When a person drives a truck into the middle of a crowd celebrating Bastille Day in Nice, horrifying images, and witnessing stories is spread around the world. The Swedish nationwide evening tabloid newspaper Aftonbladet publishes the story during one week on their Facebook page, resulting in thousands of comments. This paper examines the interactive audience responses on social media towards the encounter of suffering caused in the Nice attack, 14th July 2016. Using framing analysis in combination with a qualitative content analysis the study focuses on 702 comments provided on Aftonbladets Facebook wall. This study analyses the opinions towards suffering visible in the material during the first days of the attack. Frame theory and media witnessing are used as theoretical framework. The analysis reveals four frames: the moral conflict frame where people criticize the witnessing by media, the reality conflict frame where people emphasizes suffering as a global issue, the justice conflict frame where suffering is discussed in terms compassion as something you deserve, and the emotional frame where people’s feelings of witnessing suffering is in focus. Previous research says that audiences are more likely to feel compassion towards victims if they can see themselves in them and/or if there is a short cultural and spatial distance between them, and this study has come to the same conclusion. However, this study contributes with knowledge about how the social media users negotiate compassion (the justice conflict frame and reality conflict frame) and focus on the questions of ethics when it comes to distant suffering (the moral conflict frame and emotional frame).

This paper aims to explore the limits of play using Goffman's frame theory when creating a humoristic card game set in a hospital. Multiple playtests were conducted with students at the University of Skövde and Hospital personnel. The results show that the game did not break the boundaries on the limits of play in the sense of being too insensitive, éven when sensitive subjectmatter was touched upon in the game's objectives. The game instead seemed to entertain the participants. Further research would need to be conducted on larger target groups for a more concrete conclusion.

本研究以Csikszentmihalyi「創造力系統模式」個人、守門及領域三角模式觀點為指引，針對2000年至2008年產製最多Top 5 K歌作詞者、作曲者與唱片製作人進行深度訪談，歸納出台灣K歌產製框架。研究目的包括：第一、以框架理論觀點作質性分析，歸納K歌產製流程的框架作用與框架化產製元素；第二、藉由本研究解構K歌產製模式，提供台灣流行音樂產業未來產製省思。 本研究發現K歌產製者之核心能力，初期是透過「臨摹」領域成功作品習得，日後個人會將「臨摹」加以變形或延伸。「臨摹」建構個人對領域的認知，「臨摹變形」則是基於個人創作習癖，兩者結合形成個人創作風格。 領域框架個人創作有以下兩種形式：第一、K歌為高度約定俗成的文本格式，個人同意於「結構框架」之下進行產製；第二、K歌產製者選擇創作主題時，受到閱聽人「感情經驗」召喚，以悲傷情歌為主要類型。個人並非純然的創作者，K歌為個人與閱聽人進行之「集體創作」。K歌作曲者為了達到領域要求，從事創作時採用「慣例」造成冗贅性，增進文本的溝通效果。本研究對象最常用之「慣例」，有以下幾種：1、hook(反覆樂句)手法；2、古典音樂理論作曲法；3、慣用和弦。 由於本研究對象為領域中最具代表性的K歌產製者，守門與個人互動方式並非傳統篩選作品模式，而是雙方採取合作方式，共同為表演者「量身訂作」文本。本研究亦發現，領域中較高地位之「大牌K歌產製者」，具有統合個人與守門角色的權限，少了守門干預的個人作為，可以破除既有格式，自由地使用創意元素於新專輯之中。此外，網路科技降低了出版門檻，衝撞傳統K歌產製系統模式。過去被排除於領域之外的獨立音樂產製者，跳脫出「K歌產製創造力系統模式」，尋求另類出路。個人風格導向之產製，加速了流行音樂領域的變遷。 / In this study, the Csikszentmihalyi "creativity system” model, a triangular relationship between individuals, field influences, and domain impacts, is used to understand qualitatively the Taiwanese Karaoke song production popularity and success in the years between 2000 to 2008. The composers, lyricists and producers interviewed produced the most top five karaoke songs during this time. The purpose of this study is first; to use the frame analysis qualitative research method to understand the framework and production elements of Taiwanese Karaoke and Music. Secondly; to provide a model or framework for future production and to offer information that could advise future productions. This study concluded that lyricists and composer’s core abilities were highly dependant upon what previously successful models were imitated. At first, it was often a matter of imitating successful models that preceded them. Later, as they developed they would transform or elaborate upon this imitation. Individual personalities building upon these imitation inspired works defined the domain. Transformation of the imitation into something new was based upon the habitus of each individual. The frame of the model and personal thought combine to become a personal style The frame affects the personal content in two ways. First, Karaoke is an already widely accepted format that is familiar to composers. Therefore this structure or frame is already an accepted format to create songs within. Secondly, lyricists choose content based upon the audiences experiences. The most commonly shared experience is often expressed in sad love songs. The lyricist and composer are not purist creators, as audience expectation and interaction forms a collective and collaborative relationship. In order to reach the domain requirements, composers will use rules to form redundancy in the music to improve the contents communicative efficiency to the audience. The three most popular rules used by the composers interviewed were: 1) The hook. 2) Classical music techniques. 3) The top seven most commonly used chords. Due to the nature of the group represented, the traditional gate keeper method of selecting individuals for work was most often set aside in favor of cooperative collaboration between the individuals, and the producers in selecting new content for the talent. This study also found that if the domain status is high the most popular composers and lyricists have the power to combine the rights of the gate keeper and the individual. Without the field or gatekeeper the individual can break-out of format models and freely use creative elements in their new productions. Moreover, internet technology opened the door for increased production and lowered the material requirements necessary to produce music. The caused a collision with traditional karaoke music production. Those independent music producers previously excluded from the domain now jump out of the Karaoke Production Creation System. They find alternate means to produce music and expose the audience to their work. Whoever’s personality or strong style stands out clearly will change the domain rapidly.

企業領導人與企業具有密不可分的關係。企業領導人的一舉一動，牽動著公眾對企業的觀感，已經不單屬於個人事務範疇。企業領導人的形象管理儼然已成為控制企業形象風險的重要環節，身為公關人員，肩負企業對內對外溝通的重責大任，應該更有系統的對企業領導人進行形象管理，發揮引導作用、限制其可能的負面作用。 本研究探討的研究問題有三：一、從符號研究的觀點分析被封為二十世紀最佳經理人威爾許的形象。二、從符號研究的觀點理解新聞媒體的企業領導人形象建構原則。三、據此形象建構原則，對公關實務人員進行企業領導人的形象建構與管理，提出建議。 本研究針對國內三大主流商業媒體：《商業周刊》、《天下雜誌》、《遠見雜誌》有關威爾許相關報導進行文本分析，透過符號研究取徑的理論性探討、歸納其符號運作策略以及邏輯。研究結果如下： 從符號研究的觀點分析被封為二十世紀最佳經理人威爾許的形象。批評威爾許的力道從不手軟，環似在負面聲量中，威爾許仍贏得一身的美譽。許多原義為負面意涵的辭彙，套在威爾許身上，隨之轉化為正面的讚許。其中威爾許形象的翻轉，一部份取決於框架的角度，也就是符號裝置的選擇；另一部份取決於框架內符號的翻轉，包含「藉由負面符號與正面意涵的連結，翻轉符號由負面為正面」、「運用量化數字的轉喻，彰顯威爾許的領導管理才能」、「透過其他成功人士的隱喻，拉台威爾許的成就與地位」。 進一步分析「從符號研究的觀點理解新聞媒體的企業領導人形象建構原則」，可歸納為以下要點：一、形象符號的建構需與其本身本質與其所投放的訊息相符。二、形象符號的建構需將當下時代社會氛圍納入考量。三、形象符號的建構需先釐清主要（優先）利益關係人與其立場。四、運用符號的轉喻，以部份代替全體，可以暗示欲建構的形象。五、透過隱喻以「熟悉」代替不熟悉的，有利於進行形象溝通與拉抬。六、符號與符號之間可以透過意涵的連結，進行意義的翻轉，進而重塑形象。七、名人與主流媒體的背書，可以協助形塑輿論風向。八、形象建構為動態過程，需隨時監控與調整。 / Business leaders and companies are thus closely linked and inseparable. Every movement of the business leaders could possibly affect the public's perception for the companies, and furthermore it can’t be considered as the category of personal affairs. Image Management of business leaders has become the crucial point to control the risk of the corporate image management. As a public relations officer, one should take the responsibility of corporate internal/external communication management so that possible negative effects as a result of poor image management could be alleviated. The present study raises three research questions: First of all, taking the perspective of Semiotics, what kinds of images were presented by Jack Welch, one of the best manager in the twentieth century？ Second, what signs were used to construct the images of this business leader? What are the principles of signification? Third, according to the image construction principles, we wish to provide useful suggestions for the public relations practitioners and business leaders nowadays. In this study, the media texts under semiotic analysis are from three major domestic mainstream commercial media: "Business Weekly", "Common Wealth Magazine” and " Global Views Monthly". The results are as follows: Taking the perspective of semiotics, we find that although Welch was called the best professional manager, people were never stopped criticizing him. However, many negative implications for the original meaning of the wordings used in the media text under analysis, seems to be converted into positive ones in the context of reporting Welch’s accomplishment. On one hand, this conversion of meanings depends on the angle the frame, on the other depends on the mixed signs in a certain context. That is, Welch could be portrayed as a cruel guy (negative in connotation) but being cruel is necessary to save the corporation (positive in connotation). By combining these two seemingly contradictory connotations the whole meaning of the media text become positive. In addition, by using quantitative figures of metonymy, Welch's leadership management skills were highlighted by media reports, and by using the metaphor of accomplishments of other successful people Welch achievements and status were also established. What are the principles of signification? First, principles of the image construction need to be matched their own corporate nature consistent with the messages delivered. Second, we need to take into consideration of the social environment when analyzing Welch’s image construction process. Third, we need to fully understand what stakeholders’ stances are when analyzing image construction process. Fourth, the strategy of metonymy to substitute part of the whole helps to construct a successful image. Fifth, through the metaphor by using the "familiar" signs instead of the unfamiliar ones, we can help to construct a positive image. Sixth, a sign with originally negative connotations could be converted to positive ones when Welch’s management skills are new and innovative implied by the media contexts. Seven, the mainstream media and celebrity endorsement can help to shape public opinions. Eight, the image construction process needs to be constantly monitored and adjusted.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:17:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Rodrigues Costa Boavista.pdf: 1392154 bytes, checksum: 07f3bfa1630aa7feecb15343ca51e287 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-21 / Relational Frame Theory (RFT) was proposed by Steven Hayes and Aaron Brownstein in 1985. Only in 2001 the first book whose content was exclusively dedicated to present RFT proposal and application fields was released. Inspired by research on stimulus equivalence and operant understanding of language RFT proponents argue that verbal behavior is closely related to a high order operant strengthened since early childhood via multiple exemplars training. This operant - arbitrarily applicable relational responding is defined by the properties of mutual implication, combinatorial implication, and transformation of stimuli function. RFT has received criticism directed to iits philosophical foundations, theoretical assumptions and regarding methodological research practices that guarantee its empirical support. This study aimed to review the empirical literature produced in the light of the RFT analyzing bibliometric aspects (year of publication, authors, affiliation of authors, journals, journals´ relevancy rates), methodological aspects (participants´ age, diagnosis and education, type and site of application, material and equipment used, relational frame employed, experimental task and measurement used) and trials to comprehend phenomena traditionally explore by other areas of knowledge/research lines/theories. 85 articles published between 1991 and May 2013 were reviewed. The Psychological Record led publications (42 articles). Studies majority employed participants from 18 years old onwards. Only 8% considered participants with psychiatric diagnosis. Just one publication was conducted in a group setting. Great part of the studies used computerized tasks. In terms of relational frames 68 studies investigated coordinated relations. 53 publications employed simultaneous matching-to-sample procedure. Between 1991 and 2001 there were nine studies that combined at least two measures but between 2006 and May 2013 there were 35. We found articles in which phenomena traditionally explored by areas such as philosophy, heuristic, clinics, theory of mind, neuroscience, among others, were discussed. Results show that RFT researchers produced empirical data through a variety of methodological conditions. However, we didn´t find evidence on non-human subjects or studies which assessed results in terms of sociodemographic variables or number of training and testing trials / A Teoria das Molduras Relacionais (Relational Frame Theory RFT) foi proposta por Steven Hayes e Aaron Brownstein em 1985. Apenas em 2001 foi lançado o primeiro livro cujo conteúdo era exclusivamente dedicado a apresentar sua proposta e indicar campos para aplicação. Inspirados nas pesquisas em equivalência de estímulos e na compreensão operante da linguagem os proponentes da RFT argumentam que o comportamento verbal está relacionado a um operante de ordem superior fortalecido desde a infância via treino de múltiplos exemplares. Este operante responder relacional arbitrariamente aplicável define-se pelas propriedades de implicação mútua, implicação combinatória e transformação de função de estímulos. A RFT vem recebendo críticas de cunho filosófico, teórico e metodológico. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo revisar a literatura empírica produzida à luz da RFT analisando aspectos bibliométricos (ano de publicação, autores, filiação dos autores, periódico, índices de relevância dos periódicos), metodológicos (faixa etária, diagnóstico e escolaridade dos participantes, tipo e local de aplicação, material e equipamentos utilizados, moldura relacional empregada, tarefa experimental e medida utilizadas) e tentativas de compreender fenômenos tradicionalmente estudados por outras linhas de pesquisa/teorias/áreas do conhecimento. Foram revistos 85 artigos publicados entre 1991 e maio de 2013. Identificou-se que o The Psychological Record liderou o número de publicações (42 artigos). A maioria das pesquisas tinha como participantes indivíduos de 18 anos em diante. Apenas 8% publicações consideraram participantes com diagnóstico psiquiátrico. Apenas uma publicação foi conduzida em contexto de grupo. A maior parte dos estudos utilizou tarefas computadorizadas. No que tange às molduras relacionais 68 estudos investigaram relações de coordenação. 53 publicações empregaram procedimentos de matching-to-sample simultâneo. Entre 1991 e 2001 foram identificadas nove pesquisas que combinavam ao menos duas medidas, já entre 2006 e maio de 2013 havia 35. Foram observados estudos nos quais fenômenos tipicamente abordados pela filosofia, heurística, clínica comportamental, teoria da mente, neurociências, entre outras, foram discutidos. Os resultados mostram que os pesquisadores que trabalham sob a perspectiva da RFT produziram dados empíricos a partir de uma diversidade de configurações metodológicas. Contudo, não foram identificadas evidências empíricas com sujeitos não humanos, estudos que avaliassem os resultados obtidos em termos de variáveis sóciodemográficas e pesquisas em que fossem correlacionados resultados à número de tentativas de treino/teste

The purpose of this study was to replicate and extend recent findings in the functional contextual literature by 1) establishing complex deictic relational responding skills in 3 persons diagnosed with Schizophrenia and mild-moderate Mental Retardation and 2) assessing generalization through pre and post-instructional measures of Social Anhedonia and Theory of Mind functioning. Results suggest that increasingly complex levels of deictic relational responses were acquired and mastered by all 3 participants and that generalization extended to the Deceptive Container Task (ToM levels 4 & 5) and Hinting Task. Support is provided for the notion that perspective taking skills might be shaped through operant conditioning of deictic frames and that acquisition of these skills may generalize to novel stimuli and settings.

Inspired by the increasingly high visibility of British Muslim NGOs (BMNGOs), by the lack of research on their discourses and by the growing salience of frames theory within the mainstream NGO sector, this thesis offers a significant and original contribution by exploring, describing, and analysing the discourse of two BMNGOs carefully selected as case studies: Islamic Relief (IR) and MADE (Muslim Action for Development and the Environment). The primary aim of the thesis is empirical, driven by the research question: ‘what frames seem to be at work in the discourse of BMNGOs?’ Through an in-depth analysis of a range of public documents produced by the two case studies (e.g. annual reports and websites), the thesis identifies and analyses the main frames used by IR and MADE to articulate three key aspects of their discourses: i) organisational identity; ii) mobilisation efforts; and iii) conceptualisations of their supporter base. Guided by this overarching research question, the thesis offers an original and interdisciplinary insight into the nuances of the case studies’ meaning systems, thereby showing their complexities and resonance with multiple narratives and ideational repertoires. The emerging ‘thick descriptions’ of IR and MADE represent, in and of themselves, the main results of the study, which is intended to enable readers from different disciplinary backgrounds to gain a nuanced insight into BMNGOs’ discourses. At a secondary level, the thesis also pursues the theoretical aim to start exploring how the frames identified in the study inform the two research sub-questions: ‘how to think about BMNGOs?’ and ‘how to think about British Muslim civic engagement?’ Several observations are put forward in this regard. Taken together, these suggest that IR can be understood as a faith-based organisation that simultaneously draws on a range of heritages and increasingly offers opportunities for active citizenship among British Muslims within the framework of what is broadly characterizable as a ‘NGO-led order’. On the other hand, the thesis suggests that MADE can be understood as an exemplar of the current era of ‘loose activist networks’, more precisely as a ‘Muslim lifestyle’ social movement organisation that promotes among British Muslims a multifaceted form of civic engagement inspired by an Islamic ethical framework.

Cette thèse explore le phénomène de whistleblowing et comment il a été encadré, principalement du point de vue anglo-saxon, à travers des lectures proches de récits culturels et une vue critique sur l'érudition existante sur whistleblowing. À travers des lectures rapprochées d'une sélection de cas, la poursuite, l'importance et l'impact de la vérité apparaîtront comme le thème central dans les récits culturelles explorées, mais aussi les moments où la vérité est rendu impuissante, en raison de sa nature coercitive comme factualité. L'impuissance de la vérité vécue par les lanceurs d'alerte ("les whistleblowers") est ce qui relie d'autre part les récits culturels à l'art tragique. Les diseurs de vérité ne sont pas reconnus, et ils entrent dans un conflit tragique parce qu'elles révèlent des vérités qui ne sont pas pratiques pour les gens au pouvoir. En d'autres termes, les whistleblowers, en disant la vérité, cherchent à élargir l'espace épistémique dans la sphère publique et à tenir les gens et le pouvoir responsables. Cependant, ils sont continuellement négativement encadrés avec des métaphores conceptuelles qui obstruent la perception d'eux en tant que conteurs de la vérité. / This dissertation posits that whistleblowing is factual truth-telling, or truthful public denunciation. In scholarship, media, and in the popular perception of whistleblowing, the truth-claim is often overlooked, and in many occasions hampered by the dominant ways it is framed (e.g. as leak, which is explored among other frames as a problematic conceptual metaphor). Interestingly, the representation of the whistleblower is different in cultural narratives. Through close readings of a selection of cases, the pursuit, importance, and impact of truth will appear as the central theme in the explored plots, but also the moments where truth becomes impotent, due to its coercive nature as factuality - a process that furthermore connects whistleblowing with the idea of the tragic. Put differently, the special literary interest of narratives of whistleblowing is to turn ignorance into knowledge, knowledge into telling, and how the unraveling of truth becomes a reversal of fortune for the truth-teller who enters a particular tragic conflict. As frame, as narrative, and as a modern phenomenon of truthful public denunciation, whistleblowing offers particular moments of truth, often about moments of falsehood, and ultimately seeks to be a moment of impetus: for the public to restore justice, and for readerships and audience of narrative and dramatic configurations to choose or to distance themselves from multiple proposals of justice emplotted - not only ethical justice, but also epistemic, hermeneutical, and testimonial justice. In other words, whistleblowers, by telling the truth, seek to expand the epistemic space in the public sphere and hold people and power accountable.

No description available.

Many of the languages in the world are currently dying at an alarming rate. One of these languagesis Eldalian. It is a small language spoken by about 2,500 people in the village of Älvdalen in theDalarna county of Sweden. Despite shrinking numbers, attitudes towards the language remain highand people are increasingly identifying themselves with the language.Through qualitative datacollection and by using the analytical frameworks of framing as well as place-making to examinethe issues, this thesis details the relationship between the language and its speakers with a focus onthe speakers. Based on the ethnographic accounts and the subsequent analysis, this thesis pointstowards how the change in attitudes regarding the language during the 20th century led to adecrease in the presence of the language is viewed as the main reason why the language is where itis today; with Swedish having replaced the language in most public settings. To change this, therevitalisation movement strives to increase the value of the language by “framing” it in variouscontexts, arguing for its existence, and enriching its usage through values that can be found indifferent contexts. Furthermore, this leads to an engagement with the place-making of Älvdalen bywhich the language is “imbued” into the place through signs and the content production of thosewho live village; increasing its presence by placing it firmly in the Älvdalen setting. Hence,Elfdalian is currently situated in the middle between the “private” to “public”.