Debates concerning the concept of 'engaged scholarship’ (ES) in terms of university-society connectivity have become part of the discourse within the shifting South African higher education landscape after 1994. Given the legacy of historical inequalities continuing to permeate all spheres of South African society including higher education, the idea of social-justice-centred engaged scholarship forms the main thrust of the narrative in this thesis. Furthermore, with music inherently geared towards societal engagement, and 'engaged scholarship’ included in UCT’s latest Social Responsiveness Policy Framework, this thesis critically examines the ES responses - in terms of their perceptions and practices - of music academics at the SACM in post-1994 South Africa. The opening chapter outlines the largely two-pronged research methodology approach pertaining to the analysis and findings of: (1) literature and documents, and (2) in-depth interviews of a representative sample of full-time SACM music academics. Chapter 2 provides a historical sociology unpacking the ES concept as part of an emergent University Third Mission. With developments largely unfolding at American universities, the first part of Chapter 2 shows the development of ES as essentially following two routes. Firstly the Triple Helix notion of university-industry-government (U-I-G) relations since the mid-20th century, identified by Etzkowitz as a 'Second Academic Transformation’ grafted on an earlier 19th century 'First Academic Transformation’ which began in Germany. Then secondly, in the 1990s a broadened view of scholarship aimed at making universities more relevant to the needs of society (i.e. via U-CS or university-civil society links) proposed by Boyer. With the issue of an emergent University Third Mission also entering the South African higher education discourse after 1994, the second part of Chapter 2 highlights conceptual confusion by considering policy and conference debates on 'community engagement’ (CE), the preferred expression for university-society relations in South Africa. Unfolding developments at UCT however have resulted in a discourse of ES becoming integral to this university’s Social Responsiveness Policy Framework after 2012. Moreover with social justice largely absent from CE discourse and the Triple Helix, Cooper has proposed a Quadruple Helix whereby civil society is added as fourth helix (i.e. resulting in U-I-G-CS). The approach of this study, therefore, explores the concept of a social-justice-centred engagement (outlined in part three of Chapter 2) with which it strongly resonates. Chapter 3 focuses attention on the milieu and ethos of UCT and the SACM, putting SACM music academics, part of an elite historically 'white’ university, in perspective. This highlights the entrenched hegemony of the historically 'white’ European settler institutional culture and 'orphan’ status of music indigenous to Africa at the SACM. Against this backdrop Chapter 4 provides a snapshot of the ES perceptions and practices of SACM music academics derived from the in-depth interviews. Importantly, with music largely absent from ES discourse, including at UCT, the critical analysis of the narratives of music academics form the basis for this thesis creating four music-specific ES categories in this chapter, and a proposed typology of music-specific ES in Chapter 5. In addition, a particularly important finding in Chapter 5 depicts the SACM as probably the most engaged UCT department, mainly displaying elements of the Quadruple Helix (U-I-G-CS), but with this engagement significantly skewed towards largely 'white’ civil society. Moreover, given the historically Eurocentric ethos of the SACM, western classical music has retained its uncontested hegemony (including within the SACM student curriculum) despite the introduction in the 1980s of new streams of non-western classical music, including music indigenous to Africa. With reference to ES, the engagement of the majority of SACM music academics was, furthermore, found overwhelmingly to be with the elite social classes. However, 'black’ academics were significantly more engaged with the 'black’ working class than their 'white’ counterparts. Considering the core findings above, pathways enabling the development of more balanced SACM-society relationships, particularly with the 'black’ working class majority have been proposed in the concluding chapter. A crucial recommendation is the decolonisation of the institutional culture and curriculum of the SACM, thereby restoring the former 'Other’, to 'Self’. These being spaces outside the comfort-zone of most music academics, it is suggested that music-specific ES research, potentially able to shift embedded reasoning, should become integral to the decolonisation process.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / SETMAR is a chimeric protein that originates from the fusion of a SET domain to the mariner Hsmar1 transposase. This fusion event occurred approximately 50 million years ago, after the split of an anthropoid primate ancestor from the prosimians. Thus, SETMAR is only expressed in anthropoid primates, such as humans, apes, and New World monkeys. Evolutionary sequence analyses have revealed that the DNA-binding domain, one of the two functional domains in the Hsmar1 transposase, has been subjected to a strong purifying selection. Consistent with these analyses, SETMAR retains robust binding specificity to its ancestral terminal inverted repeat (TIR) DNA. In the human genome, this TIR sequence is dispersed in over 1500 perfect or nearly perfect sites. Given that many DNA-binding domains of transcriptional regulators are derived from transposases, we hypothesized that SETMAR may play a role in gene regulation. In this thesis, we determined the crystal structures of the DNA-binding domain bound to both its ancestral TIR DNA and a variant TIR DNA sequence at 2.37 and 3.07 Å, respectively. Overall, the DNA-binding domain contains two helix-turn-helix (HTH) motifs linked by two AT-hook motifs and dimerizes through its HTH1 motif. In both complexes, minor groove interactions with the AT-hook motifs are similar, and major groove interactions with HTH1 involve a single residue. However, four residues from HTH2 participate in nucleobase-specific interactions with the TIR and only two with the variant DNA sequence. Despite these differences in nucleobase-specific interactions, the DNA-binding affinities of SETMAR to TIR or variant TIR differ by less than two-fold. From cell-based studies, we found that SETMAR represses firefly luciferase gene expression while the DNA-binding deficient mutant does not. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay further confirms that SETMAR binds the TIR sequence in cells. Collectively, our studies suggest that SETMAR functions in gene regulation.

This research thesis delves into the challenges pertaining to Industry 5.0 in Sweden, with a particular focus on the Quadruple Helix Collaboration (QHC) Model. The investigation aims to shed light on how the collaboration between the government, academia, society, and industry (comprising the quadruple helix model of innovation) influences the adoption and implementation of sustainability practices in Sweden. Additionally, the article scrutinizes the challenges encountered within the realm of close collaboration and puts forth recommendations for addressing these challenges. It explores potential solutions and suggests approaches for academia to effectively alleviate these obstacles, thereby fostering sustainable growth. The ultimate goal of this study is to provide valuable insights and recommendations to academics in Sweden, enabling them to fortify their collaborations and facilitate synergistic partnerships across the various helices within the QHC framework. / Denna forskningsuppsats undersöker utmaningarna relaterade till Industri 5.0 i Sverige med särskilt fokus på Quadruple Helix Collaboration (QHC) Model. Undersökningen syftar till att belysa hur samarbetet mellan regeringen, akademin, samhället och industrin (som omfattar quadruple helix-modellen för innovation) påverkar antagandet och genomförandet av hållbarhetspraxis i Sverige. Dessutom granskar uppsatsen de utmaningar som uppstår inom området för nära samarbete och presenterar rekommendationer för att hantera dessa utmaningar. Den utforskar potentiella lösningar och föreslår tillvägagångssätt för akademin att effektivt mildra dessa hinder och främja hållbar tillväxt. Målet med denna studie är att ge värdefulla insikter och rekommendationer till akademiker i Sverige, vilket möjliggör stärkande av deras samarbeten och underlättar synergistiska partnerskap över de olika helixarna inom QHC-ramverket.

Denna uppsats syftar på att studera sektorsöverskridande samverkan i en kommun utifrån ett integrationsprojekt som fallstudie. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkter baseras på organisering, governance och gränser. Dessa har använts för att studera hur integrationsprojektet kan förstås som organisering och form av governance för att lösa problem och bemöta behov och krav på offentlig verksamhet. Metoden för denna studie har utgått från sju kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer men även sekundärdata. Resultatet av studien påvisar att samverkan är vanligt förekommande inom kommunen och att de effekterna samt lärdomar från projektets gång tas med och arbetas vidare i andra samverkansprojekt. / This essay aims to study cross-sector collaboration in a municipality based on an integration project as a case study. The study's theoretical starting points are based on organization, governance and boundaries. These have been used to study how the integration project can be understood as an organization and form of governance to solve problems and meet the needs and requirements of public activities. The method for this study has been based on seven qualitative semi-structured interviews but also secondary data. The results of the study demonstrate that collaboration is common within the municipality and that the effects and lessons learned from the course of the project are taken and worked on in other collaboration projects.

This thesis explores the factors contributing to successful collaboration within the Quadruple and Quintuple Helix frameworks, with a specific focus on the active involvement of students as stakeholders. A qualitative research approach was adopted, utilising interviews, questionnaires, and action research documented in a diary form, to gather data. The study examines the Creative LAB, an innovation lab initiated by students in the Innovation and Design master’s program at Mälardalens University, as a base for the collaborations with which the data is inquired from. The research employs the Quadruple and Quintuple Helix models as theoretical frameworks to understand collaboration dynamics. Phenomenographic analysis was used to categorise and analyse the experiences of collaboration. The interviews and questionnaires, both addressing the same topic, were transcribed, and subjected to systematic extraction and analysis. The findings are presented in the form of categories, supported by direct quotations and perspectives from the respondents. The research diary served as a reflective tool throughout the thesis, documenting and analysing the obtained results and the work conducted within the Creative LAB. It provided valuable insights into the collaboration dynamics, success factors, and the role of students as active stakeholders in the Quadruple and Quintuple Helix models. By capturing observations and personal reflections, the diary contributed to a deeper understanding of the research findings and enhanced the overall validity of the study. One of the projects, WellBot, is also presented as a case study. In summary, this thesis provides insights into the key success factors for collaboration within the Quadruple and Quintuple Helix frameworks, while also highlighting the significant role of students as active stakeholders. The results shed light on the perceptions and experiences of the participants, offering valuable implications for fostering effective collaboration in the context of academia, industry, and society. In the end, success-factors identified within the study is presented, as well as a questionnaire to identify perceptions on potential collaborations.

Collaboration is a potential for companies to mitigate risk and use different competencies to create possible solutions. This paper identifies that the automotive industry is going through a rapid transformation and needs collaboration as a way to keep up with the fast pace of change. Using a case study based on the automotive industry in the Stockholm region and with a focus on small and middle-sized enterprises (SMEs, companies with less than 250 employees), this paper aims to address how the regional government can facilitate cooperation 1) within the automotive industry and 2) between the regional government and the automotive industry to keep up with the industrial transformations in the year 2030, by identifying the needs of the industry, highlighting potential collaboration engagement practices, and addressing how the regional government can facilitate collaboration. The paper has identified the needs based on product and production development, business model development, and skill development. For product and production development, SMEs need to create new products or find new markets, adapt products to environmental pressures, produce new products quickly, work closer to the customer, move production closer to the customer, and digitalize and automate production. For business model development, companies need to use sustainability as the core of the business model and include services as part of their portfolio. Finally, for skill development, SMEs need to find skills that meet the market, upskill continuously, develop more problem-solving and analytical skills. This study concludes that there are various activities that the regional government can perform, but need assistance from other actors. Firstly, they could strategize with other regional stakeholders, simplify collaboration within the industry, and increase communication and transparency with all industry actors to facilitate collaboration within the industry. Secondly, they could contribute to infrastructure, foster cluster expansion, and contribute to international competitiveness to aid collaboration between the regional government and the industry. The regional government should aim to execute these activities, but need support from relevant stakeholders, to help with the transition to a different industrial environment. / Samarbete är en möjlighet för företag att mildra risker och använda olika kompetenser för att skapa möjliga lösningar. Denna studie identifierar att fordonsindustrin genomgår snabb omvandling och behöver samarbete som ett sätt att hålla jämna steg med den snabba förändringstakten. Med hjälp av en fallstudie baserad på fordonsindustrin i Stockholmsregionen och med fokus på små och medelstora företag (SMF, företag med färre än 250 anställda) syftar denna studie till att undersöka hur den regionala verksamheten Region Stockholm kan underlätta samarbete 1) inom fordonsindustrin och 2) mellan regionala myndigheten och fordonsindustrin. För att industrin ska kunna hålla jämna steg med de industriella omvandlingarna mot 2030, görs detta genom att identifiera branschens behov, lyfta fram potentiella samarbetsaktiviteter och föreslå hur den regionen kan underlätta samarbete. Studien har identifierat behoven i fordonsindustrin baserat på produkt- och produktionsutveckling, utveckling av affärsmodeller och kompetensutveckling. För produkt- och produktionsutveckling måste små och medelstora företag skapa nya produkter eller hitta nya marknader, anpassa produkter till miljöpressen, producera nya produkter snabbt, arbeta närmare kunden, flytta produktionen närmare kunden och digitalisera och automatisera produktionen. För utveckling av affärsmodeller måste företag använda hållbarhet som kärna i affärsmodellen och inkludera tjänster som en del av sin portfölj. Slutligen, för kompetensutveckling, måste små och medelstora företag hitta färdigheter som möter marknaden, fortlöpande utveckla kompetens samt utveckla mer problemlösnings- och analytiska färdigheter. Denna studie drar slutsatsen att det finns olika aktiviteter som regionen kan utföra, men att de behöver hjälp från andra aktörer. För det första kan de skapa strategier med andra regionala intressenter, förenkla samarbetet inom industrin och öka kommunikationen och transparensen med alla branschaktörer för att underlätta samarbete inom fordonsindustrin. För det andra kan bidra till infrastruktur, främja klusterutveckling och bidra till internationell konkurrenskraft för att underlätta samarbete mellan den regionala verksamheten och industrin. Regionen bör sträva efter att genomföra dessa aktiviteter, men behöver stöd från relevanta intressenter för att hjälpa till med övergången till en förändrad industriell miljö.

Innovation has emerged in the latest decades as the key driver of economic growth. The Swedish Government has made innovation a key focus and supports a multitude of initiatives to improve the innovation capacity of Sweden. This thesis provides a multiple case study on hardware scaleups, to evaluate how they could be better supported in overcoming the valley of death by the Swedish innovation system. Through the framework of triple helix, actors representing all key areas were interviewed to achieve a holistic view on the system. Through interviews with both scaleups and other actors in the system, a picture of a gap between scaleups and existing infrastructure emerges. The findings show that improving the facilitation of connections between hardware scaleups and Swedish suppliers, improving the access to production competence, and simplifying the access to existing resources in the innovation system are all key to a better facilitation of hardware scaleups growth in Sweden. / Innovation har växt fram under de senaste decennierna som den främsta drivkraften för ekonomisk tillväxt. Den svenska staten har satt innovation i fokus, och stödjer en bredd av initiativ för att öka Sveriges innovationskapacitet.  Detta examensarete består av en multipel fallstudie på hårdvaruscaleups för att utvärdera hur deras tillväxt bättre kan faciliteras av det svenska innovationssystemet. Genom intervjuer med både scaleups och andra aktärer i systemet framkommer en bild av en värld där scaleups inte tar del av existerande innovationsinfrastruktur i full grad.  Studiens resultat visar att förbättrad facilitering av förbindelser mellan hårdvaruscaleups och underleverantörer, förbättrad tillgång till produktionskompetens, och en förenkling av användandet av existerande resurser i det svenska innovationssystemet är tre centrala faktorer för att bättre facilitera tillväxten för hårdvaruscaleups i Sverige.

The transition toward a robust, resource-effective, and renewable energy system faces many challenges. The demand for electricity is expected to rapidly increase over the coming years due to the electrification of society resulting in a need for more transmission capacity in the grid. Distributed energy systems are argued to be part of this transition and the implementation of small-scale distributed energy resources has grown enormously over the last few years. Energy communities, a way to collectively produce and consume energy in a local context, have been shown to support the energy transition while providing flexibility to the grid. The interplay of actors in energy communities is argued to aid in handling the increased complexity of the energy system. Knowledge sharing is considered fundamental for energy communities to emerge and a way to facilitate the management of knowledge transfer is argued to be important, but not currently existing. The purpose of the study is to explore how knowledge sharing in and between energy communities can be strategically managed and organized, both in terms of aiding the development of energy communities and upscaling the concept. This was achieved by implementing a qualitative approach consisting of a comprehensive literature review accompanied by empirical findings through interviews with relevant actors. The collected data were analyzed by applying the theoretical concepts Quadruple Helix Innovation Systems, Knowledge Management, and Inter-Organizational Systems. The results showed that several key elements must be considered to be successful in sharing knowledge within and between energy communities. The Key Elements Strategy Model is presented as an overall approach that can be adapted for enabling application in different contexts and constellations. Since the concept of energy communities is expected to be further developed, it motivates the implementation of a systematic approach that can be used iteratively to continuously gain, capture and share new knowledge. There is a lot of potential to further investigate the area of knowledge sharing in the development of energy communities and future research on the subject is recommended. / Övergången till ett robust, resurseffektivt och förnybart energisystem står inför många utmaningar. Efterfrågan på el förväntas öka snabbt under de kommande åren då elektrifieringen av samhället leder till ett behov av mer överföringskapacitet i nätet. Distribuerade energisystem hävdas vara betydande i energiomställningen och införande av småskaliga distribuerade energiresurser har vuxit enormt under de senaste åren. Energigemenskaper, ett sätt att kollektivt producera och konsumera energi lokalt, har visat sig stödja omställningen samtidigt som det ger flexibilitet till nätet. Samspelet som krävs mellan de aktörer som ingår i energigemenskaper förväntas kunna bistå i hanterandet av den ökade komplexiteten i energisystemet. En grundläggande aspekt för uppskalningen av energigemenskaper är delning av kunskap. Att hantera kunskapsdelning inom projekten på ett organiserat sätt har pekats ut som väldigt viktigt, men inte existerande i dagsläget. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur kunskapsdelning inom och mellan energigemenskaper ur ett strategiskt perspektiv bör hanteras och organiseras, både med avseende på att stödja utvecklingen av energigemenskaper samt uppskalning av konceptet. Detta uppnåddes genom att utföra en kvalitativ studie bestående av en omfattande litteraturstudie och intervjuer med relevanta aktörer. Den insamlade datan analyserades genom att tillämpa Quadruple Helix Innovation Systems, Knowledge Management och Inter-Organizational Systems. Resultaten visade att flera nyckelelement måste tas i beaktning för att lyckas med att dela kunskap inom och mellan energigemenskaper. The Key Elements Strategy Model presenteras som ett övergripande tillvägagångssätt som kan anpassas för att möjliggöra tillämpning i olika sammanhang och konstellationer. Eftersom energigemenskaper som koncept förväntas utvecklas vidare så är implementering av ett systematiskt iterativt tillvägagångssätt för att kontinuerligt skapa, fånga och dela kunskap motiverat. Det finns mycket potential att ytterligare undersöka området för kunskapsdelning i utvecklingen av energigemenskaper och framtida forskning i ämnet rekommenderas.

This study explores the expectations of local communities from higher education institutions (HEIs) in the Northern Province of Rwanda, focusing on two specific institutions: IPRC Musanze and INES Ruhengeri. Employing a robust mixed-method design, the research integrates both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Quantitative data were collected through structured surveys administered to HEI staff and alumni, while qualitative insights were gathered via in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with key stakeholders, including community members. Additionally, secondary data sources, such as policy documents and institutional reports, were utilized to complement the primary data. The study's findings reveal a significant disparity between community expectations and the actual capabilities of HEIs, shaped by factors such as institutional type (public vs. private), program offerings, and the socio-economic needs of residents. Notably, gender differences emerged, with women generally harbouring higher, often unrealistic, expectations of HEIs compared to men. Communities view HEIs as crucial drivers of regional development, expecting them to enhance employability, contribute to local economic growth, and provide essential community services. However, challenges including inadequate collaboration, resource constraints, and differing expectations between public and private institutions were identified. To address these issues, the study proposes adding the 'local community' as a fourth element to the existing triple helix model (university-industry-government) to better align HEI outputs with community needs. Furthermore, it emphasizes the necessity of redefining roles and responsibilities between HEIs and the government to foster more effective and sustainable collaborations. The research contributes to the broader discourse on higher education's role in societal development, particularly in emerging economies like Rwanda. The rigorous methodological approach, employing the three main research programmes Citavi, NVivo and SPSS, ensures that the study's insights are both robust and actionable:The current thesis is divided into eight chapters: (1) General Introduction, (2) Related Works, (3) Guiding Theories/Models, (4) Research Methodology, (5) Talking from Experience: Graduates' Voice from Graduation to Labour Market, (6) Communities in the Vicinity of HEIs: A Local Perspective and Expectations, (7) Collaboration between HEIs and their Neighbouring Communities: Challenges and Proposed Solutions and lastly but not least, the chapter (8) which is conclusion. I start the first chapter by giving readers a broad introduction that sets the scene for the study and is followed by a statement of the problem. I also define the study's purpose, research questions, and the scope. Finally, I talk about the significance of the study. In the second chapter, I attempt to conduct a critical review of the existing literature on the research questions. Weaknesses, gaps, immediate relevance, and contributions are identified in this review, and the exploration reflects the variables specified in the research questions and objectives. The third chapter identifies the underlying theories reflecting the relationships between the concepts and theories that I intend to analyze in order to achieve the stated goals of the study. The fourth chapter discusses the research questions, resources, and procedures along with how they relate to the study's theoretical framework. To achieve this, a brief discussion of the research design, study location, study population, sampling technique, sample size, data collection and methods, data sources, data analysis, and ethical considerations is provided. The fifth chapter presents and discusses field data that was gathered to address one of the four major research questions that the current thesis seeks to investigate. A special focus is placed on graduates from HEIs. It primarily focuses on what we can learn from the experiences of current HEI graduates on the job market. Graduates discuss their practical experience in the labour market from the time of graduation to their current position. The analysis and presentation of the findings in relation to the following research questions are covered in the sixth chapter: What do local communities anticipate of HEIs in their areas? Do communities' expectations of public and private HEIs differ in any way? Which one, if any? It aims to ascertain the various kinds of expectations that the communities in Rwanda's Northern Region have of the HEIs nearby. The chapter contrasts the expectations of the two study institutions' local communities. The study participants were selected from residential areas close to the colleges; IPRC Musanze (public) and INES Ruhengeri (private). While Chapter 6 presented and discussed facts and expectations primarily related to collaboration between higher education institutions and neighbouring communities under the current study, Chapter 7 presents and discusses field data collected to answer another key research question that focuses on the challenges that collaboration faces. Its primary goal is to identify the most significant challenges and potential solutions to the majority of those challenges. Based on their practical experience, both local community members and staff from the two HEIs identified pressing challenges. Finally, in Chapter 8, a conclusion is drawn using data primarily from two higher education institutions in Rwanda's northern province as a case study. The conclusion was reached following the study's objectives, based on evidence and reasoning grounded on collected data and evaluated literature while keeping the theoretical framework in mind. / Diese Studie untersucht die Erwartungen der Lokalgemeinschaften an Hochschulen (HEIs) in der Nordprovinz Ruandas, wobei der Fokus auf zwei spezifischen Institutionen liegt: IPRC Musanze und INES Ruhengeri. Durch den Einsatz eines bewährten Mixed-Method-Designs integriert die Forschung sowohl quantitative als auch qualitative Ansätze. Quantitative Daten wurden durch strukturierte Umfragen erhoben, die an das Personal und die Alumni der HEIs gerichtet waren, während qualitative Erkenntnisse durch tiefgehende Interviews und Fokusgruppendiskussionen mit wichtigen Interessengruppen, einschließlich Gemeindemitgliedern, gesammelt wurden. Zusätzlich wurden sekundäre Datenquellen, wie politische Dokumente und institutionelle Berichte, herangezogen, um die Primärdaten zu ergänzen. Die Ergebnisse der Studie zeigen eine signifikante Diskrepanz zwischen den Erwartungen der Gemeinschaften und den tatsächlichen Fähigkeiten der HEIs, die von Faktoren wie der Art der Institution (öffentlich vs. privat), dem Studienangebot und den sozioökonomischen Bedürfnissen der Bewohner beeinflusst werden. Auffällig sind auch Geschlechterunterschiede, wobei Frauen im Allgemeinen höhere, oft unrealistische Erwartungen an die HEIs haben als Männer. Die Gemeinschaften sehen die HEIs als wesentliche Treiber der regionalen Entwicklung, erwarten von ihnen eine Steigerung der Beschäftigungsfähigkeit, einen Beitrag zum lokalen Wirtschaftswachstum und die Bereitstellung wesentlicher Dienstleistungen für die Gemeinschaft. Es wurden jedoch Herausforderungen wie unzureichende Zusammenarbeit, begrenzte Ressourcen und unterschiedliche Erwartungen zwischen öffentlichen und privaten Institutionen festgestellt. Um diese Probleme zu bewältigen, schlägt die Studie vor, die Lokalgemeinschaft als viertes Element dem bestehenden Triple-Helix-Modell (Universität-Industrie-Regierung) hinzuzufügen, um die Ergebnisse der HEIs besser an die Bedürfnisse der Gemeinschaft anzupassen. Darüber hinaus wird die Notwendigkeit betont, die Rollen und Verantwortlichkeiten zwischen den HEIs und der Regierung neu zu definieren, um eine effektivere und nachhaltigere Zusammenarbeit zu fördern. Die Forschung leistet einen Beitrag zur breiteren Diskussion über die Rolle der Hochschulbildung in der gesellschaftlichen Entwicklung, insbesondere in aufstrebenden Volkswirtschaften wie Ruanda. Der streng methodische Ansatz, der die drei Hauptforschungsprogramme Citavi, NVivo und SPSS einsetzt, stellt sicher, dass die Erkenntnisse der Studie sowohl fundiert als auch umsetzbar sind:The current thesis is divided into eight chapters: (1) General Introduction, (2) Related Works, (3) Guiding Theories/Models, (4) Research Methodology, (5) Talking from Experience: Graduates' Voice from Graduation to Labour Market, (6) Communities in the Vicinity of HEIs: A Local Perspective and Expectations, (7) Collaboration between HEIs and their Neighbouring Communities: Challenges and Proposed Solutions and lastly but not least, the chapter (8) which is conclusion. I start the first chapter by giving readers a broad introduction that sets the scene for the study and is followed by a statement of the problem. I also define the study's purpose, research questions, and the scope. Finally, I talk about the significance of the study. In the second chapter, I attempt to conduct a critical review of the existing literature on the research questions. Weaknesses, gaps, immediate relevance, and contributions are identified in this review, and the exploration reflects the variables specified in the research questions and objectives. The third chapter identifies the underlying theories reflecting the relationships between the concepts and theories that I intend to analyze in order to achieve the stated goals of the study. The fourth chapter discusses the research questions, resources, and procedures along with how they relate to the study's theoretical framework. To achieve this, a brief discussion of the research design, study location, study population, sampling technique, sample size, data collection and methods, data sources, data analysis, and ethical considerations is provided. The fifth chapter presents and discusses field data that was gathered to address one of the four major research questions that the current thesis seeks to investigate. A special focus is placed on graduates from HEIs. It primarily focuses on what we can learn from the experiences of current HEI graduates on the job market. Graduates discuss their practical experience in the labour market from the time of graduation to their current position. The analysis and presentation of the findings in relation to the following research questions are covered in the sixth chapter: What do local communities anticipate of HEIs in their areas? Do communities' expectations of public and private HEIs differ in any way? Which one, if any? It aims to ascertain the various kinds of expectations that the communities in Rwanda's Northern Region have of the HEIs nearby. The chapter contrasts the expectations of the two study institutions' local communities. The study participants were selected from residential areas close to the colleges; IPRC Musanze (public) and INES Ruhengeri (private). While Chapter 6 presented and discussed facts and expectations primarily related to collaboration between higher education institutions and neighbouring communities under the current study, Chapter 7 presents and discusses field data collected to answer another key research question that focuses on the challenges that collaboration faces. Its primary goal is to identify the most significant challenges and potential solutions to the majority of those challenges. Based on their practical experience, both local community members and staff from the two HEIs identified pressing challenges. Finally, in Chapter 8, a conclusion is drawn using data primarily from two higher education institutions in Rwanda's northern province as a case study. The conclusion was reached following the study's objectives, based on evidence and reasoning grounded on collected data and evaluated literature while keeping the theoretical framework in mind.

This research develops a theoretical framework explaining how University-Industry Linkages (UILs) affect the performance of tourism clusters in Thailand. Significant external and internal factors affecting Thai tourism industry are examined. The research questions are significant given the importance of successful tourism cluster through University-Industry Linkages (UIL). These questions recognized tourism clusters, the role of university, the linkages between university and industry, influential factors are contextual, and as a result, the author explores four tourism clusters in Thailand and using multiple case studies explains the nature and character of tourism cluster and University-Industry Linkages (UILs) between tourism cluster and its universities. The findings demonstrated that UILs, strategic entrepreneurship and leadership play key role to successful tourism cluster in developing countries.