Hållbar utveckling delas upp i tre områden, ekologisk hållbarhet, social hållbarhet och ekonomisk hållbarhet. Dessa tre kompletterar och stödjer varandra. Grön Flagg är ett verktyg som är till stor hjälp för pedagoger på olika nivåer inom förskolan och skolan för att öka barnens förståelse för sambandet mellan naturen och ett hållbart samhälle i framtiden. Målet med min undersökning var att ta reda på hur förskolorna arbetar med Grön Flagg. Rapporten handlar om hur erfarna pedagoger hjälper barn i förskoleåldern förstå naturens möjligheter genom lek och övningar, samt förstå sambandet mellan naturen och ett hållbart samhälle. / Sustainable development is divided into three areas, ecological, social and economic sustainability. These three are complementing and supporting each other. The ”Green Flag” method is a tool which is very helpful for teachers at different levels of pre-school and school, to enhance children's understanding of the relationship between nature and a sustainable society in the future. The goal of my research was to find out how preschools work with the ”Green Flag method. This report deals with how experienced educators are helping preschool children to understand nature's opportunities through play and exercises. As well as understanding the connection between nature and a sustainable society and its importance to gain a sustainable society for all.

Den här studiens syfte är att undersöka hur förskolan arbetar med Grön flagg och om det finns likheter och skillnader med arbetssättet mellan olika förskolor. Fem pedagoger från olika förskolor intervjuades och observationer genomfördes i två av förskolorna. Resultatet som framgick var att pedagogernas arbetssätt var i enlighet med organisationen Grön flaggs uppsatta mål med teman och delmål. Förskolornas arbete fungerade bra och pedagogerna upplevde Grön flagg som ett positivt miljöutbildningsprogram. Samtliga pedagoger var överens om att hållbar utveckling är ett viktigt ämne att arbeta med i förskolan eftersom ett sunt hållbart förhållningssätt ligger i tiden. Barnen är vår framtid och det är de som kan göra en betydande insats och skillnad. Barns delaktighet och pedagogernas syn på barns lärande ses som grundläggande byggstenar i arbetet. Det framgick även skillnader mellan förskolorna i studien, då tiden som läggs ner på Grön flagg varierade. / This study aim to find out how preschool works with Green flag and if there are similarities and differences in approach between different preschools. Five teachers from differentpre-schools interviewed and observations were made in two of the pre-schools. The result showed that teachers' practices were in accordance with the organization Green Flagg's goals with the theme and sub-goals. Preschool work went well and the teachers experienced Green flag as a positive environmental education program. All teachers agreed that sustainable development is an important topic to work with preschool, because a healthy and sustainable approach is seen as important in today´s society. Children are our future and they are the ones who can make a significant contribution and difference. Children's participation and teachers' views on children's learning is seen as fundamental building blocks of the work. The study also showed differences between the pre-schools according time spent on Green flag, witch between the pre-schools.

The role of logistics has, over the last decade, evolved into a significant determinant in the operations of businesses. Increased efficiency and reduced operational costs can be established through a well-operated transportation system. Due to societies increased awareness for environmental issues, the logistics industry has been affected, which has led to a demand for development. Therefore, the concept of green logistics has become more common in the transportation industry. However, in South Africa this concept is lessestablished and there is a need to investigate managerial perceptions further. This research investigates green logistics, as perceived by managers in the transportation industry in South Africa. This thesis aims to study green logistics activities in South Africa at large transportation companies. The authors explore the current green logistic activities at the transportationcompanies, the managerial perceptions regarding green logistics, and their views of incentives and barriers to its implementation. The literature review presents the major theories and concepts included in green logistics. This section will present the reader with a deeper knowledge of sustainability, the triple bottom line, green logistics, and strategic environmental environment. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were used in this study. Six companies were interviewed and one South African logistical researcher. Secondary data was also used to get a deeper understanding of green logistics in South Africa. Interviews were held at the headquarters of the transportation companies, which were all resided in Johannesburg. Three international companies, three domestic companies (all with global operations), and one logistics researcher were interviewed. This gave the authors well-rounded empirical findings. The results from the interviews were divided into three categories: responsibility, green logistics activities, and managerial perceptions. The analysis provided many incentives and barriers of green logistics in South Africa, as well as a deeper understanding of the managerial perceptions. The study shows that green logistics is currently implemented, to a certain extent in South Africa. However, the paper identifies areas were it can be improved upon. The authors can conclude that the economical factor is a driving force within the triple bottom when implementing green logistics. Another interesting factor described in the conclusion is the importance of communicating green initiatives internally and externally. Conclusively, further recommendations regarding green logistic practices in South Africa are acknowledged.

ABSTRACT This pilot study examines the knowledge about tree root systems amongst five tree planting professionals. The aim is to find out the professionals’ collective knowledge of the nature of root systems of various trees used in green areas. Furthermore; to explore how the professionals adapt landscaped green areas to the tree root properties in a sustainable manner. Questions: Which tree species have special root properties to consider and how do the professionals utilize this knowledge? And: How do the professionals in general adjust planting according to the root systems of trees in areas to create sustainable green environments? Interviews with the professionals were performed. Four of the five interviewees expressed that they had no root systems in mind when they chose trees to an area. However they considered properties such as wet soil, clay soil, sandy soil and the urban environment when they decided on the trees for an area. The interviewees discussed 22 different trees and their root systems and what kind of adaptations in landscaping they would make for the special root features to create sustainable tree plantings. As a result of the information a list was compiled and the collective knowledge of landscaping amongst the professionals was gathered into themes. These themes were then divided in to four headings: nutrition, root ball, design and soil conditions. In addition, all of the interviewees agreed that the most important thing for tree planting is to select the right tree species for the right soil. / SAMMANFATTNING Syftet med den här intervjustudien är att ta reda på en grupp yrkesverksammas samlade kunskap om rotsystemens olika egenskaper hos träd och sedan utforska hur de yrkesverksamma anpassar anlagda gröna miljöer till trädens rotegenskaper på ett hållbart sätt. Fem personer som arbetar med trädplantering intervjuades för att besvara studiens tre frågeställningar om rotsystemen hos träd. De två första frågeställningarna gällde: Vilka träd har särskilda rotegenskaper att ta hänsyn till och vilka anpassningar i anläggandet gör yrkesverksamma för de respektive trädens rotsystem? Utifrån intervjusvaren sammanställdes en lista där 22 träd med särskilda rotegenskaper presenteras tillsammans med vilken typ av anpassning de yrkesverksamma rekommenderar. Den tredje och sista frågeställningen var; Hur arbetar de yrkesverksamma generellt med rotsystem hos träd i anläggningar för att skapa hållbara gröna miljöer? Frågeställningen utmynnade i fyra huvudområden som beskriver hur de yrkesverksamma arbetar med näring, rotklump, design och mark för att skapa hållbara gröna miljöer. Slutligen svarade fyra av de fem informanterna att de inte hade rotsystemet i tanke när de valde träd till en plats. Trots det tog alla hänsyn till egenskaper som t.ex. blöt mark, lerjord, sandjord och urban miljö när de valde träd till en plats. Därutöver var alla var överrens om att artvalet är viktigt när träd ska planteras i en anläggning, dvs. rätt träd på rätt jord.

There is an ongoing negative trend on pollinator abundance worldwide due to different threats that affect their health and living conditions, such as pathogens and parasites in combination with different types of habitat loss among other factors. In this study I investigate if road verges adjacent to cycle paths could be a suitable environment for bumblebees (Bombus spp.) to thrive. 13 sites were sampled to find out what kind of diversity of bumblebees and flowering plants this type of habitat could hold by observing different aspects, e.g. shade and vegetation coverage together with species diversity and abundance. The results showed that shade coverage had an effect on the flower diversity at the sites and also that bumblebee species diversity as well as bumblebee abundance got affected by the diversity of flowers.

We depend on the ecosystem services that nature provides, such as water and air purification. In cities, ecosystem services are decreasing because of anthropogenic activities. To avoid a further reduction in ecosystem services, it is necessary to start mapping ecosystem services. The aim of this study is to develop a GIS-based mapping methodology for these services and to validate this methodology by applying it to two urban areas in Varberg, Sweden. The urban ecosystem services we selected to map in this study are habitats, biodiversity, food production, freshwater, noise reduction, climate regulation, air filtration, pollination, social interactions and health. This study includes a literature review, a field study and a GIS-based working process containing geographic data in ArcMap 10.5.1. Thirteen different policy options, which increase ecosystem services, are listed in the report. The developed five-step methodology include processing, mapping, visualization and analysis. The results show that being able to map urban ecosystem services is a prerequisite to incorporating ecosystem services into city planning. The developed method can also help to map and protect ecosystem services in cities when new urban areas are developed and to promote a sustainable development.

In the societies of today there is a commercial requirement that companies take social responsibility. Companies that does not market their sustainability initiatives risk losing their competitiveness and thereby lose market shares. Many companies are therefore engaged in environmental- and societal issues and use them in their marketing. Problems arise when this kind of requirement on companies makes some actor takes shortcuts to appear more environmentally friendly than they really are, by using embellished and empty claims, which leads to a diminishing trust in green and sustainable products. A company portraying their CSR-work as better than it is called Greenwashing, which is what is underlying this paper. This study means to examine how companies communicate their environmental responsibility, how the communication is received by external stakeholders and if Greenwashing can be perceived. Guidelines for how to communicate green marketing will also be discussed.

I kombination med kommande klimatförändringar och städers ianspråktagande av markytor som resulterar i hårdgjorda ytor så skapas problem för marken att hantera naturlig infiltration av vatten. En av påföljderna är bland annat översvämningar. Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka hur motståndskraften för översvämningar, i samband med skyfall i Sveriges urbana områden, kan ökas genom fysisk planering och grön infrastruktur. Syftet är även att ta fram ett gestaltningsförslag för hur översvämningsrisken i ett specifikt område, Rönneholm i Malmö, kan minskas. Med hållbar utveckling och resiliens som teoretisk ram, undersöks Sveriges förhållandesätt till översvämningsrisker. Det undersöks även vilka åtgärder som går att implementera i urbana områden som ökar motståndskraften för översvämningar. Arbetet har baserats på metoderna kvalitativ textanalys och platsinventering som sedan presenteras i ett gestaltningsförslag. Fysisk planering förser flera nycklar till gröna lösningar. De lösningar och förslag som presenterats genom arbetet är goda förslag  på åtgärder som kan implementeras i befintliga och på nya områden som ökar motståndskraften för översvämningar.

The environmental issues have during the last decenniums gained an increased role in both the political arena and in the market economy. The society is therefore more knowledgeable about the environment and our impact on it. Through this enlightened state, stakeholders tend to put pressure on the organizations of today. They, more or less willingly, incorporate this responsibility to be a part of their business. Entrepreneurs in the environmental area have seen this rising market as an opportunity to gain market shares and other positive outcomes. Organizations can, not only take a responsibility for the environment but, make a profit out of such a commitment.  IT has become known as one of the contributors to facilitate the environmental impact, but much is left to be done, as IT equipment is one of the contributors to the damaging effects throughout its entire lifecycle. The study was conducted at Umeå Energi and was aiming towards an examination of their IT equipment and its environmental efficiency. Therefore, following questions were asked in this thesis: How environmental efficient is the IT equipment and the using of it in the organization today? What effects can different equipment and behavior lead to? Because of the opportunity to make the environmental work into a positive outcome another question where raised as well: Can the equipment and the using of it be environmental efficient and at the same time mean less expenditure? The study focused on the equipment in itself and the using of it. This was made through measuring of equipment and later on through a questionnaire survey. The results was then added together and analyzed in three different scenarios to illustrate the energy consumption of the equipment with the relation to the using of it. The result showed that both the equipment and the personnel working at Umeå Energi tended to be environmental inefficient. This led to establishing of proposals for changes and further work in this area.

Denna studie har genomförts som en del i Mistra Urban Futures projekt Grön Produktion. Projektet vill utveckla stadsodlingsprojekt och affärsidéer och har beslutat att göra detta genom att titta på områdena utbildning och affärsmodeller. Denna studie riktar sig mot området utbildning och har undersökt hur utbildning skulle kunna öka urban matproduktion för att bidra till skapandet av en ny matproduktionsnäring och samtidigt öka städers ekologiska hållbarhet. Frågeställningar som behandlades var hur en utbildning av urbana matproducenter skulle kunna stärka och lyfta befintlig matproduktion i städer till en ny matnäring, vilka kunskaper som urbana jordbrukare har och önskar samt vilka kunskaper som marknaden önskar. För att besvara detta genomfördes kvalitativa intervjuer av olika aktörer inom den potentiella matproduktionsnäringen; kommunen, odlare, handeln och restaurangbranschen. Svaren har sedan diskuterats mot relevant litteratur inom området. Studien visar att en yrkesutbildning har potential att öka intresset för urban matproduktion genom att legitimera urban matproducent som yrke samtidigt som det svarar mot nya behov som uppkommer på marknaden. Studien visar också att en utbildning behöver vara anpassningsbar för att kunna locka både erfarna och oerfarna urbana jordbrukare. För att kunna bidra till en ökad ekologisk hållbarhet behöver utbildningen innehålla kurser som lär ut miljövänliga odlingstekniker samtidigt som det behöver vara ett fokus på hög avkastning då tanken är att studenterna efter avslutad utbildning ska kunna jobba med kommersiell produktion. Om en utbildning av urbana matproducenter leder till en ökad urban matproduktion med fler grönytor i staden ökar stadens resiliens, både genom grönytornas buffrande förmåga vid klimatförändringar och genom att det skapar städer med en högre självförsörjningsgrad. Ett kommersiellt urbant jordbruk kan komplettera det rurala jordbruket genom att utöka utbudet och tillgången till färska produkter med en kortare hållbarhet.