La Convention régissant l’Union économique de l’Afrique centrale (UEAC) renferme les dispositions particulières dont l’objet est d’harmoniser les politiques de transports. Cela passe par l’ouverture des marchés nationaux des Etats membres aux opérateurs économiques, la suppression des restrictions à la libre prestation des services et d’établissement, l’interconnexion des infrastructures, etc. A partir des critères de validité formelle, factuelle et axiologique du droit, cette thèse a pour objet d’analyser les contraintes qui handicapent ces politiques. Après avoir fait le constat des difficultés liées au choix de la technique d’harmonisation des droits, l’étude se penche sur les limites dues à la non-observation des procédures d’admission des conventions dans les ordres juridiques internes, à la faiblesse des institutions, aux risques économiques, financiers et politiques. Elle suggère qu’il est nécessaire de remettre de l’ordre dans les systèmes juridiques, grâce à une politique de codification et, à terme, de rechercher la sécurité juridique, par l’uniformisation des règles en présence. Enfin, face à la corruption, elle prend position pour un devoir d’ingérence de la Communauté internationale pour sécuriser les ressources destinées à la modernisation des infrastructures routières. / Convention governing the economic Union of central Africa (UEAC) contains the specific measures whose object is to harmonize the policies of transport. That passes by the opening of the national markets of the Member States to the economic operators, the suppression of the restrictions on freedom to provide services and of establishment, the interconnection of the infrastructures, etc From the criteria of formal, factual and axiologic validity of the right, this thesis has the aim of analyzing the constraints which handicap these policies. After having made the report of the difficulties related to the choice of the technique of harmonization of laws, the study considers the limits due to the nonobservance of the procedures of admission of conventions in the internal legal orders, with the weakness of the institutions, with the economic risks, financial and political. It suggests that it is necessary to give of the order in the legal systems, thanks to a policy of coding and, in the long term, seeking the legal security, by the standardization of the involved rules. Lastly, vis-a-vis corruption, it gives an opinion for a duty of interference of the International community to make safe the resources intended for the modernization of the road infrastructures.

Marginalization and stigmatization heighten the vulnerability of sexual minorities to inequitable health outcomes. Although men who have sex with men (MSM) are at elevated risk for HIV infection in India in comparison with the general population, there is a lack of MSM-focused research—particularly regarding stigma and mental health outcomes. This dissertation aimed to explore the influence of sexual stigma, gender non-conformity stigma and HIV-related stigma on depression and life satisfaction among MSM in South India. This study used a cross-sectional survey design and was conducted with MSM (n=200) in two locations in Tamil Nadu, South India: Chennai (urban) and Kumbakonam (semi-urban). Due to multicollinearity between sexual stigma and gender non-conformity stigma, the stronger predictor of each outcome (gender non-conformity stigma) was included in regression models. Results were analyzed to identify the associations between independent (gender non-conformity stigma, HIV-related stigma), moderator (social support, resilient coping) and dependent (depression, life satisfaction) variables. Due to significant differences between locations across a substantial number of variables, block regression analyses were conducted separately for each location. Higher levels of depression were predicted by gender non-conformity stigma in both locations, and also by HIV-related stigma in Kumbakonam. Lower levels of depression in both locations were predicted by higher levels of social support and resilient coping. Higher life satisfaction was predicted by social support and resilient coping in both Chennai and Kumbakonam. Lower life satisfaction was predicted by gender non-conformity stigma and HIV-related stigma in Kumbakonam, but not in Chennai. Social support and resilient coping did not moderate the impact of stigma(s) on depression or life satisfaction in either location. The results indicate that the majority of participants experienced stigmatization based on same-sex sexual behaviour and/or gender non-conformity. Another striking finding of the study was the alarmingly high rates of depression, whereby over half of participants in each region reported moderate to severe depression scores. Practice and policy implications include the development, implementation and evaluation of: multi-level stigma reduction interventions that account for socio-environmental and contextual factors; mental health interventions that promote resiliency and build social support; and policy initiatives to advance human rights protection.

Marginalization and stigmatization heighten the vulnerability of sexual minorities to inequitable health outcomes. Although men who have sex with men (MSM) are at elevated risk for HIV infection in India in comparison with the general population, there is a lack of MSM-focused research—particularly regarding stigma and mental health outcomes. This dissertation aimed to explore the influence of sexual stigma, gender non-conformity stigma and HIV-related stigma on depression and life satisfaction among MSM in South India. This study used a cross-sectional survey design and was conducted with MSM (n=200) in two locations in Tamil Nadu, South India: Chennai (urban) and Kumbakonam (semi-urban). Due to multicollinearity between sexual stigma and gender non-conformity stigma, the stronger predictor of each outcome (gender non-conformity stigma) was included in regression models. Results were analyzed to identify the associations between independent (gender non-conformity stigma, HIV-related stigma), moderator (social support, resilient coping) and dependent (depression, life satisfaction) variables. Due to significant differences between locations across a substantial number of variables, block regression analyses were conducted separately for each location. Higher levels of depression were predicted by gender non-conformity stigma in both locations, and also by HIV-related stigma in Kumbakonam. Lower levels of depression in both locations were predicted by higher levels of social support and resilient coping. Higher life satisfaction was predicted by social support and resilient coping in both Chennai and Kumbakonam. Lower life satisfaction was predicted by gender non-conformity stigma and HIV-related stigma in Kumbakonam, but not in Chennai. Social support and resilient coping did not moderate the impact of stigma(s) on depression or life satisfaction in either location. The results indicate that the majority of participants experienced stigmatization based on same-sex sexual behaviour and/or gender non-conformity. Another striking finding of the study was the alarmingly high rates of depression, whereby over half of participants in each region reported moderate to severe depression scores. Practice and policy implications include the development, implementation and evaluation of: multi-level stigma reduction interventions that account for socio-environmental and contextual factors; mental health interventions that promote resiliency and build social support; and policy initiatives to advance human rights protection.

This qualitative study aimed to examine which discourses can be found within the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (BUP) and women’s shelters against domestic violence, concerning children that have experienced violence within the family, from two perspectives: the child’s need of father and of protection from violence. The study also aimed to examine which discourses can be found within the organisations concerning children’s well-being, how they define their mission concerning domestic violence and how this can affect the practical work with children that have experienced violence and their parents. The questions that the study aimed to answer were which discourses can be distinguished within BUP and the women’s shelters against domestic violence and how they can affect the different agencies’ view of the child’s need and well-being. These questions have been answered with collected interviews from the two respective agencies which have then been interpreted and processed through a critical discourse analysis from different theoretical concepts such as dominant discourses and service discourses in relation to Social Work, children’s need as a social construction and discourses of the child as a victim and an active participant. What the study showed was that the active participant-discourse overall was more prominent within BUP and that the victim-discourse was more prominent within the women’s shelters against domestic violence but also that both discourses were distinguishable in different ways and to different extents in both agencies in different combinations and variations. The study also found that the discourses, in different ways and to different extents, also affected the agencies’ view of the child’s need of father and of protection from violence.

Idag befinner sig över 50 miljoner människor på flykt runt om i världen. De har behövt lämna sina hem till följd av väpnade konflikter, förföljelse eller andra grova människorättskränkningar. Flera av dem behöver få skydd i andra länder. Dock är det svårt för många att få det. Inte minst gäller det de skyddsbehövande som försöker finna en fristad inom EU. Unionens yttre gränser har de senaste åren stärkts och blivit allt mer ogenomträngliga för tredjelandsmedborgare på flykt. De riskerar därmed att hindras från att få tillgång till skydd. Syftet med denna studie är att lyfta den här frågan ur ett rättighetsperspektiv och att undersöka det nuvarande rättighetsskyddet för de människor som behöver få tillgång till skydd inom EU. Delar av gällande folkrätt och EU-rätt undersöks för att se vad dessa rättssystem idag innebär för skyddsbehövandes tillgång till skydd. Vidare granskas den gällande rätten utifrån ett moraliskt och kritiskt perspektiv som utgår ifrån principen om skyddsbehövandes rätt till rättigheter. Principen grundas på de mänskliga rättigheternas grundtanke om att alla människor har lika och inneboende rättigheter samt Hannah Arendts analys om att människor på flykt riskerar att hamna utan rättighetsskydd i praktiken. Studien visar att skyddsbehövande som kommit till EU:s fysiska gränser eller möter medlemsstaterna till havs under vissa omständigheter har, i alla fall rent formellt, rätt att få komma in i unionen och erhålla skydd där. Detta enligt vissa bestämmelser inom både folkrätten och EU-rätten. Studien visar dock att skyddsbehövande som fortfarande befinner sig i ursprungslandet riskerar att i praktiken hamna utan skydd av sina rättigheter under gällande rättssystem. Folkrättens skydd når inte riktigt dit på ett tydligt sätt och EU:s extraterritoriella gränskontroll, i form av regler kring visum och transportöransvar, riskerar att stänga flera av dem ute från det skydd som de har rätt till när de väl kommit fram till unionens territoriella gränser. Flera skyddsbehövande blir således nekade sin rätt till rättigheter idag. / Today, over 50 million people are forcibly displaced worldwide. They have been forced to leave their homes due to armed conflicts, persecution or other human rights violations. Numerous people need protection in another state. However, for many of them it is difficult to get that kind of protection. This is true for many refugees and other people in need of international protection who are trying to find refuge within the EU. The union has in recent years strengthened the external borders which has made it increasingly difficult for third-country nationals to get access to the EU. This is affecting people in need of protection and their access to asylum. The purpose of this thesis is to highlight this issue from a human rights perspective and study how the rights of those people who need access to protection within the EU are safeguarded today. Parts of international law and EU law are examined to see what different rules mean for people’s access to protection. The existing law is then reviewed from a moral and critical point of view that revolves around the understanding that people in need of international protection have a right to have rights. This theoretical approach is partly based on the core principle of human rights which emphasizes the equal and inherent rights of all people and partly based on Hannah Arendt’s thoughts about the fact that people who are forcibly displaced risk being denied their rights. The study shows that people in need of international protection who have arrived at the EU’s physical borders or who the member states encounter at sea have, under certain circumstances, a right to enter the union and receive protection there through parts of both international law and EU law. However, people in need of protection who are still in the country of origin risk being denied their rights. This is because of possible gaps in international law and certain EU rules concerning visas and carrier sanctions which can exclude them from the protection that they are entitled to once they have arrived to EU territory. Thus, many people in need of international protection are today being denied their right to have rights.

Depuis 2007, la réglementation sur le cadre du dépistage en France évolue et se montre favorable à la création d’expérimentations de dépistage communautaire. Cette recherche propose une analyse psychosociale des expériences de dépistage dans le cadre de deux protocoles expérimentaux: ANRS Com’Test et ANRS DragTest. Les objectifs principaux des protocoles sont (1) l’étude de la faisabilité d’un dépistage rapide du VIH effectué par des acteurs communautaires non médicaux (association de lutte contre le sida Aides), auprès des hommes ayant des rapports sexuels avec des hommes, en utilisant les tests rapides d’orientation diagnostique et le counselling motivationnel (ANRS Com’Test), et (2) l’évaluation de la non infériorité de cette proposition en comparaison avec une offre classique (ANRS DragTest).L’objectif de cette étude est de comprendre les significations attribuées aux expériences vécues à partir d’une lecture ternaire (sujet-objet-contexte) et d’une articulation entre vécu et représentations sociales. La recherche s’appuie sur une méthodologie qualitative incluant d’une part une analyse longitudinale de l’expérience des acteurs associatifs, et d’autre part une analyse transversale du vécu des personnes dépistées. La triangulation des matériaux de recueil et des méthodes d’analyse apporte un double regard sur les données. En effet, les résultats montrent à la fois la mobilisation des univers de références communs, et l’implication de l’expérience vécue dans la construction et la communication de l’expérience. / Since 2007, regulation on the part of the screening in France evolves and is favourable to the creation of community screening experiments. From a psychosocial perspective, this study analyzes screening experiences in two experimental protocols’ context: ANRS Com’Test and ANRS DragTest. The main objectives of the protocols are (1) to study the feasibility of a rapid HIV testing performed by non-medical community actors (association against Aids AIDES) among men who have sex with men, using rapid testing policy diagnostic and motivational counselling (ANRS Com'Test), and (2) to evaluate the non-inferiority of the proposal in comparison with a conventional supply (ANRS DragTest).The purpose of this study is to understand the lived experience’s meaning from a ternary reading (subject-object-context) and a link between experience and social representations. Research is based on a qualitative methodology, both including a longitudinal analysis of community actors involved, and also a cross-sectional analysis of those screened’ lived experiences. Triangulation of material collection and analytical methods brings a dual perspective on the data. Analyzes are showing both the mobilization of common references universes, and the involvement of lived experience in the construction and communication of experience.

The diploma thesis examines the specific work of Albert Camus and Gabriel Marcel, focusing on the question of human values. The aim is to show two forms of existential philosophy concerning human existence in their chosen dramas. The work is divided into chapters. In the first chapter we can find the basic characteristics of existentialism and its development. The second and third chapter deals with Camus' and Marcel's conception of philosophy. In these chapters will present the Camus' problem of suicide, revolt, absurd and sense of being. In the case of Marcel will be dealt with the issue of duality of being and have, relationship I-You, love, hope, death, freedom and faith. Diploma thesis results in subsequent chapters where you can find comparison existential themes in the works of authors.

Submitted by Bruno Rodrigo Pereira (brunorp85@gmail.com) on 2015-01-16T16:41:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Pereira.pdf: 421482 bytes, checksum: e18975a6489a6c78d53c53117da75c7d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by JOANA MARTORINI (joana.martorini@fgv.br) on 2015-01-16T18:38:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Pereira.pdf: 421482 bytes, checksum: e18975a6489a6c78d53c53117da75c7d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-16T19:56:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Pereira.pdf: 421482 bytes, checksum: e18975a6489a6c78d53c53117da75c7d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-16 / The relationship between investment fund raising and performance are very common in the literature of Brazilian funds, and papers shown that investors make their investment decisions based on the recent performance of the funds, applying more in funds with good recent performance than funds that yield below the market average.This work is dedicated to, more than investigate the uptake ratio and performance of investment funds in Brazil, further study regarding the payback period longer considered by investors when choosing products to invest, that is, if you are already documented the literature that this behavior exists, we want to know: what is the exact performance period more analyzed by investors when choosing your funds? The results achieved through regression on panel with fixed time effect model is that the deadlines that have greater representation in the investor's choice are the windows from one month up to six months and from six months up to one year history, longer terms have the same positive relationship but fall considerably. / A relação entre captação e desempenho é muito estudada na literatura brasileira de fundos. Os artigos sobre o tema atestam que os investidores tomam suas decisões de investimentos baseados no desempenho recente dos fundos, aplicando mais em fundos com bom desempenho recente do que em fundos que rendem abaixo da média de mercado. Esse trabalho dedica-se a, mais do que investigar a relação entre captação e desempenho de fundos de investimentos no Brasil, aprofundar o estudo no tocante ao prazo de retorno mais considerado pelos investidores ao escolherem em qual fundo investir. O resultado alcançado através de nossas regressões em painel com efeito fixo de tempo é de que os prazos com maior representatividade na escolha do investidor são as janelas de um até seis meses e de seis meses até um ano de histórico. Prazos maiores têm a mesma relação positiva, mas caem consideravelmente.

This research studies the social support in a group of adult persons with HIV: 14 women and 41 men between 18 and 58 years of age, from medium- low social economic status that appeal to state health centers, non government entities and mutual support groups of Lima. The resultsof perceived social support, effective social support, social support satisfaction and social support need ha ve been correlated with variables age, sex, diagnostic time, presence of symptoms associated lo H!V, participation in a mutual support group, sex and sexual orientation(heterosexual males, men that have sex with other men and heterosexual women).The results showed that the social support indexes behaved differently according to weather they participated in a mutual support group or not, according to sex, according to sex and sexual orientation. Also, the need for social support rate varies according to diagnostic time. / Se investiga el soporte social en un grupo de adultos con V!H: catorce mujeres y cuarenta y un hombres. de entre 18 y 58 años. de estrato socioeconómico bajo y medio bajo que acuden a centros de salud estatales, organismos no gubernamentales y grupos de ayuda mutua (GAM) de Lima. Se correlacionaron los resultados descriptivos de los índices soporte social percibido, soporte social efectivo, satisfacción con el soporte y necesidad de soporte con las variables edad, sexo, tiempo de diagnóstico, presencia o no de síntomas asociados al VIH, participación o no en un GAM y orientación sexual (hombres heterosexuales, hombres que tienen sexo ton otros hombres (HSH) y mujeres heterosexuales). Se encontró que los índices del soporte social se comportan diferente según se pertenezca a un GAM o no, según el sexo, según la orientación sexualy el sexo. Asimismo, el índice necesidad de soporte varía según el tiempo de diagnóstico.

Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2016-04-25T18:18:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Eduardo Almeida.pdf: 4456269 bytes, checksum: b74d643c3c7aec835392881bd8989cce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:18:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Eduardo Almeida.pdf: 4456269 bytes, checksum: b74d643c3c7aec835392881bd8989cce (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências-Geoquímica. Niterói, RJ / O caranguejo uçá (Ucides cordatus) é típico de manguezais, tendo importante papel na ciclagem de nutrientes. Apresenta desenvolvimento indireto e a fêmea transporta os ovos por cerca de um mês, havendo em seguida, fase larval planctônica. Poucos estudos tratam da transferência de elementos-traço das fêmeas para os embriões ou do meio para estes. Trabalhos sobre a contaminação das fêmeas são escassos e até o momento, nenhum abordou a contaminação em embriões e larvas de U. cordatus. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a concentração de elementos-traço em fêmeas, ovos em diferentes estágios e larvas recém-eclodidas de duas populações do sudeste do Brasil (baía de Guanabara e Rio Paraíba do Sul). Também objetivou avaliar se o ciclo reprodutivo da espécie pode resultar em exportação de elementos-traço dos manguezais para a costa adjacente. Por fim, foram analisados o δ13C, δ15N e a razão N/C nas fêmeas. Através de coleta manual, fêmeas ovígeras foram obtidas nos verões de 2012, 2013 e 2014. Parte delas foi levada para aquários de desova, onde foram obtidas as larvas recém-eclodidas. Em laboratório, tecidos, ovos e larvas foram congelados e depois liofilizados e digeridos em ácido nítrico suprapuro, com auxílio de micro-ondas. Concentrações de elementos traço foram obtidas em ICP-MS. Foram analisadas fêmeas com largura da carapaça entre 5,5 e 7,9 cm. A fecundidade foi semelhante nas duas áreas de estudo (média > 110.000 ovos.fêmea-1). A análise de δ13C demonstrou diferenças significativas entre as populações. Apesar disso, os dados apontaram folhas de mangue como principal item alimentar. Os valores de δ15N foram acima do esperado para o nível trófico da espécie. Nas fêmeas, as maiores concentrações de Cu, Cr, Cd e As foram observadas nas brânquias, principalmente anteriores. Níquel foi mais concentrado no hepatopâncreas, enquanto Zn foi mais concentrado em músculos e hepatopâncreas. Fêmeas do Rio Paraíba do Sul apresentaram maiores níveis de contaminação, em especial de Mn, Cr, Cu, Cd e Ba. Tal tendência foi coerente com os níveis observados em sedimentos superficiais e com dados de biodisponibilidade citados na literatura. Em comparação com estágios iniciais dos ovos e larvas recém-eclodidas, as concentrações de V, Cr, Ni e Pb foram maiores em ovos no estágio final de desenvolvimento, indicando que a casca do ovo previne o contato do embrião com certos elementos-traço. As concentrações de Cd e Ni foram maiores no hepatopâncreas das fêmeas do que em ovos e larvas. Por outro lado, os elementos V, Zn, As e Pb foram mais concentrados nas larvas. Os resultados do presente estudo corroboraram as vias de contaminação de embriões postuladas em trabalhos com outras espécies: 1. Transferência de elementos-traço das fêmeas para os ovos, durante sua formação; e 2. Absorção de elementos-traço do meio circundante durante o desenvolvimento embrionário. Considerando as concentrações em larvas e a quantidade de larvas liberadas nas desovas, pode-se afirmar que o ciclo reprodutivo da espécie resulta na transferência de elementos-traço do bentos para o ambiente pelágico. Durante as desovas (liberação larval) de U. cordatus na baía de Guanabara e no Rio Paraíba do Sul, os elementos Zn, Cu, Mn, As e Ba teriam a maior introdução na coluna d’água, sendo provavelmente transportados para a costa adjacente. Considerando as diversas espécies de caranguejos de manguezais que têm hábitos e ciclo de vida muito semelhantes aos do caranguejo uçá, o período reprodutivo destes animais pode resultar em relevante exportação de elementos-traço / The uçá crab (Ucides cordatus) is typical of mangroves and has important role in nutrient cycling. The specie presents indirect development and female carries the eggs for about a month. After, planktonic larvae are released. There are few studies about the transfer of trace elements from female to embryos or from environment for these. Studies about contamination of females are scarce and none was made with embryos and larvae of U. cordatus. The aim of this study were to analyze the concentration of trace elements in females, eggs in different stages and newly hatched larvae of two populations of southeastern Brazil (Guanabara Bay and Paraíba do Sul River). Also aimed evaluate if the reproductive cycle of the species can result in export of trace elements of mangroves for adjacent coast. As complementary data the δ13C, δ15N and the N/C in females were analyzed. Ovigerous females were obtained in the summers of 2012, 2013 and 2014. Tissues, eggs and larvae were lyophilized and digested in superpure nitric acid using microwave. Concentrations of trace elements were analyzed in ICP-MS. Females showed carapace width between 5.5 and 7.9 cm. Fecundity was similar in both study areas (mean > 110,000 eggs female -1). The δ13C analysis showed significant differences among populations. Nevertheless, the data showed mangrove leaves as main food. The δ15N values were higher than expected for the trophic level of the species. The highest concentrations of Cu, Cr, Cd and As were observed in gills, especially anterior gills. Nickel was more concentrated in the hepatopancreas, while Zn was more concentrated in muscle and hepatopancreas. Concentrations of V, Cr, Ni and Pb in eggs of the final developmental stage were higher than observed in early stages and newly hatched larvae. This indicates that eggshell is a barrier for certain trace elements. Cadmium and Ni were more concentrated in hepatopancreas of females than in eggs and larvae. On the other hand, the elements V, Zn, As and Pb were more concentrated in larvae. Females of the Paraíba do Sul River had higher levels of contamination, especially of Mn, Cr, Cu, Cd and Ba. This trend was consistent with the levels observed in surface sediments and bioavailability data cited in the literature. Our data corroborate the pathways of embryos contamination, postulated in anterior studies with other species: 1. Transfer of trace elements between females and eggs, during your formation; 2. Absorption of trace elements from the environment during embryonic development. According to the concentrations of trace elements in larvae and the amount of larvae released in the spawns, it is clear that the reproductive cycle of the species results in transfer of benthic trace elements for the pelagic environment. During spawns of U. cordatus in Guanabara Bay and Paraíba do Sul River, Zn, Cu, Mn, As and Ba were the elements more introduced in water column, being probably transported to the adjacent coast. Considering the various species of mangrove crabs that have habits and life cycle similar to uçá crab, the reproductive period of these animals can result in significant exportation of trace elements