This Ph.D. thesis in Economics consists of four self-contained chapters that empirically explore sources of economic inequality, using data from experiments, sports competitions, and Swedish registers. Competing biases: Effects of gender and nationality in sports judging explores in-group biases among judges in the equestrian sport dressage – the only Olympic sport with subjective performance evaluations in which male and female athletes compete as equals. International dressage competitions provide a rare opportunity to investigate gender bias and nationalistic bias in the same setting, using naturally occurring data on decisions of professional decision makers. Gender differences in initiation of negotiation: Does the gender of the negotiation counterpart matter? experimentally investigates how gender differences in the willingness to enter a wage negotiation are affected by whether the counterpart is a man or a woman. The importance of family background and neighborhood effects as determinants of crime uses Swedish register data to estimate sibling and neighborhood correlations in criminal convictions and incarceration. Omission effects in fairness behavior experimentally tests if individuals are more prone to act selfishly if they can passively allow for a self-serving outcome to be implemented rather than having to make an active choice. / <p>Diss. Stockholm :  Stockholm School of Economics, 2014. Introduction together with 4 papers</p>

This thesis is an exploratory examination of the social characteristics of 139 poets featured in a selection of five small press Canadian literary journals. The investigation charts and analyzes the demographics of 64 poets who were published in 1967, and 75 poets who were published in four small press literary magazines in 2010. The 2010 magazines were purposely sampled as representatives of specific geographical areas in Canada (i.e., the West Coast, the Prairies, Central Canada, and the East Coast). The results indicate that in 1967 female poets were less likely to be published; however, 43 years later, this bias has been rectified. Another notable difference between the two groups of poets is that in 1967 ethnic minorities were more likely to be published. Educational achievement was an important factor for both the 1967 and 2010 poets, as was location, occupation and editorial duties. / Graduate

Submitted by Cristiane Oliveira (cristiane.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2011-06-13T16:59:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 63090100011.pdf: 326336 bytes, checksum: e16625c1bc6712ca23cf6df51a8d1c64 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão(vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2011-06-13T17:02:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 63090100011.pdf: 326336 bytes, checksum: e16625c1bc6712ca23cf6df51a8d1c64 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão(vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2011-06-13T17:04:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 63090100011.pdf: 326336 bytes, checksum: e16625c1bc6712ca23cf6df51a8d1c64 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-06-13T17:51:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 63090100011.pdf: 326336 bytes, checksum: e16625c1bc6712ca23cf6df51a8d1c64 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-29 / Este trabalho busca analisar a existência de viés de gênero no Tribunal Superior do Trabalho Brasileiro (TST) através da análise dos impactos da composição de gênero das Turmas julgadoras e do sexo do Ministro Relator nos resultados dos processos usando uma base de dados única, composta por todos os processos julgados pelo TST entre Agosto de 2008 e Junho de 2009. Nós exploramos o fato dos processos serem distribuídos aleatoriamente entre os juízes desde o momento em que o processo se inicia. Os resultados indicam que de maneira geral os Ministros(as) são não-viesados em relação ao gênero, apesar de que quando controlamos para o tipo de processo encontramos que para algumas causas tais como 'equiparação', 'enquadramento e vínculos' e 'outras causas', Ministras tendem a favorecer as mulheres e os Ministros tendem a favorecer os homens. Adicionalmente, encontramos que este padrão de comportamento se mantém quando medimos pela proporção de cada gênero dentro das Turmas julgadoras. Encontramos evidências também de que Ministros(as) tendem a favorecer o trabalhador ao invés do empregador, mas não podemos afirmar que isto é viés em relação ao trabalhador uma vez que pode ser decorrente da forma como as Leis Trabalhistas Brasileiras forma construídas, para defender a parte hiposuficiente. / This paper tries to analyze the existence of gender bias in the Tribunal Superior do Trabalho Brasileiro (TST) through the analyses of the impact of jury gender composition as well as the Minister’s sex on trial outcomes using a unique dataset of all processes judged by the Brazilian Tribunal Superior do Trabalho (TST) between August 2008 and June 2009. We exploit the fact that the process are randomly assigned between the judges since the first moment the process is field. The results point that in a general way the Ministers are unbiased toward gender, although when we control for the type of the processes we find that for causes such as “equal pay and rights”, “framework and links” and “other causes”, female Ministers tend to favor female parts whilst male Ministers tend to favor male parts. Additionally, we find that this pattern happens in accordance to the proportion of each gender in the jury composition. We also find evidence that Ministers tend to favor the employee instead of the employer, though we cannot be affirmative that this is bias toward the employee once it might be strictly due to the way the Brazilian Law is built, to defend the workers.

This study sought to uncover gender bias in selected Shona novels and examine the manner in which authors present the subject. The major objectives were to identify the effects of hostile gender relations and assess Shona novel authors’ commitments to promote healthy gender relations which are pre-requisites for national development. The study adopted the dual approach by fusing feminism with Afrocentricity as the literary tool of analysis. These theories served as lenses for exploring gender biases in selected Shona novels. The liberal feminism was the most relevant feminist theory to this study because it advocates more about inclusion and unrestricted participation of women in all spheres of social life. The research was anchored on the qualitative design. The methodology used to gather data for analysis involved interviewing three out of four authors of this research’s selected Shona novels, eight Shona literature lecturers from teachers’ colleges and universities in Zimbabwe as well as five accomplished scholars who have also written their own Shona novels. Questionnaires were administered to thirty two students, twenty from teachers’ colleges and twelve from universities in Zimbabwe. The total number of all participants in this study was forty-eight and purposive sampling was used to come up with the sample. Data was analysed in descriptive form. This study has established that most Shona novelists are not gender neutral. While some authors are championing the emancipation of women others are perpetuating their marginalisation. Basing on the findings of this study, the researcher recommends that Shona authors should be sensitised through workshops, seminars or conferences on the need to pen gender balanced novels if national development is to be realised. This would help the societies who are the consumers of such novels to be gender neutral through emulating the positive portrayal attributed to characters. The Zimbabwe Schools Examinations Council (ZIMSEC), teachers’ colleges and universities should approve gender neutral Shona novels so that students can have appropriate role models to emulate. It is envisaged that this research will be of great benefit to all those who will have the privilege to access it. Gained knowledge will help to extricate women from marginalisation and also promote healthy gender relations. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

Peu d’hommes sont touchés par les maladies auto-immunes (MAI), maladies où la réponse immune est très forte et attaque l’hôte. La polyarthrite rhumatoïde (PR), une maladie inflammatoire chronique, suit cette règle avec 3 femmes pour 1 homme atteint. Dans cette thèse, nous analysons les différences en fonction du sexe et les raisons d’un tel biais. D’après des observations chez l’animal, nous nous sommes demandés si les rares hommes atteints de PR ont une augmentation du nombre de copies d’un gène impliqué dans la réponse immune et porté par le chromosome (Chr) X. Contrairement aux femmes, les hommes n’ont qu’un Chr X et de ce fait qu’une copie de ce gène. Cependant, nous avons montré par différentes techniques, que ces patients avaient 10% de cellules portant 2 copies de ce gène, et que cette augmentation venait de cellules ayant 2 Chr X. Nos recherches soulignent l’importance du Chr X dans l’auto-immunité et ouvrent un nouveau champ d'investigation pour les hommes atteints de MAI. / Few men are affected by autoimmune diseases (AID), diseases where the immune response is very strong and attacks the host. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory disease, follows this rule with 3 women affected for 1 man. In this thesis, we analyse gender differences and the reasons for such bias. Based on observations in animals, we wondered whether the rare men with RA have an increased copy number of a gene involved in the immune response and carried by the X chromosome (Chr). Unlike women, men have only one X Chr and one copy of this gene. However, we showed by different techniques that these patients had 10% of cells carrying 2 copies of this gene, and that this increase came from cells with 2 X Chr. Our research emphasizes the importance of the X Chr in autoimmunity and opens up a new field of investigation for men with AID.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-03-27T19:30:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 alexandercangussusilva.pdf: 2669275 bytes, checksum: 659ad4dbb07cc5e37dfaffe5080d177e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-03-28T16:22:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 alexandercangussusilva.pdf: 2669275 bytes, checksum: 659ad4dbb07cc5e37dfaffe5080d177e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-28T16:22:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alexandercangussusilva.pdf: 2669275 bytes, checksum: 659ad4dbb07cc5e37dfaffe5080d177e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-12 / A relevância das questões envolvendo saúde mental e bem estar dos estudantes de medicina têm sido amplamente discutida nas últimas décadas, podendo influenciar na própria empatia e na relação médico-paciente. Nesse contexto, estudos vêm mostrando que existem diferenças biológicas e comportamentais entre os gêneros para determinados comportamentos. Apesar disso, essa questão ainda é pouco discutida na área de educação médica e pouco se sabe sobre a influência do gênero na saúde mental e empatia nas diferentes fases da formação médica. Objetivos: O objetivo primário do estudo é investigar se existem diferenças em relação ao gênero quanto a empatia, burnout, tolerância, abertura a espiritualidade, bem-estar e saúde mental em estudantes de medicina e se essas diferenças são influenciadas pelas fases do curso. Como objetivo secundário, foi realizada a tradução, adaptação e validação da escala Empathy, Spirituality, and Wellness in Medicine Survey (ESWIM) para uso no Brasil. Métodos: Realizou-se estudo transversal em estudantes dos seis anos de um curso de medicina brasileiro. Foram avaliados: qualidade de vida (WHOQOL-Bref), Burnout (Oldenburg), saúde mental (DASS-21), empatia (IE e ESWIM) e tolerância, bem-estar e abertura à espiritualidade (ESWIM). A escala ESWIM foi traduzida e adaptada transculturalmente para o contexto brasileiro no presente estudo. Os desfechos foram então comparados entre os gêneros e também entre as diferentes fases do curso de medicina: pré-clínica, clínica e internato. Resultados: Um total de 776 estudantes foram incluídos. A escala ESWIM em português mostrou boas propriedades psicométricas e na análise fatorial confirmatória apresentou-se com três dimensões: empatia, bem-estar e abertura a espiritualidade. Com relação ao objetivo primário, foram observadas diferenças importantes entre os gêneros e entre as fases do curso de medicina. As mulheres apresentaram maiores níveis de empatia, flexibilidade, altruísmo, sensibilidade, burnout, tolerância, ansiedade e stress, enquanto os homens tiveram maiores níveis de bem-estar e qualidade de vida. As fases finais do curso estiveram associadas a piores níveis de empatia, altruísmo, sensibilidade e exaustão, porém com melhores níveis de bem-estar e qualidade de vida física e psíquica. Com o avançar do treinamento médico, as diferenças entre os gêneros presentes nos primeiros anos (maior empatia, pior qualidade de vida e pior saúde mental nas mulheres) tenderam a diminuir e tornar-se não significantes na fase do internato. Conclusões: Encontrou-se que as diferenças em empatia e saúde mental entre homens e mulheres diminuíram nas fases mais avançadas do curso. Estes resultados podem denotar que a condução nos processos ensino-aprendizagem no curso de medcina não tem considerado as especificidades dos gênero, reforçando características positivas importantes para o exercicio da medicina como a empatia, flexibilidade, altruismo, sensibilidades do gênero feminino e desenvolvendo ações que promovam o desenvolvimentos destas características no gênero masculino, ao contrário o currículo parece “uniformizar” os estudantes. Educadores devem considerar esses achados na reestruturação dos currículos de forma a respeitar e valorizar as peculiaridades dos gêneros favorecendo suas potencialidades. / The relevance of questions involving medical students’ mental health and well-being has been widely discussed in recent decades. It has thus been able to exert an influence on empathy itself and the doctor-patient relationship. In this context, studies have shown that there are biological and comportmental differences between genders for determined behaviors. Nevertheless, this question is still infrequently discussed in the field of medical education and little is known regarding the influence of gender on mental health and empathy during the different phases of medical training. Objectives: This study’s primary objective is to investigate whether differences exist regarding gender in terms of empathy, burnout, tolerance, openness to spirituality, well-being, and mental health in medical students, and if these differences are influenced by the course phase in which those students are enrolled. As a secondary objective, a translation, adaptation, and validation of the Empathy, Spirituality, and Wellness in Medicine Survey (ESWIM) was undertaken for use in Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using students from all six years of course work at a Brazilian medical school. The following were evaluated: quality of life (WHOQOL-Bref), burnout (Oldenburg), mental health (DASS-21), empathy (EI and ESWIM), and tolerance, well-being, and openness to spirituality (ESWIM). The ESWIM scale was translated and transculturally adapted for use in Brazil. Outcomes were then compared between the genders as well as among the preclinical, clinical, and clerkship phases of medical studies. Results: A total of 776 students were included in this study. The ESWIM scale’s Portuguese language version demonstrated good psychometric properties, and confirmatory factorial analysis was shown in three dimensions – empathy, well-being, and openness to spirituality. In relation to the primary objective, important differences were observed between the genders and among the phases of medical studies. Women showed greater levels of empathy, flexibility, altruism, sensitivity, burnout, tolerance, anxiety, and stress, while men had greater levels of well-being and quality of life. The final phases of coursework were associated with poorer levels of empathy, altruism, sensitivity, and exhaustion, but with better levels of well-being and physical and psychic quality of life. As medical training advanced, the differences between genders present during the early years (greater empathy, worse quality of life and mental health in women) tended to diminish and become insignificant during the clerkship phase. Conclusions: It was found that differences in empathy and mental health between men and women diminished during the course’s more advanced phases. These results can indicate that the approach in medical schools’ teaching-learning processes has not considered gender specificities, and thus have not reinforced important positive characteristics for the practice of medicine like empathy, flexibility, altruism, sensitivities of women, nor developed actions promoting the advancement of these characteristics in men. On the contrary, the curriculum seems to approach students as a “uniform body”. Educators should consider these findings when restructuring curriculum to respect and valorize the peculiarities of genders, thus fostering their potential.

L'organisation de la fonction publique française connait de profondes mutations depuis le début des années 2000. Cette thèse examine la capacité du système de recrutement et de gestion des enseignants à répondre aux enjeux d'attractivité, d'efficacité et de diversité au cœur des projets actuels de modernisation du système éducatif. Le premier chapitre examine la neutralité du processus de recrutement des enseignants du secondaire vis-à-vis du genre. Il révèle que des biais d'évaluation existent et tendent à favoriser le genre minoritaire, contribuant ainsi à renforcer la mixité au sein des disciplines universitaires. Les deuxième et troisième chapitres examinent la capacité des incitations monétaires, de la demande d'enseignants et des exigences en matière de diplômes à attirer davantage et potentiellement de meilleurs candidats aux postes d'enseignant. Une hausse du niveau de diplôme requis pour enseigner (réforme de la "masterisation") ne semble pas améliorer l'efficacité du recrutement en termes d'attractivité, de profils de compétences et de diversité. Le quatrième chapitre examine la relation entre absentéisme, mobilité et conditions de travail des enseignants. Il montre que les écoles et les directeurs d'école influencent significativement les absences, les départs et le bien-être psychologique des enseignants. Le manque de soutien hiérarchique, les comportements hostiles et l'intensité du travail semblent jouer un rôle particulièrement important. / The organization of the French civil service has undergone profound changes since the early 2000s. This thesis examines the capacity of the teacher recruitment and management system to meet the challenges of attractiveness, efficiency and diversity at the heart of current projects to modernize the education system. The first chapter examines the gender neutrality of the recruitment process for secondary school teachers. It reveals that evaluation biases tend to favor the minority gender and contribute to strengthening the gender diversity within university disciplines. The second and third chapters examine the ability of monetary incentives, teacher demand and degree requirements to attract more and potentially better candidates for teaching positions. An increase in the level of qualification required to teach (from bachelor's to master's level) does not seem to improve the effectiveness of recruitment in terms of attractiveness, skills profiles and diversity. The fourth chapter examines the relationship between absenteeism, mobility and working conditions of teachers. It shows that schools and school principals significantly influence teacher absences, turnover and psychological well-being. Lack of hierarchical support, hostile behaviors and work intensity seem to play a critical role.

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Pride and Prejudice has remained one of the most popular literary since it was published due to the concept of shifting social structure. Marriage is one of the most critiqued concepts by different scholars, giving their views on what would be the implication portrayed by Elizabeth Bennet and her influence on Mr. Darcy to marry for love. Marriage is considered the central theme of the novel as different characters engaged in various types of relationships. Among the female characters, Elizabeth proves that wealth and social standing are not mandatory advantages in the intricate state of marriage. Appropriately, I shall frame my discussion of Elizabeth’s situation in the context of Feminist Literary Criticism Theory. The theory advocates for a paradigm shift in women’s position in society. The research argues that Elizabeth is a forerunner of change. She survives the afflictions women faced in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in a male-dominated culture. Elizabeth contradicts other women characters in the novel who are more accustomed to social formalities. As a harbinger of change, she advocates for a feminist mindset and a transformation of the roles and positions of women in society. The multifaceted role that she plays in the novel normalizes the ideology that women deserve the same treatment as men and that they too can achieve their goals by deviating from gender norms imposed by traditions. / <p>Slutgiltigt godkännandedatum: 2022-11-14</p>