Motion pictures have been used in the history classroom for a long time. Despite that fact, there are not a lot written about how this can be done. This essay, therefore, explores the possibility of a theoretical frame with the aim for a motion picture to promote the development of historical empathy among students. It is not deployed in a classroom setting; however, it seeks to study the preconditions in how it can be done. The study draws from history didactics and film analysis to study Michael Haneke´s The White Ribbon from 2009. Haneke is renown in the academic world where his movies draw a lot of attention. The reason is that his movies have a tendency to depict the ongoing decay of our society. This study aims at intertwining theory of history didactics with film analysis in order to promote the development of historical empathy among students. The theoretical frame the essay provides show a possibility in how a motion picture can be used for this purpose in the history classroom.

Många av studierna som görs gällande rollspel i historia handlar om längre former avrollspel som sträcker sig över flera lektioner. Mot denna bakgrund valde vi att i dennakvalitativa studie undersöka om det gick att hålla en kortare variant av rollspel som gåratt rama in under endast en lektion. Vi har valt att kalla denna kortare variant förrollskådespel. Vi tog användning av inre och yttre motivationsteorier samt variationsteorisom grund för vår analys av detta. Under en tvåveckorsperiod samlade vi in material frånen klass med 17–18-åringar på en svensk gymnasieskola. Materialet bestod av enobservation och fyra gruppintervjuer med eleverna, samt en singelintervju med läraren.Resultatet visar att rollskådespel gör att elever får en uppfattning av en varieradundervisning. Det visade också att eleverna får ett ökat intresse och en ökad motivationför historieämnet. Vi kom också fram till att många av de fördelar som presenteras istudier gällande rollspel även finns i vårt rollskådespel och att det därmed fungerar välsom ett undervisningsverktyg.

The purpose of this basic independent project is to create a research summary of previous research made within the field of how historical perspectives included in regular history teaching affect the development of historical consciousness and historical thinking. The questions aimed to be answered in this text are: how can one work with different perspectives and historical thinking in history education?; how can different historical perspectives affect the learners’ historical consciousness and historical thinking?; and, what possibilities and/or dilemmas can occur when working with different perspectives in developing historical consciousness and historical thinking? To answer these questions extensive research has been made to find previous studies that deal with these issues, mainly through digital databases such as SwePub and ERIC, and also through the physical university library. The research resulted in ten research articles and dissertations, that deal with developing historical consciousness and historical thinking. The studies conducted in these texts conclude that working with various perspectives within the teaching of history is complex, and must be well thought out and be given time to be successful. However, if performed correctly, working with various historical perspectives can be influential in the development of historical consciousness and historical thinking.

Vi ville undersöka några svenska gymnasielärare i historias attityder till att låta sina elever arbeta kontrafaktiskt. Vilka svårigheter de ser med arbetet, hur de arbetar eller kan tänka sig att arbeta med det och om de såg några specifika för- eller nackdelar jämfört med mer traditionell undervisning? För att ta reda på detta utförde vi kvalitativa intervjuer medyrkesverksamma lärare. Vi hörde inte av oss på förhand om huruvida de arbetat kontrafaktiskt tidigare och vi väntade oss en viss skepsis mot arbetssättet. Men vad vi fann var att även om inte alla medvetet arbetat med det så var alla insatta i, och positiva till, metoden. Och trots attde var eniga om att det innebär stora svårigheter att arbeta kontrafaktiskt så vittnade de samtidigt om stora fördelar, såsom effektivt utvecklande av historiemedvetande, främjande avhistorisk empati, samt motverkande av historisk determinism. / We wanted to investigate some Swedish high school history teachers' attitudes towards letting their pupils work counterfactually. Which difficulties they see with this kind of work, how they are working or can fancy themselves working with it and whether they see any specific pros or cons compared to more traditional education. To find these answers we conducted a series of qualitative interviews with working teachers. We did not inquire before hand as to whether they ever had been working counterfactually and we expected some degree of scepticism towards this way to work. But what we found was that even though not all of them had tried working this way, they were all well informed on the subject and favourable towards the method. And despite being unanimous about the difficulties of working counterfactually,they testified to the great advantages to doing so, such as benefiting the development of a historical consciousness, promoting historical empathy and countering historical determinism.

I denna tvådelade, produktinriktade läromedelsstudie utforskas språkhistoriens plats och utformning i svenskläroböcker. I en första, kvantitativt inriktad, diakron undersökning, kartläggs och analyseras läroböckers språkhistoriska innehåll under de senaste fem decennierna. Här identifieras bland annat genrens språkhistoriska litterära kanon. I den andra delen av studien sammanfogas det svenskdidaktiska och lingvistiska perspektivet med historiedidaktisk teori. Genom hermeneutisk metod och en operationalisering av begreppet språkhistoriemedvetande, analyseras några samtida läroböckers manifesteringar av och potential för arbete med historiemedvetande i förhållande till språket. Studiens syfte är att utforska och motivera språkhistoriens roll och plats i svenskämnet. Resultatet visar, att svenskläroböckers språkhistoriska framställningar de senaste årtiondena blivit alltmer nutidsfokuserade och att böckerna är bra på att koppla språkhistorien till läsarens samtid – och i vissa fall framtid. Samtidigt framkommer att dåtiden och de historiska faktakunskaperna fått mindre utrymme och i vissa böcker till och med är nästan helt frånvarande.

Dagens elever lever i en tillvaro där vi blir alltmer beroende av teknologi av olika slag En tillvaro där elever ständigt uppslukas i en teknologisk verksamhet där sociala medier och internet är en stor del av elevernas livsvärld. Även skolan karakteriseras alltmer av teknologi, historieämnet är rimligtvis inget undantag. Denna undersökning syftar till att undersöka om skolans värld och verksamma historielärare ”har hängt med” i den digitala utvecklingen. En naturlig ingång till historieämnet är användandet av digitaliserat källmaterial i undervisningen. Undersökningen har som mål att ta reda på i vilka syften denna eventuella användning sker, vilka plattformar som nyttjas samt vilka eventuella möjligheter och problem högstadielärare kan identifiera kring detta. I en ansats att finna svar använder jag mig av semistrukturerade intervjuer utifrån kvalitativ metod. Resultaten relateras sedan till historiedidaktisk teori som är av relevans. Efter att undersökningen genomförts står det klart att det ser väldigt annorlunda ut på våra skolor, dels utifrån lärarnas undervisningspraktik och dels utifrån teknologiska förutsättningar.

The purpose of this study is to shed light on which genocides are covered in history education in Södertälje and what governs these selections of genocides that are covered, as well as to investigate how teachers work to activate and develop the historical consciousness of studentsin genocide education. The essay's empiricism is based on four in-depth interviews, so-calledqualitative semi-structured interviews, which were conducted with four active high schoolteachers from two different high schools in Södertälje. The results in this study were analyzedby using Per Eliasson's three theoretical criteria, Lars Andersson Hult’s theoreticalperspective and Steven Dahl's theoretical reflection, for how to activate and develop anawareness of history in the student. The results showed that the teachers who participated inthe survey focused mainly on Seyfo and the Holocaust, while other genocides were coveredto a lesser extent in the teaching. The study's results also suggest that there are three mainfactors that govern the selection of genocides that are covered in teaching. These factors are:education and knowledge, society and the student base, and possible difficulties with materialissues. The results show that there are several successful ways of working and useful methodsfor activating and developing the students' consciousness of history. One of these workingmethods is to take into account the design of the teaching content based on the students'ethnic identity, background and experience. Another successful way that emerges from theresults is to activate and develop historical consciousness by using popular culture filmswhen teaching about genocide to raise questions that lead to a need for orientation in theindividual. In summary, this study has highlighted questions about which topics are coveredin genocide education in Södertälje, which factors govern the selection of content and how toactivate and develop students' historical consciousness.

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The thesis focuses on how students learn history in the classroom, more precisely on their possibilities and difficulties in developing competence in the school subject of history. There is a particular emphasis on how they explain and understand historical processes and concepts within the subject of history. Participants are students of different grades, 8–19 years old. The purpose of the study is to explore how students learn history in concrete learning situations and my focus is on the types of knowledge students understand, learn, develop and use in comparison with what they are expected to learn.  This is done based on three fundamental and well-established principles of learning. To examine what kinds of knowledge students need I use three main types of knowledge: declarative content knowledge (facts and concepts), procedural knowledge (knowledge about how to do things) and self-regulatory knowledge (knowledge about how to regulate our memory, thought and learning). I also use concepts and insights from systemic functional linguistics (SFL) in order to explain why the students use language and communicate the way they do. The thesis shows that history is challenging for young students. Young students have difficulties with complex and abstract concepts in history as they treat concepts as facts. Older, more competent, students use concepts on a more abstract level and use different kinds of linguistic resources when formulating explanations of higher complexity, more similar to the way explanations in the domain of history are commonly written. The youngest students and some of the older students lacked factual knowledge, concept knowledge, domain specific self-regulatory knowledge and linguistic resources. Declarative content knowledge and facts are more important and more difficult for young students to understand, develop, organize and learn than previous scholars have shown empirically. Students’ abilities to understand facts and ideas in the context of a conceptual framework and to organize and structure facts with the help of concepts at different level of abstraction (conceptual understanding) are crucial. Students also need linguistic resources, both lexical knowledge and knowledge of text structures. Language is crucial both in the process of acquiring knowledge and in the process of communication. In the learning process, teaching is crucial, since individual students’ potential to develop competence depend on the potential of the teacher to discover and engage their preconceptions and arrange for learning in a way that give students the kind of knowledge they need.

This paper explores the potential of historical simulation games to nurture historical consciousness. Merging the subject of history and game studies, the material analyzed is the digital game Crusader Kings 2 as well as player created narratives spawned from it. The paper uses a mixed method from game study and history didactics, and theories of historical consciousness to interpret the material. The study shows that the potential to develop historical consciousness do exist in the historical simulation game, and that the narratives that players create from play contain signs of historical consciousness. The study opens up the field for future case studies where the development of historical consciousness through historical simulation can be tested in a formal school setting. / Denna studie undersöker potentialen hos historiska simulationer i digitala spel att utveckla historiemedvetande. Ämnet historia och spelstudier blandas i denna uppsats där det digitala spelet Crusader Kings 2 och tillhörande spelarskapade narrativ undersöks. Studien använder en blandad metod från spelstudier och historiedidaktik. Teorier om historiemedvetande används för att tolka materialet. Undersökningen visar att det finns potential för detta historiska simulationsspel att utveckla historiemedvetande. Den visar även att tecken på historiemedvetande syns i de spelarskapade narrativen. Studien öppnar upp för framtida fallstudier där utvecklingen av historiemedvetande genom historisk simulation kan testas i formell skolmiljö.