<p>Maize is a major calorie source for people living in Sub-Sahara Africa. In this region, <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> causes ear rot diseases in maize, contributing to food insecurity due to aflatoxin contamination. The biological control principle of competitive exclusion has been applied in both the United States and Africa to effectively reduce aflatoxin levels in maize at harvest by introducing atoxigenic strains that out-compete toxigenic strains. The goal of this study was to determine if the efficacy of preharvest biocontrol treatments carry over into the drying period, which is often delayed in Sub-Sahara Africa by the complexities of postharvest drying practices and lack of modern drying machinery. Maize was collected from fields in Texas and North Carolina that were treated with commercial biocontrol, and control fields that were untreated. To simulate moisture conditions similar to those experienced by farmers during drying in Sub-Sahara Africa, we adjusted the grain to 20% moisture content and incubated it at 28 ℃ for 6 days. Although the initial number of infected kernels in most samples were high, less than 24% of kernels were infected with <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> and aflatoxin levels were low (<4ppb). Both toxigenic and atoxigenic strains increased and spread through the grain over the incubation period, and aflatoxin levels increased, even in samples from biocontrol-treated fields. Our molecular analysis suggests that applied biocontrol strains from treated fields migrate to untreated fields. The results also indicate that the population of toxigenic <i>A. flavus</i> in the harvested grain will grow and produce aflatoxin during the drying period when moisture is high. Therefore, any potential postharvest reduction in aflatoxin accumulation will depend on how effective the biocontrol strain was at displacing the toxigenic populations prior to harvest.</p>

Não consta resumo na publicação. / Abstract not available.

This paper deals with the subject of expressions of masculinity in relation to nationalism and citi-zenship, focusing on how these expressions played a role in the shaping of the masculine ideal in the Civil Guard in Vaasa and Västerbotten's Shooting Association during the period of 1918 to 1944. The focus of the study lies on how masculinity, nationalism, and citizenship were connected in the two movements and how they contributed to an idea of an ideal masculinity and a male role as defender and protector of the nation. To accomplish this George L. Mosses’ theory of the evolu-tion of a modern masculine stereotype has been applied, in connection with theoretical concepts of nationalism and citizenship. The material has been subjected to a qualitative analysis with a herme-neutic approach, to be able to interpret and understand it in relation to the above mentioned theoreti-cal concepts. A comparative method has also been applied to the material, to enable placing these two local groups in a larger context by comparing them to one another. This paper argues that these two groups were based on an ideal of the masculine protector and citizen of the nation. A strong sense of duty to the nation followed closely the idea of a male citizen, whose task of maintaining skills of shooting and bodily fitness played a role in creating the ideal man of the nation. The three concepts of masculinity, nationalism, and citizenship played a crucial role in this process and there-fore they were interrelated. This study shows that shooting was viewed as preparation for war in a politically unstable environment during the examined time period. In both movements, the fear of conflict and/or war was present in varying degrees and the general political situation in Europe gave rise to a strong sense of vigilance. Class conflict was present in both countries and affected the two groups as well, though the situation in Finland was more on edge and culminated in the Finnish Civil War of 1918. Shooting was a way of creating strong, able, and well-adjusted citizens. It was also important that young boys and men were introduced to shooting in particular and sports in gen-eral. The Swedes and the Finns in their respective groups arranged shooting competitions together and established a close contact with one another in some form of mutual exchange. Efforts were made in shaping the male body both on the inside and outside, especially in the Finnish group where bodily strength and appearance was of great importance.

Submitted by Eunice Novais (enovais@uepg.br) on 2017-09-13T22:06:13Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Joao Paulo Landro Almeida.pdf: 9237458 bytes, checksum: f58c4f8b17aa4f39f8dcad44552bd8bf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-13T22:06:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Joao Paulo Landro Almeida.pdf: 9237458 bytes, checksum: f58c4f8b17aa4f39f8dcad44552bd8bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A pesquisa compreende como se articulam os significados de feminilidades e as espacialidades nas memórias das alunas egressas da Escola de Guardas Mirins 'Tenente Antônio João', na Cidade de Ponta Grossa, Paraná. Esta instituição foi criada na década de sessenta pelo senhor Epaminondas Xavier de Barros, com o propósito de possibilitar a acensão social de meninos, contando com o apoio de diversas pessoas e organizações da sociedade. A escola incorporou em sua organização elementos do espiritismo kardecista, militarismo e da maçonaria, as quais se colocaram dentre colaboradores para a fundação e manutenção da mesma. Ideias e ideais advindas destes grupos, fazem parte da composição do aparato metodológico institucional, que defende os elementos estudar, trabalhar e progredir como trinômio base para a formação e convívio em sociedade das pessoas assistidas. Esta ideia linear acendente, pelas espacialidades da instituição conectase a formação moral, baseada no trinômio disciplina, hierarquia e evangelização Crista e por elementos conectados ao ideal de liberdade, igualdade e fraternidade. No decorrer da história deste espaço, diversas foram as alterações para manter e ampliar o caráter assistencial de apoio a crianças e adolescentes em situação de vulnerabilidade social, dentre elas está a inclusão de meninas como discentes, onze anos posteriores a sua criação. As espacialidades desta instituição em seu funcionamento como contraturno social, evidenciou no início deste século, meninas ocuparem o comando da hierarquia militarizada organizacional de discentes. Assim, estas espacialidades criadas para meninos, possibilitam a constituição de feminilidades específicas, arreigadas por regras de controle que se respeitadas com performances condizentes com o de guarda mirim, possibilitam ocupar a centralidade nas relações de poder que constituem este espaço. Apresenta-se pelas lembranças guardadas nas memórias das alunas egressas como espaço complexo, performático e paradoxal, uma conjuntura aberta para a constituição de múltiplas feminilidades, onde a emoção toma conta da ressignificação conflitando, passado, presente e futuro destas guardas mirins. / The research includes how to articulate the meanings of Femininities and espacialidades in the memories of the young egressas from School of Guards Guards 'Tenente Antônio João', in the city of Ponta Grossa, Paraná. This institution was created in the 1960s by Mr Epaminondas Xavier de Barros, with the purpose to enable the social acensão of boys, with the support of various people and organizations in society. The school has incorporated into its organization elements of the Spiritism Kardecist, militarism and of freemasonry, which arose among employees for the foundation and maintenance of same. Ideas and ideals that come from these groups, are part of the composition of the methodological apparatus, which advocates the study, work and progress as a trinomial base for training and socialising in the company of people assisted. This idea acendente linear, by espacialidades the institution connects the moral formation, based on the trinomial discipline, hierarchy and evangelization Crest and by elements connected to the ideal of liberty, equality and fraternity. In the course of history in this space, several changes have been to maintain and expand the character of support for children and adolescents in situation of social vulnerability, among them is the inclusion of girls as learners, eleven years after its creation. The espacialidades of this institution in its operation as contraturno, revealed at the beginning of this century, girls occupy the command of the hierarchy militarised organizational learners. Thus, these espacialidades created for boys, enable the constitution of femininities specific, established by rules of control that if met with performances consistent with the corps mirim, allow occupy the central place in power relations that constitute this space. It is presented by the memories stored in the memories of the young egressas as space complex, performing and paradoxical, an environment open to the establishment of multiple femininities, where emotion takes care of resignification conflitando, past, present and future of these young guards.

Nos últimos anos notou-se um aumento significativo no número de fraturas faciais em atividades desportivas. Como o osso nasal está na zona de fragilidade da face, é um dos mais afetados por acidentes desportivos. Uma das soluções para evitar a fratura ou refratura é usar um protetor nasal na prática desportiva. Até o presente momento não existe nenhuma normatização em relação à confecção de protetores nasais para esporte. Além disso, não há estudo sistemático que tenha avaliado o desenho e a combinação de materiais em protetores nasais. A hipótese deste trabalho é que uma proteção eficiente é conseguida com protetores nasais confeccionados com uma lâmina de EVA (copolímero de etileno e acetato de vinila) flexível de dois milímetros sobreposta por uma lâmina de EVA rígida de um milímetro (chamado aqui de P1). Para verificar esta hipótese foi realizado estudo através de análise em elementos finitos. O EVA flexível é um material hiperelástico, que obedece ao modelo de Ogden, já o EVA rígido obedece ao modelo de Von Mises. Para utilização desses modelos várias constantes precisaram ser determinadas com auxílio de testes mecânicos de compressão. Para o tecido mole (também modelado como Ogden) e osso (modelo elástico linear) foram utilizados parâmetros da literatura. Uma vez determinadas as constantes para os modelos dos materiais envolvidos, foi possível comparar a eficiência do protetor nasal proposto em modelo de geometria mais complexa, representativa da realidade, obtida através de escaneamento e tomografia computadorizada. Para que a resposta virtual em elementos finitos simule a realidade de uma situação de impacto, a análise foi, ainda, não-linear e dinâmica. Os resultados mostraram que a hipótese foi confirmada, o protetor nasal P1 mostrou ser eficiente para a proteção dos ossos nasais. / In recent years there has been an increase in the number of facial fractures in sports activities. As the nasal bone is in the weakness zone of the face, is one of the most affected by sports accidents. One of the solutions to avoid fracture or refracture is to use a nose guard when practicing sports. Up to date there is no standardization in relation to the manufacture of nasal guards for sports. Moreover, there is no systematic study evaluating the design and combination of materials in nasal guards. The hypothesis of this work is that effective protection is achieved with nasal guards made of a two-millimeter flexible sheet of EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) overlaid by an one-millimeter layer of rigid EVA(here called P1). To verify this hypothesis a study was accomplished through finite element analysis. The flexible EVA is a hyperelastic material, which follows Ogdens model, while the rigid EVA follows Von Mises´ model. In order to use these models, several constants had to be determined with the aid of mechanical compression tests. For soft tissue (Ogden model) and bones (linear elastic model) the necessary constants were obtained from literature. Once determined the constants for all considered materials, it was possible to compare the efficiency of the proposed nasal guard with a more complex geometry model, representative of reality, achieved by scans and tomography. In order to obtain virtual finite element response that mimitate the real impact situation, the analyses were necessarily non-linear and dynamic. The results showed that the hypothesis was confirmed, the P1 nasal guard was effective for the protection of the nasal bones.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Essa dissertação, que se organiza a partir de três eixos temáticos - a memória, envelhecimento e samba -, foi realizada, sobretudo, a partir da observação do cotidiano de um grupo específico: os idosos que fazem parte da ala da Velha Guarda das escolas de samba do Rio de Janeiro. O objetivo primordial é verificar como esse grupo se constitui a partir de múltiplos trabalhos da memória como guardiões das tradições do samba carioca. Para isso, dividimos o trabalho em quatro capítulos, cada um deles enfocando um dos significantes da pesquisa. Assim, no primeiro apresentamos o objeto central, no caso, os dez idosos pertencentes à Velha Guarda e que foram entrevistados, a partir dos pressupostos teóricos da História Oral, e que vão construindo narrativas significativas do si e do outro em torno da de um território específico, o mundo do samba. Nos capítulos subsequentes a questão teórica do envelhecimento e da memória é construída de maneira entrelaçada mais uma vez a partir de fragmentos narrativos dos idosos. Como metodologia privilegiada, além das técnicas de entrevista da História Oral, utilizamos os pressupostos da análise etnográfica. As histórias de vida são compostas ao lado da observação participante em diversas reuniões realizadas pelos idosos, sobressaindo-se aquelas de caráter festivo. As festas que organizam semanalmente, constituindo em lugares de práticas de sociabilidades particulares, são o ponto alto da aplicação da metodologia, feita através da observação participante e da construção de diários de campo. Além disso, tivemos a preocupação de registrar em imagens esses momentos, figurando elas no trabalho não como meras ilustrações, mas como uma narrativa peculiar desses momentos significantes dos idosos em sua relação com a memória e o samba. / This dissertation, which is organized through three themes - memory, aging and samba, was conducted above all starting from observing the everyday of a particular group: elderly people who are part of the Old Guard wing of the samba schools of Rio de Janeiro. The main purpose is to see how this group constitutes itself from multiple memory work as guardians of the traditions of samba carioca. For this, we divide the work into four chapters, each one of them focused on one of the research objects. Thus, we first present in the central object, in this case, the ten seniors belonging to the Old Guard and who were interviewed, from the theoretical presuppositions of Oral History, and narratives that are building significant other and the other around a territory specifically, the world of samba. In subsequent chapters the theoretical question of aging and memory is constructed so interwoven once more narrative from fragments of the elderly. As a privileged methodology, beyond the techniques of oral history interview, we used the presuppositions of ethnographic analysis. Life stories are composed alongside participant observation in various meetings held by the elderly, standing up for those festive character. The feasts that organize weekly, forming in places of particular practices of sociability, are the high point of application of the methodology, made through participant observation and construction of field diaries. Furthermore, the concern had of registering images in these moments, figuring them in the work not as mere illustrations, but as a peculiar narrative of these significant moments of the elderly in their relation to memory and samba.

<p>Maritim säkerhet har sedan terrorattentatet i New York 2001-09-11 varit ett begrepp utan en tydlig definition. Trots detta används det frekvent i Sverige när frågor angående säkerhet till havs diskuteras. Utgångspunkten i uppsatsen är en egen definition av begreppet och hur hoten bör hanteras. I likhet med det vidgade säkerhetsbegreppet krävs samarbete mellan civila och militära aktörer. Det för att uppnå de mål som sätts upp i Sveriges säkerhetspolitik angående säkerhet på den maritima arenan. Maritim säkerhet hanteras bäst med närvaro till sjöss av statliga enheter med befogenhet att agera. I denna uppsats undersöks Sveriges säkerhetspolitiska mål angående säkerhet på den maritima arenan. Därefter undersöks hur målen används till styrning av Kustbevakningen och Försvarsmakten och vidare hur de omsättsi interna dokument hos aktörerna. Undersökningen visar att det genomgående, från politiska mål till styrningar av Försvarsmakten och Kustbevakningen, talas om samarbete, samverkan och närvaro till sjöss. Ordet samarbete nämns dock inte lika frekvent i styrningarna inom Marinen och Kustbevakningen. Det finns dock flera anledningar till varför det inte finns ett operativt samarbete. Dels på grund av rådande lagstiftning, dels till följd av relationen mellan myndigheterna. Dessa kan göra att det operativa samarbetet inte utvecklas i linje med de politiska målen.</p> / <p>Maritime security has since the attack in New York 2001-09-11 been a concept without a clear definition. In spite of this, it is frequently used when questions about security in the maritime arena is discussed. The starting point of this essay is a definition of the concept and how it is best handled. As in accordance with the broader security concept it takes cooperation between civil and military actors. This in order to achieve the goals set in the Swedish security policy regarding security in the maritime arena. Maritime security is best handled by ships in governmental service, such as the Coast Guard and the Royal Swedish Navy, which has the authority to act against crimes at sea. This essay examines Swedish security policy and its objectives regarding maritime security, how these are drafted into regulations for the Coast Guard and the Armed forces and further more how these are translated into internal documents by the actors. The survey shows that overall, from political objectives down to guidelines for the Coast Guard and the Armed forces, the words cooperation, collaboration and presence at sea are occurring. However, cooperation and collaboration are not as frequently used in the internal guidelines. The current laws make it hard for the Coast Guard and the Navy to cooperate. Although this is not the only reason, further cooperation is hampered by the relationship between the authorities, the perception of them selves and of each other. Because of this the cooperation is not progressing as the political aims intend to.</p>

Maritim säkerhet har sedan terrorattentatet i New York 2001-09-11 varit ett begrepp utan en tydlig definition. Trots detta används det frekvent i Sverige när frågor angående säkerhet till havs diskuteras. Utgångspunkten i uppsatsen är en egen definition av begreppet och hur hoten bör hanteras. I likhet med det vidgade säkerhetsbegreppet krävs samarbete mellan civila och militära aktörer. Det för att uppnå de mål som sätts upp i Sveriges säkerhetspolitik angående säkerhet på den maritima arenan. Maritim säkerhet hanteras bäst med närvaro till sjöss av statliga enheter med befogenhet att agera. I denna uppsats undersöks Sveriges säkerhetspolitiska mål angående säkerhet på den maritima arenan. Därefter undersöks hur målen används till styrning av Kustbevakningen och Försvarsmakten och vidare hur de omsättsi interna dokument hos aktörerna. Undersökningen visar att det genomgående, från politiska mål till styrningar av Försvarsmakten och Kustbevakningen, talas om samarbete, samverkan och närvaro till sjöss. Ordet samarbete nämns dock inte lika frekvent i styrningarna inom Marinen och Kustbevakningen. Det finns dock flera anledningar till varför det inte finns ett operativt samarbete. Dels på grund av rådande lagstiftning, dels till följd av relationen mellan myndigheterna. Dessa kan göra att det operativa samarbetet inte utvecklas i linje med de politiska målen. / Maritime security has since the attack in New York 2001-09-11 been a concept without a clear definition. In spite of this, it is frequently used when questions about security in the maritime arena is discussed. The starting point of this essay is a definition of the concept and how it is best handled. As in accordance with the broader security concept it takes cooperation between civil and military actors. This in order to achieve the goals set in the Swedish security policy regarding security in the maritime arena. Maritime security is best handled by ships in governmental service, such as the Coast Guard and the Royal Swedish Navy, which has the authority to act against crimes at sea. This essay examines Swedish security policy and its objectives regarding maritime security, how these are drafted into regulations for the Coast Guard and the Armed forces and further more how these are translated into internal documents by the actors. The survey shows that overall, from political objectives down to guidelines for the Coast Guard and the Armed forces, the words cooperation, collaboration and presence at sea are occurring. However, cooperation and collaboration are not as frequently used in the internal guidelines. The current laws make it hard for the Coast Guard and the Navy to cooperate. Although this is not the only reason, further cooperation is hampered by the relationship between the authorities, the perception of them selves and of each other. Because of this the cooperation is not progressing as the political aims intend to.

No description available.

Studien syftar till att erhålla en djupare förståelse om hur ordningsvakters uppfattningar om hur deras yrkes– och privatroll ser ut. Vidare är syftet att ta reda på hur våld och hot hindrar utförandet av en framgångsrik vaktroll. Metoden vi har använt oss av var semistrukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer med åtta ordningsvakter. Studiens resultat tyder på att yrkes– och privatlivet utgör två separata sfärer. Förekomsten av hot och våld formar en yrkesroll där det interna samarbetet är det centrala. / The study aims to obtain a deeper understanding of how the opinions of security guards differ between their professional and the private roles that they occupy. Furthermore the purpose is to find out how violence and threats prevent the performance of a successful guard role. The method we have used was qualitative semi-structured interviews with eight security guards. The result of the study suggests that the professional life and the personal life may form two separate spheres. The presence of threats and violence shapes a professional role where the internal cooperation is the main key.