Despite an international interest in flamenco music, there has not been much analytical work on the genre. In fact, flamenco music has only recently started to be notated, let alone be analyzed by music theorists. Due to its multi-cultural influence, flamenco music incorporates characteristics and trends from both Eastern and Western societies. Although its melodies are fundamentally derived from the Phrygian mode, the flamenco style includes alterations that create symmetrical pitch collections. In Concerto del Fuego, composer Loris O. Chobanian expands upon the Eastern and Western traditions by writing a twentieth-century concert piece that combines the flamenco harmonic and melodic language within a concert setting. The purpose of this document is to demonstrate how Loris O. Chobanian successfully exploits symmetrical collections that are inherent in traditional flamenco scales and cadences to create a concert piece.

Studiens syfte är att se ifall det är möjligt att under en kortare tid bli en bättre a-vistaläsare. För att undersöka detta har jag under en åttaveckorsperiod övat a-vista 15 minuter per dag, med hjälp av en bok just för a-vistaläsning. Ett urval av dessa övningstillfällen har jag videofilmat. Jag har också använt mig av loggbok för att dokumentera mina upplevelser av min egen process. Som teoretisk utgångspunkt har jag valt ett multimodalt designteoretiskt perspektiv. I resultatet visas hur olika resurser hanteras, samt hur progression i lärandet har varit. Det framkommer att jag under denna period har lärt mig att läsa a-vista bättre än innan. Jag använde mig av kroppsliga resurser i ganska stor utsträckning då jag övade a-vistaläsning. I diskussionen beskriver jag utifrån det designteoretiska perspektivet hur förutsättningarna utifrån den valda boken har varit, samt vilka resurser som användes vid lärandet. / The purpose of this study is to find out if it is possible to become better at sight-reading melodies during a shorter period, in this case eight weeks with 15 minutes of daily training. With a video recorder, I have documented a selection of daily training sessions based on a book that specifically focuses on sight-reading melodies. Furthermore, I have written a logbook to document my personal experiences during the process. Theoretical perspective is design theory. The results shows how different resources are handled, and the learning progression of the process are described. It appears that I during this period, have become better at sight-reading melodies and it is also clear that I use bodily resources quite a lot while practicing sight-reading. Lastly, in the last chapter I discuss the preconditions given by the book and what resources that has been created during my learning period.

The purpose of this study is to explore how arpeggioexcercises used as a method for studying improvisation is experienced. Research questions are: What is my attention directed towards when performing the exercise? What benefit for my improvising can there be by using arpeggioexercises? To investigate this, I have done eight practice sessions of one hour each where an arpeggioexercise is used to study a song. All sessions are ended with audio logs where I reflect on how things have gone during the practice session. I have also made two improvisations on the selected song, one before the practice sessions implementing the exercise and after. Regarding the processing of data, I have chosen a phenomenological perspective as a theoretical standpoint. The result shows what has been in my consciousness during the process of practicing and how my improvising has changed. The results first theme "Study Process" describes arpeggio as studying method. This theme is given the categories "Progression", "Detection of problems," "Mechanical exercise". In the second theme, "Improvised solos," describes the benefits of using arpeggios as a method of studying improvisation. Categories are here " Approach to the tonal and harmonic structures", "Rule-breaking approach". During the process, it appears that I have learned some new patterns and that I am more aware of what I do when I improvise. Meanwhile, the process proved to be exhausting. / Syftet med föreliggande studie är att utforska hur en specifik arpeggioövning som instuderingsmetod för improvisation erfars. Forskningsfrågor är: Vad riktar jag min uppmärksamhet mot i samband med övandet av arpeggion? Vad för nytta kan det finnas med arpeggioövning för när jag improviserar? För att undersöka detta har jag lagt upp 8 övningspass på en timme vardera där arpeggioövning används för att studera en låt. Alla övningstillfällen har avslutats med ljudloggar där jag reflekterar över hur det har gått under övningspasset. Dessutom har jag gjort 2 improvisationer över vald låt, en innan övningspassens genomförande och en efter. Som teoretisk utgångspunkt har jag valt ett fenomenologiskt perspektiv. I resultatet visas vad som har förekommit i mitt medvetande under instuderingsprocessen och hur mitt improviserande förändrats. Resultatets första tema ”Instuderingsprocessen” beskriver arpeggio som instuderingsmetod och mina tankar kring den. Under detta tema ges kategorierna ”Progression”, ”Uppdagande av problem”, ”Mekanisk övning”. I det andra temat, ”Improviserade solon”, beskrivs hur arpeggio som metod kommer till användning vid improvisation. Kategorier är här ”Förhållning till tonala och harmoniska strukturer”, ”Regelbrytande förhållningssätt”. Under processens gång framkommer att jag lärt mig en del nya mönster och att jag är mer medveten om vad jag gör när jag improviserar samtidigt som instuderingsprocessen visat sig vara utmattande.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur tre olika gitarrlärare upplever att gitarrens asymmetri- samt matrisegenskap kan påverka elevers förståelse för greppbrädan och musikteori. Syftet är också att undersöka hur lärarna relaterar musikteori till greppbrädan, hur de använder sig av olika mönster och visualiseringstekniker - så som CAGED-systemet, ett system som är baserat på de öppna ackorden C, A, G, E och D - och vilka verktyg de använder för att visa hur teoretiska kunskaper kan omsättas i praktiken. I den tidigare forskningen och gitarr-metodböckerna, som denna uppsats presenterar, avslöjas motsättningar om hur gitarrister bör visualisera mönster på greppbrädan, vad konsekvenserna är när tillförlitligheten till det motoriska minnet är för stort, om CAGED-systemet är bra eller dåligt för att visualisera ackord samt skalor över greppbrädan, hur mönster som t.ex. ackorddiagram ska användas etc. Gitarrlärarnas åsikter om uppsatsens ämne är erhållna via semi - strukturerade intervjuer. Lärarna har undervisat i elgitarr- samt akustisk gitarr på olika lärosäten som t.ex. kommunala musikskolan, studieförbund, gymnasium, högskola etc. Genom intervjuerna avslöjas det att ingen av de tre lärarna begrundar särskilt mycket över asymmetri- samt matrisegenskapen och hur egenskaperna möjligtvis kan påverka elevers förståelse för greppbrädan. Lärarnas musikteoriundervisning tar heller inte upp en stor del av deras lektionstimmar. Däremot bekräftar två av gitarrlärarna, samt den tidigare forskningen, att brukandet av mönster som t.ex. ackorddiagram, grepptabeller, CAGED-systemet m.m. uppmanar gitarrister att förlita sig, i alltför hög grad, på sitt motoriska minne. Detta kan undergräva gitarristers förståelse för greppbrädan. Gitarrlärare bör vara medvetna om detta problem för att deras elever skall kunna utvecklas som gitarrister och musiker. Kritik kan riktas mot några av de olika litterära texter som har använts i denna uppsats eftersom de inte har genomgått någon referentgranskning. Lärarnas expertis angående uppsatsens frågor kan kritiseras och varför lärarna valdes för denna studie kan därför ifrågasättas. Dock, när det gäller valet av informanterna, så finns det – som i all kvalitativ forskning – en fråga kring hur generella uppsatsens slutsatser är och därför, i framtiden kanske slumpmässiga val av informanter är nödvändiga. / The purpose of this essay is to investigate how three different guitar teachers think the asymmetry and matrix property of the guitar may affect students' understanding of the fretboard and ability to analyse music. The purpose is also to investigate how the teachers relate music theory to the fretboard, if they teach their students different visualisation techniques and patterns - like the CAGED system, a system which is based on the major chords C, A, G, E and D in the open position - and which tools they use to demonstrate how theoretical knowledge can be used in practice. In the previous studies and guitar method books, which this essay introduces, contradictions are revealed about how guitarists should learn, visualise, and play the instrument; what the consequences are when the dependence of the motor memory is too excessive; if the CAGED-system is good or bad for visualising chords and scales; how patterns like chord diagrams should be used etc. The guitar teachers' opinions about the issues, that this essay addresses, are obtained through semi - structured interviews. The teachers have taught guitar in different types of schools, such as municipal music school, adult school, high school, college etc. Through the interviews it is revealed that none of the three teachers contemplate very much on the asymmetry and matrix property, how the properties may affect students’ understanding of the fretboard, and the teachers’ music theory education doesn't take up a large part of their teaching hours. However, two of the guitar teachers, and the previous studies, confirm that the use of patterns exhorts guitarists to rely, to an excessive degree, on their motor memory. This may undermine guitar students’ understanding of the fretboard. Guitar teachers should be aware of this problem for their students to develop as guitarists and musicians. Criticism can be directed towards some of the various literary writings that have been used in the essay, because they have not been peer reviewed. The teachers’ expertness on this essay’s topic can be criticised and therefore, why the teachers were chosen for this study may also be questioned. However, with respect to the selection of the informants, there is – as in all qualitative research – a question of how general the essay’s conclusions are and in future research maybe a method of randomness in the selection of the informants should be used.

Cette thèse tâche d’établir le rôle exact qu’a joué la notation dite alfabeto dans le développement de la pensée harmonique en Italie dans la première moitié du XVIIe siècle. Destiné à communiquer les doigtés sur le manche d’une guitare, l’alfabeto exprime la tablature d’un doigté à l’aide d’une lettre de l’alphabet. Il permet donc un regard privilégié sur l’harmonisation des lignes de basse de l’époque — par le biais de ces accords, qui prennent la place d’une série d’intervalles verticaux. De même, il fournit des informations importantes sur la transposition, autant au niveau théorique que pratique. Une partie du travail cherche à décortiquer le réseau de concordances entre les quatre types de sources qui comprennent de l’alfabeto. Enfin, une analyse statistique examine en détail les éléments de la syntaxe harmonique présente dans ces sources. / This thesis seeks to establish the role played by alfabeto notation in the development of harmonic thought in Italy in the first half of the 17th century. Alfabeto communicated guitar-fretboard fingerings by connecting the tablature for the fingerings to the letters of the alphabet. The system allows us to examine the harmonization of bass lines in early Italian monody via chords rather than the stacks of intervals of figured bass. It also supplies useful information on the theory and practice of transposition in the period. Part of the thesis is given to examining the complicated network of concordances between the four principle types of source using alfabeto. A final statistical analysis examines the constituent elements of harmonic syntax as they appear in selected sources.

Orientador: Dorotéa Machado Kerr / Banca: Lina Ribeiro de Noronha / Banca: Giacomo Bartoloni / Banca: Gilson Antunes / Banca: Alexandre Francischini / Resumo: O presente trabalho descreveu o percurso histórico do violão, utilizado como instrumento executor do repertório erudito. Procuramos compreender como se deu o fenômeno de inserção do violão nos ambientes de concerto e nas instituições formais de ensino. Para tanto, realizamos uma pesquisa documental, seguida de uma pesquisa de reminiscências. A primeira parte da tese trata dos aspectos socioculturais do modernismo no Brasil. No momento posterior, avaliei as possíveis aproximações entre as teorias modernistas e a produção de obras para violão erudito. Ao final, procurei elencar algumas personagens significativas para a história do violão erudito, sobretudo professores. Pude concluir que o processo a utilização do violão como instrumento erudito ocorreu gradativamente, e teve resistência por parte da população e dos órgãos de imprensa. Essa resistência diminuiu por alguns fatores: a realização de transcrições para violão de obras canônicas do repertório europeu; a presença de violonistas estrangeiros, que trouxeram ao país a cultura do violão erudito; o adensamento das atividades de concertistas brasileiros no exterior; a formalização do ensino de violão erudito nas escolas, conservatórios e universidades. / Abstract: The present work describes the historical course of the guitar, used as an instrument for the classical repertoire. Our attempt was to understand how the insertion of the guitar occurred in concert environments and in formal educational institutions. To do so, we performed a research based on documents, followed by a research of reminiscences. The first part of the thesis presents the socio-cultural aspects of modernism in Brazil. Afterwards, I evaluated the possible approximations between the modernist theories and the production of works for erudite guitar. Finally, I tried to list some significant characters for the history of the erudite guitar, especially teachers. I could conclude that the process the use of the guitar as an erudite instrument occurred gradually, and there were resistances by the population and the press. This resistance was reduced by some factors: the transcriptions for guitar of canonical works of the European repertoire; The presence of foreign guitarists, who brought to the country the culture of the erudite guitar; The thickening of Brazilian guitarists' activities abroad; The formalization of the teaching of learned guitar in schools, conservatories and universities. / Doutor

Esta dissertação apresenta doze transcrições, realizadas pelo próprio autor, de obras selecionadas de Maurice Ravel e Claude Debussy. A realização das transcrições teve como referencial teórico a análise de duas das mais importantes transcrições da história do violão: - Siete Canciones Populares Españolas - original de Manuel de Falla para piano e voz, transcritas para violão e voz por Miguel Llobet - Venetian Gondola Song - original de Felix Mendelssohn para piano (livro I das Canções sem palavras, op. 19), transcrita por Francisco Tárrega O livro Guidelines for Style Analysis, de Jan LARUE foi o referencial teórico para as análises musicais. Os comentários analíticos se restringem à sua relação com os processos de transcrição. A arte da transcrição está diretamente associada ao violão e seu desenvolvimento. Uma perspectiva da história da transcrição para violão a partir do final do século XIX é apresentada e discutida. Soma-se a esta discussão a figura de Franz Liszt, um dos principais transcritores (para piano) da história da música. As transcrições são analisadas a fim de se abordar a problemática que cada uma envolve. A \"fidelidade musical\" é o principal foco deste trabalho, ou seja, a realização dos elementos musicais e ideia estética da obra original em seu novo meio: o violão. Para isso é necessário realizar uma transcrição idiomática, e os processos utilizados para esta busca são também apresentados e discutidos. / This dissertation presents twelve transcriptions, made by the own author, of selected works by Maurice Ravel and Claude Debussy. The realization of the transcriptions had as a theorical referential the analysis of two of the most important transcriptions of the history of the guitar: - Siete Canciones Populares Españolas - original work by Manuel de Falla for piano and voice, transcribed for guitar and voice by Miguel Llobet - Venetian Gondola Song - original work by Felix Mendelssohn for piano (book I from the Songs without words, op. 19), transcribed by Francisco Tárrega The book Guidelines for Style Analysis, by Jan LARUE was the theorical reference for the musical analysis. The analytical comments are confined to their relationship with the processes of transcription. The art of transcription is directely associated to the guitar and its development. A perspective of the history of transcription for the guitar starting at the middle of the XIX century is presented and discussed. Adds to this discussion the figure of Franz Liszt, one of the most important transcribers (for the piano) in the history of music. The transcriptions are analysed in order to address the problem that each one involves. The \"musical fidelity\" is the main focus of this work, namely the realization of musical elements and aesthetic idea of the original work on its new instrument: the guitar. To achieve this is necessary to work on an idiomatic transcription, and the processes used on this quest are also presented and discussed.

A interpretação musical, enquanto campo de pesquisa, trava ainda importantes embates em torno da epistemologia. A sua auto-compreensão alterna-se entre posturas subjetivas e normatividades estanques, deixando em estado latente os pressupostos históricos que validam as possibilidades interpretativas. Como a hermenêutica estuda as condições de validade da interpretação, propusemo-nos apresentar uma formulação da interpretação musical baseada nessa vertente filosófica tal qual é elaborada por Hans-Georg Gadamer. A consciência hermeneuticamente formada propõe uma sistematização que visa tanto à obra quanto ao intérprete, no potencial de crítica e superação dos limites normativos que a discussão de sua estrutura prévia de compreensão permite. Dois estudos de caso exemplificam o ganho interpretativo que a abordagem hermenêutica oferece: um manual técnico de Andrés Segovia e uma obra de Domenico Scarlatti, transcrita para violão por Sérgio Abreu / Performance, as research field, takes an argumentation about epistemology. Its self-comprehension changes from a subjectivity to fixed normativities, letting hidden the historic pre-supositions that makes valid the statements of validly. Since hermeneutics, in the proposition of Hans-Georg Gadamer, studies the conditions of validly of interpretation, we propose think musical interpretation based on this philosophical approach. The conscience hermeneutically formed makes systematic study of the interpreter as well as the work, in the potential critics and overwhelming of the normativity limits that the discussion about the previous structure of comprehension allows. Two cases give the examples of the interpretative gain of hermeneutic offers: a manual of technics by Andrés Segovia, and a Domenico Scarlatti\'s work transcribed for guitar by Sérgio Abreu.

Este trabalho se propõe a investigar o trânsito de informações musicais que se dá no campo de intersecção existente entre o universo do violão solo, em especial aquele ligado à música erudita ou de concerto, e o universo da canção popular no Brasil. Foram realizadas entrevistas com sete mestres de reconhecida atuação nos universos abordados. Sérgio Assad, Marco Pereira e Paulo Bellinati ligados à prática do violão solo; João Bosco, Paulo César Pinheiro e Luiz Tatit, à canção popular; e Guinga, que atua na face de contato entre os campos estudados. A opção pelo formato de montagem permite que os diversos discursos convivam entre si por meio dos sete capítulos que compõem esta dissertação. Essa montagem pode ser acompanhada através da leitura das transcrições descritivas das entrevistas realizadas e da escuta dos tracks do DVD anexo. Assim, o presente trabalho se vale tanto dos recursos próprios da tradição escrita quanto de recursos que obedecem à dinâmica da tradição não-escrita, os quais se complementam nesta pesquisa a fim de contemplar a natureza da matéria musical nascida da interação entre estes universos. / The present work investigates the exchange of musical information within the intersection between the universe of solo guitar - especially when connected with classical music - and the universe of Brazilian popular song. For this purpose seven renowend guitar masters from both universes were interviewed: Sérgio Assad, Marco Pereira and Paulo Bellinati - connected to solo guitar practice; João Bosco, Paulo César Pinheiro and Luiz Tatit, linked to popular song; and Guinga, whose work is in the intersection zone between the two previous approaches. Through a montage format, the various discourses are able to weave among each other in the seven chapters that comprise this dissertation. One can accompany this montage by reading the descriptive transcriptions of the interviews, and by listening to the tracks on the accompanying DVD. Therefore, the work employs both tools from the written tradition and tools which respect the dynamics of non-written tradition, which complement one another IN the goal to embrace the characteristics of musical material generated from the interaction of both universes.

O presente trabalho investiga estratégias para aperfeiçoar o estudo individual do violonista com base no conceito de autorregulaçaao da aprendizagem e nas informações da literatura musical. Nas últimas décadas, pesquisas tem enfatizado a importância do aspecto qualitativo no estudo individual (Barry, 1992; Nielsen, 1999 e 2001; Williamon e Valentine, 2000; Hallam, 2001) e destacam que saber como estudar eí uma habilidade fundamental para sustentar o contínuo aperfeiçoamento musical. Essa capacidade de regular o próprio estudo se relaciona com o mecanismo da autor regulação, conjunto de processos psicológicos pelos quais o ser humano regula seu comportamento. Como referencia principal para o estudo desse conceito eí utilizado Barry J. Zimmerman (2000, 2002) e também Mcpherson e Zimmerman (2011) que discutem a autor regulação na prática do músico. Da literatura musical as principais referências são os livros de Gerald Klickstein (2009) e dos violonistas Ricardo Iznaola (2000), Richard Provost (1992) e Lee F. Ryan (1991), que discutem viários aspectos relacionados à prática individual do músico. As informações trazidas pelos autores da aéra musical foram discutidas e organizadas de forma a trazer um panorama das estratégias para o aperfeiçoamento da prática e para estimular o comportamento autorregulado do estudante (de universidade ou conservatório superior). O trabalho incluiu também uma etapa prática, na qual as informações levantadas na parte teórica foram aplicadas na rotina de estudos pessoal. A experiência teve o objetivo de observar as implicações desta abordagem e foi registrada como um memorial de estudo através de relatórios e vídeos. Em suma, a análise dessa etapa se alinha com as evidências da pesquisa empírica, de que o engajamento do estudante em procedimentos como analise prévia da tarefa, estabelecimento de metas, planejamento, escolha de estratégias adequadas e reflexão sobre o estudo tem um impacto positivo na eficiência do aprendizado e no desenvolvimento musical. / This research explores strategies to improve the classical guitarist\'s individual practice based on the concept of self-regulated learning and resources from musical literature. During the last decades, a great amount of research has emphasized the relevance of qualitative aspect in music practice (Barry, 1992; Nielsen, 1999 e 2001; Williamon e Valentine, 2000; Hallam, 2001) and suggest that knowing how to practice is an essential ability to support constant musical improvement. The skill of regulating one\'s study is related to self-regulation mechanisms, which is a set of psychological procedures in which the human being regulates his own behavior. It is chosen, as main reference to the self-regulation study, Barry J. Zimmerman (2000, 2002) and also Mcpherson e Zimmerman (2011), that discusses the self-regulation in the musical activity. The main references from the musical literature are the books of Gerald Klickstein (2009) and the classical guitarists Ricardo Iznaola (2000), Richard Provost (1992), Lee F. Ryan (1991), that presents several aspects related to the musician individual practice. The knowledge brought from the authors in musical field were debated and organized in order to provide a panorama of strategies to enhance music practice and to stimulate students\' self-regulated behavior (at university or conservatory level). This paper includes a practical stage as well, in which the collected information from the theoretical stage was applied to my study routine. The experiment has had the aim of observing and discussing the implications of self-regulation strategies, and it was registered as a study report through daily logs, audio recordings and videos. Lastly, the analysis and reflection of this practical process relates to the empirical research evidences, which show that the student\'s commitment in some procedures, such as task analysis, goal setting, planning, the choice of suitable strategies and reflection about the study, leads to a positive impact in practice efficiency and musical development.