Taking its depature point in a translation of a play by a Czech playwright and philosopher, Václav Havel, into Swahili, the article strives at a cross-cultural comparison of a pivotal concept of Havel`s thought, lidství (`humanity´), and an equally central concept of Swahili moral and philosophical thought, utu. The basis of this copmparison is, on the Czech side, an explanation of Havel`s concept and its grounding in existentialist philosophy. The Swahili side is presented in a two-step procedure. First, the semantic field of `humanity´in the Swahili language, comprising utu and several concepts related to it (especially ubinadamu), is analyzed. Second, the concepts belonging to the semantic field of utu are traced in the development of Swahili literature, as a prominent representative of intellecual discourses in the Swahili culture.

International aid organizations and wealthy nations have contributed billions to combat the spread and treatment of HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa; however, these programs have been critiqued for not addressing the socioeconomic and cultural context of the epidemic, instead relying upon generalized approaches. The prevalence rate in Zanzibar, Tanzania is low in the general population, but high among vulnerable segments of Zanzibari society, resulting in interventions focusing on particular groups (e.g. sex workers, drug users, and men who have sex with men). Through interviews with government agencies, non-profit organizations, medical professionals, vulnerable populations, and HIV/AIDS patients, this paper examines how local realities inform and challenge HIV/AIDS programming in Zanzibar.

Various South African government reports list food security as a development priority. Despite this prioritisation and despite the fact that South Africa is currently food self-sufficient, ongoing food shortages remain a daily reality for approximately 35% of the South African population. The government's commitment to food security to date of writing (being 30 November 2011) manifests in related policies, strategies, programmes and sectoral legislation with the focus on food production, distribution, safety and assistance. A paradigm shift in the international food security debate was encouraged during 2009, namely to base food security initiatives on the right to sufficient food. During a 2011 visit to South Africa, the Special Rapporteur for the Right to Food of the United Nations, accordingly confirmed that a human rights-based approach to food security is necessary in the South African legal and policy framework in order to address the huge disparities in terms of food security (especially concerning geography, gender and race). A human rights-based approach to food security will add dimensions of dignity, transparency, accountability, participation and empowerment to food security initiatives. The achievement of food security is further seen as the realisation of existing rights, notably the right of access to sufficient food. The right of access to sufficient food, as entrenched in section 27(1)(b) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 will accordingly play a central role within a human rights-based approach to food security. Section 27(2) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 qualifies section 27(1)(b) by requiring the state to take reasonable legislative and other measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of each of the section 27(1) rights. The South African government's commitment to food security, as already mentioned, currently manifests in related policies, strategies and programmes, which initiatives will qualify as other measures as referred to in section 27(2) mentioned above. This study, however, aims to elucidate the constitutional duty to take reasonable legislative measures as required by section 27(2) within the wider context of food security. This study is more specifically confined to the ways in which a human rights-based approach to food security as a development objective can be accommodated in South African national legislative measures. Hence, this study focuses on three national legislative levels, namely constitutional incorporation, the adoption of a framework law and revision of sectoral legislation. Several underlying and foundational themes are addressed in the course of this study, amongst others: (a) the development of the food security concept; (b) the relationship between food security and the right of access to sufficient food; (c) key elements of a human right-based approach; and (d) the increasing trend to apply a human rights-based approach to development initiatives in general, but also to food security. / Thesis (PhD (Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

Various South African government reports list food security as a development priority. Despite this prioritisation and despite the fact that South Africa is currently food self-sufficient, ongoing food shortages remain a daily reality for approximately 35% of the South African population. The government's commitment to food security to date of writing (being 30 November 2011) manifests in related policies, strategies, programmes and sectoral legislation with the focus on food production, distribution, safety and assistance. A paradigm shift in the international food security debate was encouraged during 2009, namely to base food security initiatives on the right to sufficient food. During a 2011 visit to South Africa, the Special Rapporteur for the Right to Food of the United Nations, accordingly confirmed that a human rights-based approach to food security is necessary in the South African legal and policy framework in order to address the huge disparities in terms of food security (especially concerning geography, gender and race). A human rights-based approach to food security will add dimensions of dignity, transparency, accountability, participation and empowerment to food security initiatives. The achievement of food security is further seen as the realisation of existing rights, notably the right of access to sufficient food. The right of access to sufficient food, as entrenched in section 27(1)(b) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 will accordingly play a central role within a human rights-based approach to food security. Section 27(2) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 qualifies section 27(1)(b) by requiring the state to take reasonable legislative and other measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of each of the section 27(1) rights. The South African government's commitment to food security, as already mentioned, currently manifests in related policies, strategies and programmes, which initiatives will qualify as other measures as referred to in section 27(2) mentioned above. This study, however, aims to elucidate the constitutional duty to take reasonable legislative measures as required by section 27(2) within the wider context of food security. This study is more specifically confined to the ways in which a human rights-based approach to food security as a development objective can be accommodated in South African national legislative measures. Hence, this study focuses on three national legislative levels, namely constitutional incorporation, the adoption of a framework law and revision of sectoral legislation. Several underlying and foundational themes are addressed in the course of this study, amongst others: (a) the development of the food security concept; (b) the relationship between food security and the right of access to sufficient food; (c) key elements of a human right-based approach; and (d) the increasing trend to apply a human rights-based approach to development initiatives in general, but also to food security. / Thesis (PhD (Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur socialarbetare inom socialtjänsten i en kommun beskriver sitt arbete med barn och föräldrar där barn upplevt våld inom familjen.  Frågeställningarna handlade om hur barn görs delaktiga i socialtjänstens arbete och vilket stöd barn och föräldrar erhåller. Fem socialarbetare intervjuades utifrån en tematiserad intervjuguide och vinjett. De teoretiska perspektiven som användes i analysen var systemteori och risk- och skyddsfaktorer.  Resultatet visade på att barn är delaktiga i socialtjänstens arbete genom att de ges information och erbjuds samtal utifrån barnets behov.  Det framkom även att det finns ett helhetstänk inom socialtjänsten då både barn och föräldrar erbjuds stöd i familjer där barn upplevt våld. Dessutom visade resultatet på att socialtjänsten kan hjälpa till att utveckla det sociala nätverket hos familjerna. / The aim of this thesis was to study how social workers in social services in a municipality describe their work with children and parents in families where children have experienced violence within the family. The research questions concerned how children participate in social service work and what support children and parents receive. Five social workers were interviewed with a thematised interview guide and a vignette. The theoretical perspectives applied in the analysis were the systems theory and risk and protective factors. The results showed that children participate in social service work by being given information and support based on their needs. It also emerged that social services applied an overall policy of offering support to both children and parents in families where children have experienced violence. The results furthermore showed that social services can help families develop their social network.

Darbe analizuojami informacijos apie vaiko specialiuosius ugdymosi poreikius pateikimo ugdymo dalyviams ypatumai. Interviu metodu buvo atliktas tyrimas, kurio tikslas - atskleisti informacijos apie vaiko specialiuosius ugdymosi poreikius pateikimo ugdymo dalyviams ypatumus. Tyrime dalyvavo 17 4 – 11 metų amžiaus vaikų, turinčių SUP; 16 tėvų, auginančių vaikus, turinčius SUP; 7 bendrojo ugdymo pedagogai, ugdantys vaikus, turinčius SUP; 6 pagalbos mokiniui specialistai. Empirinėje dalyje nagrinėjami ikimokyklinio ir mokyklinio amžiaus vaikų, turinčių SUP, jų tėvų, bendrojo ugdymo pedagogų, pagalbos mokiniui specialistų informacijos apie vaiko SUP pateikimo ypatumai. Svarbiausios empirinio tyrimo išvados: 1. Vaikams, turintiems SUP, dažniausiai nepateikiama informacija apie jų specialiuosius ugdymosi poreikius. Tai liudija nepakankamą mokinio įtraukimą į ugdymo procesą., Informaciją vaikui dažniau teikia pagalbos mokiniui specialistai (specialieji pedagogai, logopedai ir kt.). 2. Pateikiama informacija apie vaikų vidutinius, didelius ir labai didelius SUP labiau neigiamo pobūdžio, dominuoja informacija apie negalias, sutrikimus ir kt. 3. Informuojant apie vaikų SUP realizuojamos tokios nuostatos kaip pozityvumas, orientacija į ugdymosi procesą; nepakankamai realizuojamos tokios svarbios nuostatos kaip mokinio ir tėvų įtraukimas ir dalijimasis informacija, tėvų kompetencijos vertinimas, atsakomybės už vaiko ugdymą pasidalijimas, bendras problemos sprendimas. / This paper analyses the features of presenting information about child’s special educational needs to education participants. By the method of interviewing there was a study made with an aim to find out the features of presenting information about child’s special educational needs to education participants. In the study participated 17 children between the ages of 4 and 11 who have special educational needs; 16 parents of children with SEN; 7 pedagogues of general education who educate children with SEN; 6 specialists of pupil’s help. In the empirical part there is an investigation of features of how the information was given to pre – school and school children with SEN, their parents, pedagogues of general education, specialists of pupil’s help. The most important conclusions of empirical investigation: 1. The information about children’s special educational needs in most cases is not presented to them. It witnesses the insufficient child’s inclusion into the education process. The information is more frequently given to the child by specialists of pupil’s help. (Special pedagogues, speech – language pathologists, etc.) 2. Given information about children’s medium, big, or very big SEN is mostly negative, dominates information about disabilities, disorders, etc. 3. Such aspects as positiveness and orientation to education process are realized by informing about children’s SEN; such important aspects as involving child and his parents and sharing information, estimation of... [to full text]

This research aims to chart four modes of engagement in post-verite documentary films, devoted to an exclusive examination of theatrical formats, that being those documentaries which are originally intended for a cinema audience. As these theatrical documentaries provide a means for spectators to see through the cinema screen and into the real world, it is important to understand how this 'seeing through' is constructed by the documentary production itself. This thesis acknowledges that the 'learning' of documentary stories and subjects has broadened for the global audience of today. After exploring various separate critiques of documentary voice theory, the definition of documentary and film semiotics, I have devised eight paradigms for creating this 'learning' or 'documentary consciousness' in these theatrical or cinema documentaries. I have explored how these eight paradigms can be observed to function in four different modes. These modes contribute to an evolving understanding of viewer comprehension; that thing called documentary consciousness. This is demonstrated through the audio-visual appendix of clips taken from the proto-typical theatrical documentaries I have chosen to analyse, which are: 'Bowling For Columbine' by Michael Moore (2003), which is illustrative of what I have dubbed the 'Outcome Mode'; 'Etre et Avoir' ('To Be And To Have') by Nicholas Philibert (2004), which exemplifies what I call the 'Participant Mode'; 'My Architect' by Nathaniel Kahn (2005), an example of the 'Journey Mode'; 'Baraka' by Magidson Films (1996), a model of the 'Mandala Mode'.

p. 1-216 / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2013-05-08T18:01:08Z No. of bitstreams: 4 ddddddddddddddw.pdf: 366263 bytes, checksum: 214248a4bc1b1481143085bf55270bb8 (MD5) cccccccccccc.pdf: 805194 bytes, checksum: 2d485e75e2131a0e5774158a2bb3ddb6 (MD5) bbbbbbbbbbbbb.pdf: 575446 bytes, checksum: 3bec72656f3a7823fe14ccc7a732eea9 (MD5) aaaaaaaa.pdf: 612916 bytes, checksum: c1acf4fcb837d2f43c5d65c4fe309d75 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-09T17:15:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 4 ddddddddddddddw.pdf: 366263 bytes, checksum: 214248a4bc1b1481143085bf55270bb8 (MD5) cccccccccccc.pdf: 805194 bytes, checksum: 2d485e75e2131a0e5774158a2bb3ddb6 (MD5) bbbbbbbbbbbbb.pdf: 575446 bytes, checksum: 3bec72656f3a7823fe14ccc7a732eea9 (MD5) aaaaaaaa.pdf: 612916 bytes, checksum: c1acf4fcb837d2f43c5d65c4fe309d75 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-09T17:15:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 ddddddddddddddw.pdf: 366263 bytes, checksum: 214248a4bc1b1481143085bf55270bb8 (MD5) cccccccccccc.pdf: 805194 bytes, checksum: 2d485e75e2131a0e5774158a2bb3ddb6 (MD5) bbbbbbbbbbbbb.pdf: 575446 bytes, checksum: 3bec72656f3a7823fe14ccc7a732eea9 (MD5) aaaaaaaa.pdf: 612916 bytes, checksum: c1acf4fcb837d2f43c5d65c4fe309d75 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / A prática do sexo oral e anal sem o uso do preservativo masculino é um importante fator para a infecção pelo HIV e outras DST na população dos homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH) e das travestis. As relações entre características sociais, individuais, institucionais e as práticas sexuais desprotegidas são informações que podem ser utilizadas para estruturar ações de prevenção. Investigar as associações entre fatores de vulnerabilidade e as práticas sexuais desprotegidas além de descrever características dos HSH e travestis faz parte dos objetivos deste trabalho. O presente estudo é um recorte do Projeto Convida, inquérito sobre conhecimentos, atitudes, comportamentos e práticas de risco para a infecção pelo HIV entre HSH na cidade de Salvador na Bahia, em 2003. A população do estudo foi de HSH e travestis residentes na cidade de Salvador e região metropolitana que responderam ao questionário e que freqüentaram a “cena gay” desta cidade. A parte exploratória do estudo foi realizada com a análise de correspondência. Para a classificação da amostra em grupos, utilizou-se a análise de cluster. A modelagem estatística foi realizada utilizando regressão logística, todas norteadas pelo quadro conceitual da vulnerabilidade. A prática do sexo anal e oral desprotegido foi de 48,5% e 68,6% respectivamente, sendo a identidade sexual um importante fator para se descrever tais práticas nos grupos identificados na análise gráfica. Ajustou-se a formação dos grupos com a análise de cluster que permitiu identificar quais as características dos indivíduos que se envolvem mais freqüentemente na prática do sexo anal e oral desprotegido. A associação entre os diferentes grupos dos HSH e travestis e a prática do sexo anal desprotegido foi estatisticamente significante para o grupo dos que se sentem em médio risco de contrair HIV (OR=2,31; IC=1,68;3,19), os que se sentem em alto risco de contrair HIV (OR=1,56; IC95%=1,09;2,24), os que não responderam a percepção de risco (OR=3,20; IC95%=1,05;9,77), os ativos e passivos que gostam de todos os tipos de prática e parceria homossexual (OR=1,67 IC95%=1,07;2,61), os persuadidos/cuidadosos ao sexo desprotegido (OR=1,48; IC95%=1,16;1,89), os persuasivos e persuadidos a prática do sexo anal sem proteção (OR=6,75; IC95%=4,38;10,40). Para o sexo oral desprotegido, a associação foi estatisticamente significante para os grupos dos casados com mulher (OR=0,57; IC95%=0,38;0,87), os ativos e passivos que gostam de todos os tipos de prática e parceria homossexual (OR=3,65 IC95%=2,06;6,45), o ativo e passivo seletivo nos locais que freqüenta (OR=2,16; IC95%=1,25;3,73), o ativo sem preferência de parceiro (OR=2,34 ic95%=1,46;3,75 e os persuasivos e persuadidos a prática do sexo anal sem proteção (OR=2,41; IC95%=1,30;4,43). As práticas sexuais desprotegidas são freqüentes na população dos HSH e travestis da cidade de Salvador, sendo que os homossexuais parecem mais vulneráveis a estas práticas sexuais, seguidos das travestis. Os resultados são consistentes com alguns estudos que mostram a associação entre fatores da percepção de risco, prática do sexo insertivo sem proteção, negociação de regras para as práticas desprotegidas. Uma vantagem foi ter grupos de homens formados através da observação das relações simultâneas entre vários fatores para se observar as associações. A descrição detalhada das relações entre as práticas desprotegidas e características dos grupos de HSH e travestis podem ser usada para subsidiar ações diferenciadas e específicas de prevenção nos locais da “cena gay” de Salvador, convidando estes homens e travestis à práticas sexuais mais protegidas. / Salvador

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo central compreender como as expressões de gênero de mulheres com experiências afetivo-sexuais com mulheres estão associadas aos cuidados dedicados ao corpo, realizados em prol da saúde. As informações foram coletadas a partir de pesquisa de campo realizada durante quatro meses em espaços de sociabilidade das integrantes do Tambores de Safo, grupo de percussão composto por mulheres feministas, lésbicas e bissexuais que se autodefinem negras, residentes no município de Fortaleza, estado do Ceará. O foco de observação da pesquisa recaiu na performatividade e dispositivos performáticos de gênero apresentados pelas participantes nos ensaios e exibições do grupo. Também foram realizadas entrevistas informais visando explorar bem como articular as noções de saúde e expressões de gênero das mulheres. As análises dos dados etnográficos revelou a importância da ambiência dos espaços de circulação na organização dos arranjos estéticos do grupo. Refletiu-se acerca das coisas que compunham tais arranjos e que funcionaram em campo como dispositivos performáticos de gênero: os cabelos (dreadlock/black) e os objetos (alfaia e xequerê). Os usos do corpo na circulação pelos espaços, na interação com os sujeitos, na aprendizagem das performances do batucar possibilitaram à pesquisadora o conhecimento das corporalidades das mulheres do grupo, bem como das maneiras pelas quais as participantes davam a ver seus corpos e a compreensão das errâncias de gênero resultantes do estabelecimento de certos tipos de performances como estratégia protetiva para manutenção de uma vida menos afetada pela discriminação e mais saudável. / The main objective of this work is to better understand how the gender expressions of women who have affective and sexual experiences with women are related to bodily self-care in order to promote health.The data was collected during a four-month field research with a percussion group called Tambores de Safo composed of black feminist women, lesbians and bisexuals and from Fortaleza in Ceará State. The focus of the observation was the performativity and gender performance related devices used by the group participants in their rehearsals and presentations. Moreover, informal interviews were performed to explore and make links related to health believes and womens expression of gender. The analyses of the ethnographic data revealed the importance of the ambience of the social places often visited by the group for the organization of their esthetic compositions. The researcher reflects about things that composed those esthetic arrangements and that served as performance related devices such as the hairstyle (dreadlock/black) and instruments (alfaia drum and shekere rattle). Experiencing the body usage in their social places, in the interaction with the group and percussion learning sessions enabled the researcher to find out more about the corporealities of the group members. This also allowed the researcher to observe how they presented their bodies and to understand the recurrent gender changes resulting from the establishment of certain types of performances aimed at the management of a less affected by discrimination and more healthier life.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo central compreender como as expressões de gênero de mulheres com experiências afetivo-sexuais com mulheres estão associadas aos cuidados dedicados ao corpo, realizados em prol da saúde. As informações foram coletadas a partir de pesquisa de campo realizada durante quatro meses em espaços de sociabilidade das integrantes do Tambores de Safo, grupo de percussão composto por mulheres feministas, lésbicas e bissexuais que se autodefinem negras, residentes no município de Fortaleza, estado do Ceará. O foco de observação da pesquisa recaiu na performatividade e dispositivos performáticos de gênero apresentados pelas participantes nos ensaios e exibições do grupo. Também foram realizadas entrevistas informais visando explorar bem como articular as noções de saúde e expressões de gênero das mulheres. As análises dos dados etnográficos revelou a importância da ambiência dos espaços de circulação na organização dos arranjos estéticos do grupo. Refletiu-se acerca das coisas que compunham tais arranjos e que funcionaram em campo como dispositivos performáticos de gênero: os cabelos (dreadlock/black) e os objetos (alfaia e xequerê). Os usos do corpo na circulação pelos espaços, na interação com os sujeitos, na aprendizagem das performances do batucar possibilitaram à pesquisadora o conhecimento das corporalidades das mulheres do grupo, bem como das maneiras pelas quais as participantes davam a ver seus corpos e a compreensão das errâncias de gênero resultantes do estabelecimento de certos tipos de performances como estratégia protetiva para manutenção de uma vida menos afetada pela discriminação e mais saudável. / The main objective of this work is to better understand how the gender expressions of women who have affective and sexual experiences with women are related to bodily self-care in order to promote health.The data was collected during a four-month field research with a percussion group called Tambores de Safo composed of black feminist women, lesbians and bisexuals and from Fortaleza in Ceará State. The focus of the observation was the performativity and gender performance related devices used by the group participants in their rehearsals and presentations. Moreover, informal interviews were performed to explore and make links related to health believes and womens expression of gender. The analyses of the ethnographic data revealed the importance of the ambience of the social places often visited by the group for the organization of their esthetic compositions. The researcher reflects about things that composed those esthetic arrangements and that served as performance related devices such as the hairstyle (dreadlock/black) and instruments (alfaia drum and shekere rattle). Experiencing the body usage in their social places, in the interaction with the group and percussion learning sessions enabled the researcher to find out more about the corporealities of the group members. This also allowed the researcher to observe how they presented their bodies and to understand the recurrent gender changes resulting from the establishment of certain types of performances aimed at the management of a less affected by discrimination and more healthier life.