknad. Detta alternativ raderar en del av lönsamheten som i stället går till den intermediära parten. Prismodell C och D behandlar licensavgiften som vars pris kommer korrelera till företagets allmänna marknadsposition. Modell C prissätter licensavgiften från ett marknadsperspektiv. I och med fallföretagets låga operativa kostnader identifieras penetrationsprissättning som en ovanligt fördelaktig strategi. Modell D behandlar en värdebaserad prissättning och presenterar lokal- och fossilfri produktion som två stora kundvärden. Värdet på dessa behöver revideras och utvärderas i varje ny kundrelation. / Complex value chains and emission-intensive production have long characterized our society and underpin several global challenges. The purpose of this independent study is to investigate how pricing models and pricing calculations can be used as a basis for pricing and product launch of fossil-free modular production facilities. The study identifies four pricing models within the sale of fossil-free modular production facilities and how these can realize a value proposition for a start-up company.  The study addresses the price of a production facility as twofold. A price for acquiring the facility is presented in pricing models A and B. A licensing fee for operational activities is presented in pricing models C and D.  Pricing model A deals with ownership in the form of direct acquisition (perpetual ownership), and pricing model B deals with leasing. Both models generate an immediate revenue stream for the case company, which, due to its start-up position, seeks to avoid locking up significant amounts of capital. Of these two, it is evident that pricing model A exposes the customer to financial risk but contributes to higher long-term profitability. Offering the customer a leasing alternative (pricing model B) eliminates the financial risk and opens up a larger market for the case company. However, this alternative erases part of the profitability, which instead goes to the intermediary party.  Pricing models C and D address the licensing fee, which will correlate with the company's overall market position. Model C prices the licensing fee from a market perspective. Given the case company's low operational costs, penetration pricing is identified as an unusually advantageous strategy. Model D deals with value-based pricing and presents local and fossil-free production as two significant customer values. The value of these needs to be revised and evaluated in each new customer relationship.

Background: Stricter requirements from customers that transport companies must be able to show their carbon dioxide emissions have resulted that it has become more relevant for transport companies to have a calculation model of their transports' carbon dioxide emissions per order. The EU's climate goal of becoming climate neutral by 2050 is something that will require change, that is why it is relevant that the obstacles that exist for transport companies in the transition from fossil- to fossil-free fuels are presented in order to be in line with the EU's environmental goals.  Purpose: The study's first research question aims to develop a calculation model for intermodal transport ́s carbon dioxide emissions per order. The second research question aims to create an overview of transport companies' obstacles to the transition to fossil-free fuels.  Methodology: The study's first research question is a qualitative case study with elements of quantitative data collection from the case company Gunnar Karlsson Spedition AB. The second research question includes a qualitative study with benchmarking to identify the obstacles that exist for a transition from fossil fuels to fossil-free fuels.  Conclusion: This study results in a calculation model that the authors have designed for carbon dioxide emissions per order in an intermodal transport network. Furthermore, the study results in a summary table of theoretical obstacles and the interviewed companies' perspective regarding obstacles in the transition from a fossil- to a fossil-free fuel. / Bakgrund: Hårdare krav från kunder att transportföretag ska kunna uppvisa deras transporters koldioxidutsläpp har givit utfallet att det har blivit mer relevant för transportföretagen att inneha en beräkningsmodell för deras transporters koldioxidutsläpp per order. EU:s klimatmål om att bli klimatneutral år 2050 är något som kommer att kräva förändring, därför är det relevant att de hinder som finns för transportföretag vid övergången från fossila- till fossilfria drivmedel presenteras för att kunna gå i linje med EU:s miljömål.  Syfte: Studiens första forskningsfråga syftar till att ta fram en modell för intermodala transporters koldioxidutsläpp per order. Den andra forskningsfrågan syftar till att skapa en överblick om transportföretagens hinder vid övergången till fossilfria drivmedel.  Metod: Studiens första forskningsfråga är en kvalitativ fallstudie med inslag av kvantitativ datainsamling från fallföretaget Gunnar Karlsson Spedition AB. Den andra forskningsfrågan innefattar en kvalitativ studie med benchmarking som styrkoncept, för att identifiera de hinder som finns för en övergång från fossila bränslen till fossilfria bränslen.  Resultat: Studiens resulterar i en beräkningsmodell som författarna har utformat för koldioxidutsläpp per order i ett intermodalt transportnätverk. Vidare resulterar studien i en sammanfattande tabell över teoretiska hinder och de intervjuades företagens upplevda hinder vid övergången från ett fossilt- till ett fossilfritt drivmedel.

This paper analyzes Swedish steel company’s SSAB commitment to the green transition focusing on how and why aspects. The how part of this problem relates to topical conjunctures, which emerge independently of a company. The why part of this problem relates to institutional commitments carried on within a company and how a company potentially can differ vis-à-vis other companies. Formally the research question for this dissertation is: "To what extent did policy windows, policy entrepreneurs, proactive development pair and networks, and resources contribute to SSAB’s commitment to green transition for steel production in the 2020s?". Due to the explorative nature of my research question, the case study method is used where secondary data is gathered from Swedish newspapers (Dagens Nyheter, Dagens Industri and Svenska Dagbladet), SSAB press releases, annual reports, and other relevant publications. The study uses a deductive approach, where the theory provides a framework through which gathered findings are analyzed. The main theories and concepts used in this study are Kingdon’s “Policy Windows” or Agenda-Setting Theory and Policy Entrepreneurs, Fridlund’s concept of Development Pair and Networks, and Penrose’s Resource Theory.

Sweden has an ambitious goal that the country will be carbon neutral by 2045, where this includes all sectors, including transportation and thus aviation. The aviation sector is an important part of the transportationsystem where the development of society has become dependent on this transportationalternative. In 2017, the aviation accounted for six percentof Sweden’s carbon dioxide emissions, one percentfrom domestic flightsand five percentfrom international flights. In order toreduce these emissions, active work is ongoing for a transition where domestic aviation will be fossil-free in 2030 and all departures from Sweden to the international market will be fossil-free in 2045. Aviation has historically had a strong connection to fossil fuels and environmentally friendly alternatives have not yet managed to compete in the market.This study has investigated how sustainability can be a central part of the business model and how these should be adapted as part of the work to a fossil-free business, as well as the role of sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) and policy instruments in the energy transition. By mapping important aspects for sustainable business models, market potential for SAFand the development of new policy instruments,this study contributes with a systems perspective on the Swedish aviation industry's energy transition. The delimitationofthe study has been the Swedish market with focus on actors with their operations in Sweden. The methodologyhas consisted of a literature study, an interview study with 11 actors in the Swedish market and a case study on the airline corporationBraathens Regional Airlines (BRA), which mainly operates domestic flights in Sweden with Bromma as their headquarters.The results showed that there are three areas that are important in the work with sustainable business models, three areas for the market potential for biofuels and four areas for policy instruments. In the development of sustainable business models, cooperation and co-financing are seen as central aspects for an effective transition with better risk distribution. Transparent sustainability work, climate calculations and biofueltickets are considered important tools to increase the customer's understanding of the company's transition towards a sustainable future. The public's lack of knowledge regarding the energy transition for aviation is considered an obstacle towards increased sales of biofuel tickets, which also creates flygskam and avoidance of aviation as a means of transportation. The biggest obstacle towards an increased share ofSAFon the Swedish marketis mainly considered to be the lack of Swedish production.Increased production would mean large investment costs and high risks, which means that co-financed projects are proposed to overcome this obstacle. Biomass as a raw material and how it is used and classified in the EU is also an obstacle towards increased use. Current policy instruments show that the reduction obligation is a positive addition, but the penalty fee needs to be raised above the price of SAF.The EU taxonomy can also play a decisiverole in the transitionprocess, as the classification of biomass and bioenergy can affect interest and willingness to make new investments.In addition, travel policies of companies are an obstacle when they prohibit travel by aviation.Finally, policy instruments are needed that favor Swedish production of SAF, where the industry sees great opportunities in both technology and raw materials, but lack of political initiatives.

Produktionen av syntetiska textilfibrer har lett till stora konsekvenser för miljön, bland annat i form av utsläpp av mikroplaster samt stora koldioxidutsläpp. Textilbranschen har i och med globaliseringen centrerat produktionen till ett fåtal låglöneländer och avståndet mellan producent och konsument har gjort det svårare för användaren att förstå vilket avtryck en vara lämnar på miljön. För att kunna ställa om till en mer hållbar textilindustri, finns inom EU en strävan efter innovativa lösningar och nya affärsmodeller. Ett område som fått ett stort genomslag inom hållbara material är biokompositer, som helt eller delvis är tillverkade av förnybara råvaror och är biologiskt nedbrytbara. Högskolan i Borås koordinerar projektet Biobaserade restströmmar med potential i teknisk textilindustri och har för detta köpt in spillmaterial från företaget Svensk Hampaindustri (SHI), i form av hampastjälkar. Som komplement till tidigare studier inom projektets ramar, syftar denna studie till att undersöka spillmaterialets potential utifrån estetiska aspekter, för att kunna bredda dess användningsområden till att omfatta heminredning och således förbättra möjligheterna att tillvarata lokalproducerat växtmaterial. För att ta reda på detta framställdes tre biokompositer av spillmaterialet. I två utav materialen tillsattes även behandlade hampafibrer respektive ull, för att undersöka om och hur det förändrade resultatet utifrån ett estetiskt perspektiv. I syfte att undersöka kundintresset utvärderades dessa materialprototyper genom en liten marknadsundersökning. På grund av det knappa underlaget, kan inga långtgående slutsatser dras utifrån resultatet men det ger dock en indikation på att det finns ett kundintresse för materialen utifrån dess estetiska aspekter och framför allt i kombination med dess fördelar avseende hållbarhet, däribland lokal produktion. Respondenterna kunde se en rad potentiella användningsområden för biokompositerna inom området heminredning. Resultaten stärker således tesen om att spillmaterialet från SHI kan utgöra en lokal källa till hållbara produkter, där det estetiska har en avgörande roll och att det är befogat med satsningar på infrastruktur och ny teknik för att kunna ta tillvara och förädla detta. Att möjliggöra för odlarna själva att bereda fibrerna för framställning av kompositer eller textilier, skulle dessutom kunna stärka den lokala kunskapen om råvaran och kunna bidra till ökad lokal självförsörjning. Resultaten av studien kan således vara ett steg i rätt riktning mot ett systemskifte där hållbar lokal produktutveckling och design ersätter globala värdekedjor och mot omställningen mot en mer hållbar och fossilfri ekonomi vilket EU eftersträvar. / The production of synthetic textile fibers has resulted in major environmental impacts, including large emissions of carbon dioxide and microplastics. Along with the globalization, the textile industry has concentrated the production to a few low-wage countries and the distance between producer and consumer has made it more difficult for the user to understand the environmental impact of a product. In order to promote a more sustainable textile industry, there is a quest for innovative solutions and new business models within the EU. One significant area when it comes to sustainable materials is biocomposites, which are made entirely or partially from renewable and biodegradable sources. The University of Borås coordinates a project called Bio-based residual streams with potential in the technical textile industry, and has for this purpose purchased waste material from the company Svensk Hampaindustri (SHI), in terms of hemp stalks. As a complement to previous studies within the framework of the project, this report aims to investigate the potential of the waste material based on aesthetic aspects in order to expand the areas of use to also include interior decoration. This could improve the possibility of making better use of locally produced plant material. To investigate this, three biocomposites were produced from the waste material. In two of the materials, treated hemp fibers and wool were added, to find out whether it affected the result from an easthetic perspective, and in that case how. In order to investigate the customer interest, these material prototypes were evaluated through a small market survey. The result indicates that there is a customer interest for the materials based on its aesthetic aspects and especially in combination with its advantages regarding sustainability, including local production. The respondents could see a wide range of potential uses for the biocomposites in the field of home decoration. The results strenghten the thesis that the waste material from SHI can contribute as a local source of sustainable products, where the aesthetics has a major role and that investments in infrastructure and new technology according to the processing of the raw material, is justified. Enabling the farmers to prepare the fibers themselves for the production of composites or textiles, could also strengthen local knowledge of the raw material and further contribute to increased local self-sufficiency. The results of the report can therefore promote a system shift where sustainable product development and design replaces global value chains and further support the transition to a more sustainable and fossil free economy, in accordance with the ambition of the EU.