Orientador: Nelson Rodrigues dos Santos / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T03:08:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Soares_Adilson_D.pdf: 1612521 bytes, checksum: 848fcbad1b0641820996aa5bb9623f12 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Neste trabalho discutem-se questões relativas ao financiamento e à alocação de recursos no SUS, à luz das políticas de governo e das reformas propostas no arcabouço legal e no aparelho do Estado na Constituição Federal de 1988 e no período pós-Constituição. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, desenvolvido com base em documentos e análise de dados obtidos e/ou construídos a partir de fontes primárias, secundárias, fontes oficiais, imprensa, e sítios de interesse. A estratégia metodológica adotada para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa permitiu a utilização de um modelo de triangulação de métodos. Os dados quantitativos foram apresentados por meio da construção de uma série histórica, para os anos de 1995 a 2012, organizados em médias anuais por períodos, que correspondem aos governos dos presidentes FHC, Lula e início do governo Dilma. Na análise dos dados, buscou-se estabelecer comparativos em valores absolutos e percentuais entre os Gastos com Saúde, Orçamento, Produto Interno Bruto, Receita, Carga Tributária, Dívida Pública e Superávit Primário. Na análise dos dados qualitativos, buscou-se identificar como se deu a concepção e o desenvolvimento do SUS, diante de dois projetos políticos a princípio distintos e em disputa. Analisou-se o marco legal do Sistema Único de Saúde e suas alterações, o contexto político e econômico em que emerge e se desenvolve o SUS e os gastos com saúde, com o propósito de identificar o movimento instituinte e o modelo instituído no SUS, em um contexto marcado pelo domínio das políticas neoliberais. Os resultados do estudo revelam que a execução da política econômica brasileira, principalmente no campo da política fiscal, se orientou, ao longo do período estudado pelos preceitos do receituário neoliberal hegemônico, tendo o financiamento do SUS acompanhado esse movimento. Manifestou-se no estudo o caráter antagônico do Sistema Único de Saúde; revelado pela concepção inaugural do SUS, ora marginal ora alinhada com a política econômica hegemônica ¿ neoliberal; e pela execução da política de saúde alinhada com a política neoliberal. A consequência dessa política foi o subfinanciamento do SUS nos governos FHC, Lula e se manifesta a mesma tendência no início de governo da presidente Dilma Roussef. O estudo conclui que o subfinanciamento do sistema de saúde no Brasil, no período de 1995 a 2012, se manifestou como uma política de Estado e não de um governo específico. Nas considerações finais o autor chama a atenção para a importância da conquista de mais recursos para a saúde não como um fim em si; na medida em que no horizonte político o projeto de lei que tramita no legislativo federal propondo mais recursos para a saúde não trará, de acordo com os dados estimados e apresentados nesta tese, uma mudança no paradigma de gastos públicos no setor saúde no Brasil; mas pelo efeito demonstração que uma mobilização dessa natureza pode trazer para as transformações no SUS, na medida em que pode acalorar a pauta de discussões deste sistema e despertar outros setores para a importância da consolidação do direito à saúde / Abstract: This paper discusses issues related to funding and resource allocation in the SUS, in the light of government policies and reforms proposed in the legal framework and the State apparatus in the Federal Constitution of 1988 and the post-Constituition period. This is an exploratory study, developed on the basis of documents and analysis of data obtained and/or constructed from primary sources, secondary sources, press officers and sites of interest. The methodological approach adopted for the development of the research allowed the use of a model of triangulation of methods. Quantitative data were presented through the construction of a historical series, for the years 1995 to 2012, organized into annual averages for periods, which correspond to the Governments of Presidents FHC, Lula and beginning of Rousseff's Government. In data analysis, we sought to establish comparatives in absolute values and percentages between Health Spending, Budget, Gross Domestic Product, Income, Tax Burden, Public Debt and a Primary Surplus. In the analysis of qualitative data, we sought to identify how the design and development of the SUS, in front of two political projects, distinct at first, and in dispute. We analyzed the legal framework of the Unified Health System (SUS) and its changes, the political and economic context in which the SUS and health spending emerges and develops, with the purpose of identifying the movement and set up model stablished in SUS, in a context marked by the dominance of neoliberal policies. The results of the study show that the implementation of the Brazilian economic policy, mainly in the field of fiscal policy, was directed, over the period studied by the precepts of liberal hegemonic prescription, and the funding from SUS has accompanied this movement. Manifested in the study an antagonistic character of the Unified Health System (SUS); revealed by the inaugural design of the SUS, sometimes marginal, sometimes well aligned with the hegemonic economic policy ¿ neoliberal; and the implementation of health policy in line with the neoliberal policies. The consequences of that policy was the underfunding of SUS in FHC, Lula Governments and it manifests the same trend in the early Government of President Dilma Roussef. The study concludes that the underfunding of the Health System, in Brazil, in the period of 1995 to 2012, manifested as a State policy, not a particular Government. In the final considerations, the author points out, among other things, to the importance of the achievement of more resources for health not as an end in itself; to the extent that the political horizon the "Bill" that clears the federal legislature proposing more resources for health will not bring, according to the estimated data and presented in this thesis, a change in the paradigm of public spending in the health sector in Brazil; but a demonstration effect that a mobilization of this nature can bring to the transformations in the SUS, insofar as it can inflame the agenda of discussions of this system and other sectors for the importance of consolidating the right to health / Doutorado / Política, Planejamento e Gestão em Saúde / Doutor em Saude Coletiva

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-04-06T00:20:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Armando Pereira Grell.pdf: 2111808 bytes, checksum: 7d2f21d5bc79d579a5ca725e33c2cddb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-06T00:20:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Armando Pereira Grell.pdf: 2111808 bytes, checksum: 7d2f21d5bc79d579a5ca725e33c2cddb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-24 / Constitutional Amendment No. 29 of 2000 (EC No. 29/2000) was approved with the purpose of ensuring adequate financial resources for public health and of involving and committing the three government levels by the funding from the public health sector in the country. The objective of this study is to analyze the allocative decisions of the states and Federal District influenced by EC N ° 29/2000. To carry out this study has been conducted an inferential, explanatory quantitative and qualitative research, addressed using the empirical method to analyze historical data for expenditures allocations to the public health of the States and Federal District in relation to the EC No. 29/2000. The data were analyzed using mathematical methods and statistical techniques used in econometrics. The study has identified that the differences in the fiscal and socioeconomic environments of the states produce different decisions in the public health sector. During the period analyzed, the EC No. 29 and the net income per capita have influenced the variability of the indicator that measures the application rate in the public health sector. However, more financial resources in the sector did not ensure the public health improvement service. Partly managers do not have the appropriate skills to promote the change process with the purpose to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the sector. This situation is aggravated by the party-political factors that interfere in the sector by means of promoting people without proper qualification and by means of making decisions based on political criteria to the detriment of technical and operational criteria. / A Emenda Constitucional N° 29 de 2000 (EC N° 29/ 2000) foi aprovada com a finalidade de garantir recursos financeiros para a saúde pública e envolver e responsabilizar as três esferas governamentais pelo financiamento do setor público de saúde no país. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar as decisões alocativas dos Estados e Distrito Federal mediante a EC N° 29/ 2000. Para realizar este estudo foi conduzida uma pesquisa inferencial, explicativa, quantitativa e qualitativa, abordada com o uso do método empírico para analisar séries históricas das alocações de gastos destinados à saúde pelos Estados e Distrito Federal em relação à EC N° 29/ 2000. Os dados foram analisados por meio de aplicação de métodos matemáticos e técnicas estatísticas usadas na econometria. Identifica-se que as diferenças dos ambientes socioeconômicos e tributários dos estados produzem decisões diferentes no setor de saúde pública. No período analisado, a EC N° 29 e a receita líquida per capita influenciaram a variabilidade dos percentuais aplicados em saúde. Entretanto, maiores recursos financeiros no setor não garantiu a melhoria dos serviços de saúde pública. Em parte, os gestores não tem a capacitação adequada para promover o processo de mudanças com fins de melhorar a eficácia e a eficiência do setor. Esta situação é agravada pelos fatores político-partidários que interferem no setor promovendo pessoas sem a qualificação adequada e tomando decisões com base em critérios políticos em detrimento dos critérios técnico-operacionais.

Esta dissertação objetiva discutir as tensões que o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) tem sofrido no recente contexto de crise de democracia política e social no país. Em diálogo com a literatura que discute os efeitos das políticas de austeridade econômica nas políticas sociais, especificamente as de saúde, pergunta-se: como os efeitos da crise atual entendendo que se trata de uma crise complexa que tem como marco os eventos de 2013 e 2016, tem se manifestado concretamente nas políticas de saúde? Neste trabalho optou-se por estudar o financiamento do SUS como um eixo operacional fundamental e que reflete dinâmicas políticas mais amplas. A análise das dinâmicas de financiamento do SUS teve como foco o Estado de SP e os seus efeitos na Atenção Primária em Saúde (APS). Considera-se como hipótese que a queda da arrecadação tributária vinculada à retração da atividade econômica industrial no estado em decorrência das crises financeira, política e institucional que o país atravessa desde 2013 vem contribuindo para a estagnação dos investimentos públicos na saúde. Os resultados desta discussão sugerem que os limites de gastos estabelecidos pela Emenda Constitucional no 95/2016 estabelecem uma limitação direta sobre o financiamento público do sistema e suas consequências sobre a APS serão particularmente danosas no quadro epidemiológico mais amplo do país e do estado, caso não haja mudança no processo político em curso, conforme revela um conjunto de indicadores financeiros e sociais analisados neste trabalho / This dissertation aims to discuss the tensions that the Unified Health System (SUS) has suffered in the recent context of a crisis of political and social democracy in the country. In dialogue with the literature that discusses the effects of economic austerity policies on social policies, specifically health policies, we ask: how the effects of the current crisis - understanding that it is a complex crisis that has as a frame the events of 2013 2016, has it manifested itself concretely in health policies? In this study, we chose to study SUS financing as a fundamental operational axis and that reflects broader political dynamics. The analysis of the financing dynamics of SUS focused on the State of São Paulo and its effects on Primary Health Care (PHC). It is considered as a hypothesis that the fall in tax revenue linked to the retraction of industrial economic activity in the state because of the financial, political and institutional crises that the country has been undergoing since 2013 has contributed to the stagnation of public investments in health. The results of this discussion suggest that the spending limits established by Constitutional Amendment 95/2016 will establish a direct limitation on the public financing of the system and its consequences on PHC will be particularly harmful in the broader epidemiological framework of the country and state, if not there is a change in the current political process, as revealed by a set of financial and social indicators analyzed in this work

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / Considerando-se que o acesso das gestantes ao atendimento digno, humanizado e de qualidade à alÃm de um direito, uma necessidade da mulher, o MinistÃrio da SaÃde expressa e oficializa por meio de portarias, a intenÃÃo de investir na atenÃÃo à gravidez, ao parto e ao puerpÃrio, instituindo o Programa de HumanizaÃÃo no PrÃ-natal e Nascimento (PHPN). à um Programa inÃdito, pois consulta ampla na literatura nÃo identificou nenhum outro no formato do PHPN. Ademais, à uma proposta de intervenÃÃo para um paÃs em desenvolvimento; oferece diretrizes para as diferentes instÃncias da assistÃncia; descreve as condiÃÃes mÃnimas para a atenÃÃo com incentivo financeiro atrelado ao cumprimento de tais condiÃÃes; e propÃe um sistema de informaÃÃo (SISPRENATAL), que oferece ao gestor local, monitorar avanÃos e desafios e corrigir falhas. Neste contexto, decidiu-se pela realizaÃÃo do presente estudo que teve como objetivo geral avaliar a qualidade da assistÃncia prÃ-natal no Cearà a partir da implementaÃÃo do PHPN, tendo como objetivos especÃficos avaliar indicadores de processo do PHPN geradores no SISPRENATAL no Estado; analisar aspectos especÃficos da atuaÃÃo do enfermeiro na atenÃÃo prÃ-natal, informados no sistema; e identificar a receita financeira gerado pelo PHPN para o CearÃ. O estudo caracterizou-se como sendo do tipo exploratÃrio e descritivo e teve como universo o Sistema de SaÃde do CearÃ. Parte dos dados foi coletada na CÃlula de InformaÃÃo da Secretaria Estadual da SaÃde por meio de busca no Sistema de InformaÃÃo do PrÃ-Natal e outra parte na Coordenadoria de Controle e AvaliaÃÃo da mesma Secretaria. Os indicadores de processo serviram de subsÃdios para analisar a qualidade da assistÃncia prÃ-natal no CearÃ, no perÃodo de junho de 2001 a agosto de 2006. Ao longo desses seis anos foram notificados 691.001 nascidos vivos (NV) no SISPRENATAL. Contudo, foram detectados apenas 312.507 cadastros de gestantes, ou seja, 44,4% do nÃmero de NV, incluindo gestantes com idade gestacional atà 120 dias entre 2001 a 2003 e a partir de entÃo as gestantes de todas as idades gestacionais. Observou-se aumento crescente nos indicadores de cadastramento precoce das gestantes (<120 dias) no programa, saindo de 88,3%, em 2001, para 96,4%, em 2006. A avaliaÃÃo de todas as condiÃÃes determinadas no Componente I do PHPN, juntas, que define uma melhor qualidade da assistÃncia prÃ-natal prestada, o percentual atingiu 15,67% das gestantes cadastradas. Este resultado foi superior em aproximadamente 50% o resultado encontrado no PaÃs, tendo em vista que a conclusÃo do referido indicador em nÃvel nacional foi de cerca de 10,12% para o mesmo perÃodo. Ficou demonstrado que os Enfermeiros atuam amplamente na assistÃncia prÃ-natal nas unidades bÃsicas de saÃde do Estado, pois 95% dos cadastros de adesÃo de gestantes e 88% das consultas de puerpÃrio foram realizadas por esse profissional. Quanto ao aspecto financeiro ao verificar-se a diferenÃa dos valores de procedimentos que foram realizados e informados no BPA dos municÃpios mas, nÃo tiveram aprovaÃÃo temos um valor total Estadual de R$ 323.040,00. O que se percebe, pelo valor à a possÃvel falta interesse ou atà mesmo o desconhecimento por parte dos gestores, em resolver problemas que geram a desaprovaÃÃo das informaÃÃes e obstruem a arrecadaÃÃo de recursos, diminuÃdo, desta forma, a possibilidade de maiores avanÃos nesta Ãrea. Enfim, com este estudo pÃde-se perceber que se faz necessÃrio uma intensificaÃÃo nas discussÃes entre profissionais, gestores e comunidade, levantando os avanÃos e desafios em cada municÃpio, em cada Ãrea adstrita de PSF, a fim de promover uma visualizaÃÃo das diversas necessidades no campo da assistÃncia prÃ-natal, buscando soluÃÃes viÃveis e eficazes. à inaceitÃvel que uma Ãrea do cuidado tÃo necessÃria e tantas vezes priorizada nas polÃticas pÃblicas de saÃde deste PaÃs ainda padeÃa de negligÃncia pela ausÃncia de garantias tÃo bÃsicas como a realizaÃÃo de exames laboratoriais essenciais, imunizaÃÃo anti-tetÃnica e o seguimento puerperal, realidade detectada no Cearà e tambÃm descrita no cenÃrio nacional. Hà de reconhecer o papel ativo do enfermeiro nessa Ãrea do cuidado e de ser inadiÃvel que gestores municipais se apropriem do processo de financiamento do PHPN e possam minimizar oportunidades perdidas de aquisiÃÃo de recursos. / Pregnant womenâs access to a decent, humanized and qualified service is not only a right, but a womenâs necessity. The Health Department expresses and makes official through regulations, the intention of investing in attention to pregnancy, childbirth and post-delivery, establishing the Program of Humanization in Prenatal and Birth (PHPN). It is an unprecedented program, as a deep search in literature did not identify any other program like PHPN. Besides, it is a proposal of intervention for a country that is in process of development; it offers directives for the different instances of assistance; it describes the minimum conditions for the attention with financial incentive connected to the execution of such conditions; and it suggests an information system (SISPRENATAL), with offers the local administrator to monitor progress and challenges and to correct imperfections. In this context, it was decided to carry out the present study which had as a general objective to evaluate the quality of prenatal assistance in Cearà from the implementation of PHPN on. The specific objectives were to evaluate process indicators of PHPN generator in the SISPRENATAL in the State; to analyze specific aspects of the nurseâs performance in the prenatal attention, informed in the SISPRENATAL; and to identify the financial income produced by PHPN to the state of CearÃ. The study was characterized as exploratory and descriptive and its universe was the Health System of CearÃ. Part of the data was collected in the Information Department of the Health State Secretariat through a search in the Prenatal Information System (SISPRENATAL). The other part was collected in the Coordination of Control and Evaluation of the same Secretariat. The process indicators served as supplementary information to analyze the quality of prenatal assistance in CearÃ, between June, 2001 and August, 2006. Throughout these six years 691.001 live born infants (NV) were notified in the SISPRENATAL. However, only 312.507 registrations of pregnant women were notified, that is, 44,4% of NV, including pregnant women with pregnancy age until 120 days from 2001 to 2003, and from then on women with all pregnancy ages. It was observed a continuous increase in the indicators of pregnant womenâs early registration (<120 days) in the program, from 88,3%, in 2001, to 96,4%, in 2006. In the evaluation of all conditions determined in Component I of PHPN, together, which defines a better quality of prenatal assistance, the percentage reached 15,67% of registered pregnant women. This result was about 50% superior to the result found in the Country, considering that the conclusion of this indicator in national level was about 10,12% in the same period. It was demonstrated that nurses act extensively in prenatal assistance of basic health units of the State, because 95% of pregnant womenâs registration and 88% of post-delivery service were carried out by this professional. Concerning the financial aspect, when we verify the difference of the value of the actions which were carried out and informed at the BPA of the municipalities but were not approved, we have a State total value of R$ 323.040,00. It is noticeable by this value the possible lack of interest or even the lack of Knowledge that governors have when solving problems that produce the disapproval of information and block the collection of resources, what decreases the possibility of greater progress in this area. In conclusion, it was possible to notice through this study that it is necessary to intensify the discussions among professionals, governors and community about progress and challenges in each municipality, in each area of PSF, in other to promote a visualization of several necessities in prenatal assistance and look for possible and effective solutions. It is unacceptable that the area of care which is so necessary and considered many times a priority by public policies suffer because of negligence and absence of basic guarantees like the realization of essential lab exams, anti-tetanus immunization and post-delivery service. This is a reality detected in Cearà and also described in the national scenery. We have to recognize the active role of the nurse in this area of care and that it is urgent that governors of the municipality appropriate the financing process of PHPN and minimize missed opportunities to obtain financial resources for the Health Local System.

Made available in DSpace on 2009-11-18T18:56:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 andrericardo.pdf: 904210 bytes, checksum: 9a01e382dee9916dd73b63f5cd557eee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / The Brazilian Public Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS), defined by the Constitution of 1988, is almost 20 years old and is a landmark for health public policies. In these 20 years, the law was altered several times with the objective of prioritizing the investment of public money in such a needy area as health. Among these changes, it is important to single out the Constitutional Amendment number 29, issued on 13th September 2000, which determined the minimum investment in health. According to this amendment, as from the year 2000, the municipalities should invest in health services a minimum of 7% of the revenue from taxes and transferences from the Federal and State governments. This value was to rise gradually to 15% by 2004. Since every public policy should be systematically evaluated and considering the assumption that, according to the incrementalist theory, more money invested in health would tend to solve the crisis in the health system, this dissertation consists of a study of a set of health indicators in some municipalities of the State of Pernambuco after the Amendment 29. The evaluation period spanned 4 years, from 2002 to 2005 and the area chosen for the study was located in southern agreste region of the state. Ten health indicators were selected, all of which included in the Administrative Rule no 493, of the Health Ministry. It was found that in the chosen period the average investment in health was greater than 15% of the municipalities¿ revenue since 2002. However, the value of the investment per capita, considering the municipality's share of it, which was half of the total investment, decreased from 2002 to 2004 and increased in 2005. It was also found that the municipalities with the lowest per capita income were the ones with the highest investment per capita in health. As regards children mortality in the region, it was on average 33 for every 1000 children born, which is classified as ¿medium¿ according to the above mentioned Administrative Rule no 493. No statistically significative correlation was found between the amount of money invested in health and children mortality. / O Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS, definido pela Constituição de 1988, está prestes a completar vinte anos, constituindo-se em um marco para as políticas públicas no setor da saúde. Ao longo destes anos, diversas foram as alterações na legislação, no sentido de dar prioridade à aplicação de recursos públicos em um setor tão carente como é o da saúde e, em especial, chama-se atenção para a Emenda Constitucional nº 29, de 13 de setembro de 2000, que estabeleceu vinculação mínima de aplicação de recursos de impostos em ações e serviços de saúde. De acordo com esta Emenda, a partir do ano 2000, os municípios deveriam aplicar em ações e serviços de saúde o percentual mínimo de 7% de suas receitas originadas de impostos e transferências da União e dos Estados, devendo este percentual ser elevado gradualmente até atingir 15% em 2004. Como toda política pública deve ser sistematicamente avaliada, e partindo da premissa de que, de acordo com a teoria incrementalista, mais recursos aplicados em saúde tenderiam a resolver a crise na saúde, esta dissertação apresenta como resultado um estudo do comportamento de um conjunto de indicadores relacionados com a saúde, em municípios do Estado de Pernambuco após a Emenda Constitucional nº 29. O período da avaliação compreende os anos de 2002 a 2005 e a região avaliada está localizada no agreste meridional do Estado de Pernambuco. Foram selecionados 10 indicadores relacionados com a saúde que integram a Portaria nº 493 do Ministério da Saúde. Como resultado, constatou-se que, no período, o percentual médio aplicado em saúde era superior a 15% desde o ano de 2002. Todavia, o valor per capita relativo à parcela municipal foi reduzido no período 2002 a 2004, sendo elevado no ano de 2005, devendo ser destacado que os municípios arcaram com a metade dos gastos em saúde. Constatou-se, ainda, que os municípios com menor renda per capita foram os que tiveram os maiores valores per capita aplicados em saúde. No que diz respeito ao coeficiente de mortalidade infantil para a região, constatou-se que o valor da média do período, trinta e três para cada grupo de mil crianças nascidas vivas, é classificado como ¿médio¿, de acordo com o padrão definido pela Portaria n¿ 493. Não foi constatada correlação estatisticamente significativa entre valores aplicados em saúde e coeficiente de mortalidade infantil.

Esta tese tem como objeto o estudo do financiamento da saúde pública no Estado de Minas Gerais, no período compreendido entra a promulgação da Constituição mineira, em 21 de setembro de 1989, e o ano de 2005. Seu texto analisa também o financiamento da saúde pública no federalismo trino, em Minas Gerais, e, diferentes momentos de vinculação constitucional: na vigência do ordenamento constitucional determinado pelo 1 do art. 158 da Constituição estadual de 19989 e na vigência da Emenda n 29, de 13 de setembro de 2000, da Constituição da República. A presente tese constrói a série histórica de 1989 a 2005, com os valores do gasto em saúde pelo Estado de Minas Gerais, a partir dos Balanços Gerais do Estado. Através desses dados, comprova-se que a aplicação de recursos em ações e serviços públicos de saúde não se elevou com a vigência da EC-29, ao contrário, constatamos uma diminuição do aporte realizado em 2005 quando comparado ao valor aplicado em 1995 (15,62%). A construção da série histórica de gastos municipais em saúde total despendido pelo conjunto dos 853 municípios mineiros no período 1996-2005, demonstra que Minas Gerais no período analisado o aporte dos governos locais e, na média anual expressa em real de 2005 (13,22%), menor no quinquênio 2000-2005 do que no quadriênio 1996-1999 que antecede a vigência da EC-29. Este estudo pioneiro, já que o Siops disponibiliza dados municipais até o primeiro semestre de 2003, recomenda a necessidade de verificação em outros estados, pois em Minas Gerais a EC-29 se revela ferramenta incapaz de garantir maiores aportes ao financiamento das ações e serviços públicos de saúde. Verificamos, também que, nos últimos quatro anos, há coerência entre as quatro leis que formam o arcabouço do planejamento orçamentário (PMDI, PPAG, LDOs, LOAs) e os respectivos Balanços Gerais do Estado, mas o Fundo Estadual de Saúde FES não é a unidade orçamentária que realiza a maior parte dos gastos na função saúde. / The goal of this paper is the public health financing study in the State of Minas Gerais, within the period comprised between the promulgation of Minas Gerais Constitution, on September 21, 1989 and the year of 2005. The text also analyses the public health financing in the federalism, in Minas Gerais, on different moments of constitutional biding: during the term of the constitutional system established by the state Constitution 1 of art. 158 of 1989, and during the term os the Republic Constitution Amendment nr. 29, of September 13, 2000. The present paper builds the historical series from 1989 to 2005, with the amounts of the expense with health by the State of Minas Gerais, as from the General Balance Sheets of the State. Through these data it is proved that the investment of resources in actions and public health services has not been increased with the enforcement of the EC-29, on the contrary, we verify a reduction to the financial support accomplished in 2005 when compared to the amount invested in 1995 (15,62%). The historical series building on municipalities of Minas Gerais within the period 1996-2005, shows in Minas Gerais, in the period analyzed, that the financial support of the local government and, the yearly average expressed in quadrienium 1996-1999 that antecedes the EC-29 enforcement. This pioneer study, since the Siops makes available the municipal data until the first semester of 2003, recommends the necessity of checking other states, as in Minas Gerais the EC-29 has proved to be a tool incapable of ensuring greater financial supports to the financing of actions and health public services. We also verified that, in the past four years, there is coherence among the four laws that compose the budget planning framework (PMDI, PPAG, LDOs, LOAs) and the respective General Balance Sheets of the State, but the Health State Fund (Fundo Estadual de Saúde FES) is not the budgeting unit that accomplishes the greatest part of the expenses in the health function. Finaççy, due to the results of the analyzed data, we decided for the need of an urgent proceduring of the complementary law project the regulates the EC-29. The external control of the public expenses and the implementation of the National Account in Health, are important strategies to make the private and public expenses with health more effective and efficient, since such financial supports are practically in the Brazilian reality.

Esta tese tem como objeto o estudo do financiamento da saúde pública no Estado de Minas Gerais, no período compreendido entra a promulgação da Constituição mineira, em 21 de setembro de 1989, e o ano de 2005. Seu texto analisa também o financiamento da saúde pública no federalismo trino, em Minas Gerais, e, diferentes momentos de vinculação constitucional: na vigência do ordenamento constitucional determinado pelo 1 do art. 158 da Constituição estadual de 19989 e na vigência da Emenda n 29, de 13 de setembro de 2000, da Constituição da República. A presente tese constrói a série histórica de 1989 a 2005, com os valores do gasto em saúde pelo Estado de Minas Gerais, a partir dos Balanços Gerais do Estado. Através desses dados, comprova-se que a aplicação de recursos em ações e serviços públicos de saúde não se elevou com a vigência da EC-29, ao contrário, constatamos uma diminuição do aporte realizado em 2005 quando comparado ao valor aplicado em 1995 (15,62%). A construção da série histórica de gastos municipais em saúde total despendido pelo conjunto dos 853 municípios mineiros no período 1996-2005, demonstra que Minas Gerais no período analisado o aporte dos governos locais e, na média anual expressa em real de 2005 (13,22%), menor no quinquênio 2000-2005 do que no quadriênio 1996-1999 que antecede a vigência da EC-29. Este estudo pioneiro, já que o Siops disponibiliza dados municipais até o primeiro semestre de 2003, recomenda a necessidade de verificação em outros estados, pois em Minas Gerais a EC-29 se revela ferramenta incapaz de garantir maiores aportes ao financiamento das ações e serviços públicos de saúde. Verificamos, também que, nos últimos quatro anos, há coerência entre as quatro leis que formam o arcabouço do planejamento orçamentário (PMDI, PPAG, LDOs, LOAs) e os respectivos Balanços Gerais do Estado, mas o Fundo Estadual de Saúde FES não é a unidade orçamentária que realiza a maior parte dos gastos na função saúde. / The goal of this paper is the public health financing study in the State of Minas Gerais, within the period comprised between the promulgation of Minas Gerais Constitution, on September 21, 1989 and the year of 2005. The text also analyses the public health financing in the federalism, in Minas Gerais, on different moments of constitutional biding: during the term of the constitutional system established by the state Constitution 1 of art. 158 of 1989, and during the term os the Republic Constitution Amendment nr. 29, of September 13, 2000. The present paper builds the historical series from 1989 to 2005, with the amounts of the expense with health by the State of Minas Gerais, as from the General Balance Sheets of the State. Through these data it is proved that the investment of resources in actions and public health services has not been increased with the enforcement of the EC-29, on the contrary, we verify a reduction to the financial support accomplished in 2005 when compared to the amount invested in 1995 (15,62%). The historical series building on municipalities of Minas Gerais within the period 1996-2005, shows in Minas Gerais, in the period analyzed, that the financial support of the local government and, the yearly average expressed in quadrienium 1996-1999 that antecedes the EC-29 enforcement. This pioneer study, since the Siops makes available the municipal data until the first semester of 2003, recommends the necessity of checking other states, as in Minas Gerais the EC-29 has proved to be a tool incapable of ensuring greater financial supports to the financing of actions and health public services. We also verified that, in the past four years, there is coherence among the four laws that compose the budget planning framework (PMDI, PPAG, LDOs, LOAs) and the respective General Balance Sheets of the State, but the Health State Fund (Fundo Estadual de Saúde FES) is not the budgeting unit that accomplishes the greatest part of the expenses in the health function. Finaççy, due to the results of the analyzed data, we decided for the need of an urgent proceduring of the complementary law project the regulates the EC-29. The external control of the public expenses and the implementation of the National Account in Health, are important strategies to make the private and public expenses with health more effective and efficient, since such financial supports are practically in the Brazilian reality.

La césarienne est une intervention obstétricale majeure qui peut sauver la vie de la mère et de l’enfant. En Afrique sub-saharienne, il persiste une grande inégalité d’accès à la césarienne et une grande variation des pratiques autour des indications d’intervention. D’un côté, des barrières financières, géographiques, culturelles privent des femmes d’une intervention qui peut sauver leur vie. De l’autre, la pratique grandissante de césariennes sans indication médicale, dans un contexte de mauvaise qualité de soins, entraine une sur-morbidité et mortalité iatrogènes et évitables. <p>L’objectif de notre thèse est de contribuer à une meilleure connaissance des déterminants d’une césarienne de qualité et de montrer comment en situation réelle (cas d’un district urbain au Burkina Faso) on peut agir sur ces déterminants pour améliorer la qualité des césariennes.<p>Dans le cadre d’un projet multidisciplinaire (santé publique, mobilisation politique et sociale, anthropologie) d’Amélioration de la QUalité et de l’Accès aux Soins Obstétricaux d’Urgence - le projet AQUASOU (2003-2006) - nous avons pu mettre en œuvre des activités visant à améliorer l’accès à une césarienne de qualité dans le district du Secteur 30) à Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Nous avons mené une étude Avant-Après et utilisé des méthodes d’évaluation mixtes quantitatives et qualitatives pour comprendre dans quelle mesure et comment ce type d’approche globale améliore la qualité de la césarienne. Nous avons utilisé le cadre d’analyse de Dujardin et Delvaux (1998) qui présente les différents déterminants de la césarienne pour organiser et structurer nos résultats. Cette expérience s’étant déroulée dans le cadre d’un projet pilote nous avons également évalué le degré de pérennité du projet AQUASOU quatre ans après sa clôture officielle et analysé sa diffusion au niveau région et national.<p>Le cadre d’analyse de la césarienne de qualité avec ses quatre piliers (Accès, Diagnostic, Procédure, Soins postopératoires) a permis d’aller au-delà de la simple évaluation de la qualité technique de l’acte césarienne. Il a structuré l’analyse des différentes barrières à l’accès à la césarienne comme par exemple l’acceptabilité des services par la population et le coût de la prise en charge. <p>L’analyse des discours des femmes césarisées a mis en lumière le sentiment de culpabilité des femmes d’avoir eu une césarienne - ne pas avoir été « une bonne mère » capable d’accoucher normalement. Les questionnements sur la récurrence de la césarienne pour les prochaines grossesses, les dépenses élevées à la charge du ménage, la fatigue physique et les complications médicales possibles après l’opération mettent la femme dans une situation de vulnérabilités plurielles au sein de son couple et de sa famille.<p>L’évaluation du système de partage des coûts pour les urgences obstétricales mis en place en 2005 dans le district du Secteur 30 a montré qu’il était possible de mobiliser les collectivités locales de la ville et des communes rurales pour la santé des femmes. La levée des barrières financières a pu bénéficier à la fois aux femmes du milieu urbain et rural mais l’écart d’utilisation des services entre le milieu de résidence n’a pas été comblé et cela confirme l’importance des barrières géographiques (distance, route impraticable pendant la saison des pluies, manque de moyen de transport) et socioculturelles.<p>L’étude sur le rôle des audits cliniques ou revues de cas dans l’amélioration de la qualité des soins a montré que les soignants avaient une bonne connaissance du but de l'audit et qu’ils classaient l'audit comme le premier facteur de changement dans leur pratique, comparé aux staffs matinaux, aux formations et aux guides cliniques. Cependant, l’institutionnalisation des audits se révèle difficile dans un contexte de manque de ressources qui affecte les conditions de travail et dans un environnement peu favorable à la remise en question de sa pratique professionnelle.<p>L’évaluation de la pérennité du projet pilote quatre ans après la fin du soutien financier et technique montre que les bénéfices pour la population sont toujours là en terme d’accessibilité à la césarienne :coûts directs pour les ménages de 5000 FCFA (US $ 9.8), qualité des soins maintenue avec une diminution de la mortalité périnatale précoce pour les accouchements par césarienne de 3,6% en 2004 à 1,8% en 2008.<p> \ / Doctorat en Sciences de la santé publique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

L'accès aux médicaments essentiels (ME) est un élément clé de la qualité des soins dans un système de santé. Par ailleurs, le financement basé sur la performance (FBP) attire de plus en plus l'attention des décideurs comme une intervention pour améliorer la prestation des services de santé, y compris l’accès aux ME, dans les pays à faible et moyen revenus (PFMR). Malgré l’intérêt croissant de la recherche sur le FBP, très peu d’étude ont porté sur la mise à l’agenda d’une telle réforme ou son maintien à l’ordre du jour au fil du temps, encore moins sur l’influence de celle-ci sur l’accès aux ME dans les PFMR. A travers une analyse du programme de FBP au Cameroun, la présente thèse vise à faire avancer les connaissances en examinant les questions suivantes : qu’est-ce qui explique l’apparition du FBP au niveau de la politique nationale de la santé et quel est l’impact de ce programme sur l’accès aux ME? Le devis de recherche est celui d’une étude de cas et la démarche analytique s’appuie sur la combinaison des données qualitatives, à travers des entrevues réalisées auprès des acteurs clés du programme FBP au Cameroun, et quantitatives, issues de l’évaluation d’impact de ce programme. La perspective conceptuelle est celle des cycles de politique, du cadre de transfert des politiques et de la recherche interventionnelle. Les résultats sont structurés en quatre articles scientifiques. La mise du FBP à l’agenda au Cameroun s’est construite à partir des rapports et événements identifiant l'absence d'une politique de financement de la santé adaptée comme une question importante à laquelle il fallait s'attaquer (article 1). L'évolution du discours politique vers une plus grande responsabilisation a permis de tester de nouveaux mécanismes. Un groupe d'entrepreneurs politiques de la Banque mondiale, par le biais de nombreuses formes d'influence (financière, conceptuelle, fondée sur la connaissance et les réseaux) et en s'appuyant sur plusieurs réformes en cours, a collaboré avec de hauts fonctionnaires du gouvernement pour mettre le programme FBP à l'ordre du jour. Des organisations non gouvernementales internationales ont été recrutées au début du programme pour assurer sa mise en œuvre rapide. Toutefois, il a fallu transférer ce rôle aux organisations nationales pour assurer la pérennité, l'appropriation et l'intégration de l'intervention du FBP dans le système de santé (article 2). L'expérience de ce transfert montre que les éléments favorisant la réussite d’un tel processus incluent des directives structurées, une appropriation et planification conjointe de la transition par toutes les parties, et un soutien post-transition aux nouveaux acteurs. Les données qualitatives suggèrent que la mise en œuvre du programme FBP influence l’accès aux médicaments essentiels par l’entremise de plusieurs facteurs, notamment une plus grande autonomie des formations sanitaires, une régulation appliquée des équipes cadre de santé, une plus grande responsabilisation des acteurs du médicament et la libéralisation du système d’approvisionnement (article 3). Cependant, le programme a eu un impact très limité sur la disponibilité des ME (article 4). L'intervention n’a été associée à aucune réduction des ruptures de stock de ME, sauf pour la planification familiale (PF), avec une hétérogénéité des effets entre les régions et les zones urbaines et rurales. Ces résultats sont la conséquence d'un échec partiel de la mise en œuvre de ce programme, allant de la perturbation et de l'interruption des services à une autonomie limitée des formations sanitaires dans la gestion des décisions et à un retard considérable dans le paiement des prestations. / Access to essential medicines (EM) is a key element of quality of care in a health system. Accordingly, performance-based financing (PBF) is increasingly attracting the attention of policy makers as a promising intervention to improve health service delivery, including access to essential medicines, in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Despite the growing interest in PBF research, very few studies have focused on how such a reform has been put on the agenda or how it has been maintained over time, much less how it has influenced access to EMs in low- and middle-income countries. Through an analysis of the PBF program in Cameroon, this thesis aims to advance knowledge by examining the following questions: What explains the emergence of PBF at the level of national health policy and what is the impact of this program on access to EMs? The research design is a case study and the analytical approach is based on a combination of qualitative data, through interviews conducted with key actors of the PBF program in Cameroon, and quantitative data from the impact evaluation of this program. The conceptual perspective is that of policy cycles, the policy transfer framework and intervention research. The results are structured into four scientific articles. Putting the PBF on the agenda in Cameroon was built from reports and events identifying the lack of an appropriate health financing policy as a critical issue that needed to be addressed (article 1). The evolution of political discourse towards greater accountability made it possible to test new mechanisms. A group of political entrepreneurs from the World Bank, through many forms of influence (financial, conceptual, knowledge-based and networked) and building on several ongoing reforms, worked with senior government officials to put the PBF reform on the agenda. International non-governmental organizations were recruited at the beginning of the programme to ensure its rapid implementation. However, this role had to be transferred to national organizations to ensure sustainability, ownership and integration of the PBF intervention into the health system (Article 2). The experience of this transfer shows that the elements for the success of such a process include structured guidelines, joint ownership and planning of the transition by all parties, and post-transition support to new actors. The implementation of the PBF programme influences access to essential medicines through several factors, including greater autonomy of health v facilities, enforced regulation of district medical teams, greater accountability of drug stakeholders and liberalization of the supply system (Article 3). However, the programme had a very limited impact on the availability of EMs (Article 4). The intervention was not associated with any reduction in EM stock-outs, except for family planning (FP), where the reduction was 34% (P = 0.028), with a heterogeneity of effects between regions and urban and rural areas. These poor results were likely the consequence of partial implementation failure, ranging from disruption and discontinuation of services to limited facility autonomy in managing decision‐making and considerable delay in performance payment.

Given the general poor state of health care and the devastating effect of user fee, the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) was instituted as a health financing policy with the main purpose to ensure universal access for all Nigerians. However, since NHIS became operational in 2005, only members of scheme are able to access health care both in the public and in private sectors, representing about 3% of Nigerian population. The thesis therefore examines the design and implementation policy of NHIS in Oyo state, Nigeria. Key design issues conceptual framework guides the analysis of data. The framework identifies three health interrelated financing functions namely revenue collection, risk pooling and purchasing. Data was collected from the NHIS officials, employees of the Health Maintenance Organisations (HMOs) and the Health Care Providers (HCPs) using key informant interview. In addition, in-depth interview and semi structure questionnaire were used to gather data from the enrolees and the nonenrolees. Empirical findings show that NHIS is fragmented given the existence of several programmes. In addition, there is no risk pooling neither redistribution of funds in the scheme. Revenue generated through contributions from the enrolees was not sufficient to fund health care services received by the beneficiaries because of the small percentage of the Nigerian population that the scheme covers. Further findings indicate that enrolled federal civil servants have not commenced monthly contribution to the NHIS. They pay 10% as co-pay in every consultation while federal government as an employer subsidised by 90%. Majority (76.8%) of the respondents agreed that they were financially protected from catastrophic spending. However, the overall benefit package was rated moderate because of exclusion of some priority and essential health care needs. Although above half (57%) of the respondents concurred that HMOs are accessible, in the overall, (47.6%) of the respondents were not satisfied with their services. In the case of the HCPs, majority (61.9%) of the respondents claimed that there is no excessive waiting time for consultation. Furthermore, (64.3%) rated their interpersonal relationship with the HCPs to be good. However, more than half of the respondents (54%) disagreed on availability of prescribed drugs in NHIS accredited health facilities. For the nonenrolees, findings show that most of the respondents (72.9%) were willing to enrol, but significant proportion (47.5%) indicated financial constraint as impediment to enrolment. / Sociology / D. Phil. (Sociology)