This study is about how bodybuilders in the 1960s are produced in the Swedish media image. The purpose of the study is to clarify how the male, muscular, body and identity is portrayed in the media image. Through an analysis of how daily- and evening newspapers reported, negotiated and linguistically produced bodybuilding and its practitioners, I hope to access these representations which together can be considered to form a specific discourse about bodybuilding. The language used by journalists, columnists, muscle bodybuilding and other people represented in the material formed the analogies, dichotomies and symbols that shape bodybuilding's identity in the 1960s. I have tried to show how the creation of meaning about bodybuilding and its practitioners construct the bodybuilder’s identity during the period in question as well as what the bodybuilder represented and what value the practitioner and his activities were attributed by and also how the gender norms can be distinguished from the actual material. I have chosen to call this period the legitimation phase of bodybuilding and by this I do not mean whether bodybuilders become an authorized representative of a masculine ideal, but rather the fact that through the media image of meaning negotiation he receives specific characteristics and cultural connotations that are maintained and renegotiated through language. Through the 1960s media image the bodybuilder is neither intelligent, beautiful and he has no soul, he also has feminine attributes and a passive muscularity. On the other hand, because of the positive qualities emphasized in his defense he is also handsome, intelligent, he has a soul and he has an active male body. This is also a part of his identity.

Ce mémoire traite des Saturnales de Macrobe, haut fonctionnaire du 5ième siècle après J.C. et encyclopédiste latin. Malgré l’opinion reçue, selon laquelle les Saturnales dépendraient presque exclusivement d’un nombre très restreint de sources, souvent copiées mot à mot, on a reconnu depuis longtemps que Macrobe remanie de son propre chef l’une de ces sources, les Propos de Table de Plutarque, dans son septième livre. Ce mémoire démontre que ce modèle, tout comme les sources mineures, latines et grecques, avec lesquelles Macrobe le complète, lui était assez familier pour servir à l’articulation d’une vision propre; les Saturnales ne peuvent donc être cités comme preuve de la décadence de leur époque. Ce mémoire fournit une traduction et un commentaire des chapitres 7.1-3 des Saturnales, avec une explication de leurs rapports avec les Propos de Table 1.1 et 2.1 de Plutarque ainsi que des éléments propre à Macrobe, afin de reconstruire sa méthode de composition et de déterminer ses attentes par rapport à son lecteur de l’empire tardif. Le commentaire est précédé d’une introduction de l’auteur, de l’œuvre, et du septième livre. / This thesis deals with the Saturnalia of Macrobius, the 5th century senior civil servant and Latin encyclopedist. Despite the scholarly consensus that the Saturnalia is virtually exclusively dependent on a small number of sources, usually copied verbatim, it has long been recognized that Macrobius independently alters at least one of these sources, the Quaestiones Convivales of Plutarch, in his seventh Book. This thesis demonstrates that Macrobius was familiar enough with the text of Plutarch, as with the texts of several other minor Latin and Greek sources with which he supplements him, in order to use him to articulate original concepts important to the Saturnalia as a whole; the work cannot, therefore be cited as evidence for the cultural decadence of the later Roman Empire. This thesis provides a translation and commentary of chapters 7.1-3 of the Saturnalia, explaining their relation to Quaest. conv. 1.1 and 2.1 of Plutarch and the original readings and structure of Macrobius, in order to determine his method of composition and his expectations of his Late Antique reader. The commentary is preceded by an introduction of the author, the work, and the seventh Book.

Esta tese analisa como se deram as múltiplas relações intelectuais entre o mexicano Leopoldo Zea, o uruguaio Arturo Ardao e o brasileiro João Cruz Costa. Por meio da investigação de seus itinerários e, principalmente, de suas produções intelectuais, entre as décadas de 1930 e 1970, buscamos identificar conexões e estabelecer comparações entre suas escritas de história das ideias filosóficas. As principais fontes da pesquisa foram suas obras e artigos, mas também fizemos uso de atas de reuniões, listas de recomendações construídas em eventos, resoluções aprovadas em instituições, textos autobiográficos, entrevistas, prefácios, resenhas de livros e correspondências. Nossa análise adotou uma perspectiva diacrônica e sincrônica, buscando captar as mudanças e permanências, bem como as similitudes e as especificidades, as aproximações e os distanciamentos. Isso possibilitou perceber diferenças nos usos de termos, fontes, temas e concepções teórico-filosóficas, mas, principalmente, mostrou que existiram muitas afinidades intelectuais que deram forma a uma verdadeira rede de intelectuais. A ideia da produção de uma filosofia própria da América Latina estava na base de quase todas suas obras, levando-os a elaborar interpretações da história relacionadas a discursos de forte conotação identitária nacional e/ou latino-americana. / This dissertation analyzes thewritings of the Mexican Leopoldo Zea, the Uruguayan Arturo Ardao and the Brazilian João Cruz Costa to understand theirmultiple intellectual relations.Looking at their lives and especially at their texts, from 1930s to 1970s, we identifiedconnections and proposed comparisons. The main sources of this research are their books and articles; but also memorandums, lists of recommendations, resolutions, autobiographical texts, interviews, prefaces, book reviews and mailing. Our analysis takes a diachronic and synchronic perspective, seeking to capture the changes and continuities as well as the similarities and specificities. Therefore, it was possible to notice differences in their using of words, sources, themes and theoretical-philosophical concepts, but alsoto perceive theiraffinitiesthat formed a strongintellectual network. The idea of a Latin Americanphilosophy was implicit in almost all their texts.They build an interpretation of history that gave shape to discourses of national and/or Latin Americanidentities.

Des Lumières au réalisme, le médecin prend une place toujours plus importante dans la littérature. Si sa discipline évolue et connaît ainsi de considérables progrès, sa représentation dans la fiction devient elle aussi conséquente. De ce fait, le roman s'empare de ce personnage pour lui conférer un rôle de témoin actif des changements historiques et esthétiques, à travers trois domaines : la politique, la spiritualité et les passions. En effet, s'il diagnostique les maladies du corps social, les pathologies que manifeste l'Histoire, il est aussi appelé à sonder les âmes pour déterminer les causes du désarroi intérieur de l'être humain. Derrière la physiologie et l'anatomie, il explore également les arrière-mondes de la foi et des sentiments. Le praticien se doit donc d'éclairer les mystères de la condition humaine. / From the Enlightenment to realism, the doctor acquires an increasingly important place in French literature. With the development and considerable progress of medical science, the fictional doctor also becomes consequential. Hence, the novel calls upon this character to play an active role as witness of the historical and aesthetic changes in three fields: politics, spirituality and passions. In fact, not only does he diagnose the diseases of the social body, the pathologies that History reveals, he is also called upon to sound souls in order to establish the causes of the inner disarray of the human being. Behind the physiology and anatomy, he also explores the afterworldly for faith and feelings. The practitioner must therefore throw light on the mysteries of the human condition.

L’invention du mythe casanovien se fonde sur l’occultation de l’écrivain : elle entre en contradiction avec une ambition poursuivie pendant plusieurs décennies par le Vénitien, à la faveur d’une œuvre polygraphique. Dans un siècle où la condition des « gens de lettres » subit des transformations cruciales, Casanova échappe pour l’essentiel aux instances de légitimation. L’échec de la reconnaissance n’est pas étranger aux contradictions dont il investit la figure de l’écrivain. Cette étude interroge plus spécifiquement son rapport à la notion d’auteur, envisagée sous les deux pôles de l’auctorialité et de l’autorité. Entre « refus des conséquences » et « inconséquence », l’auteur s’élabore sous sa plume comme une instance labile et fuyante. Nous nous sommes intéressée aux logiques permettant de rendre compte de cette instabilité. Les habitudes de lecteur de Casanova comme ses pratiques d’écriture révèlent en outre un écrivain travaillé par une conception stratégique de la littérature. Nous avons cherché à explorer ces stratégies d’écriture et à en mesurer les effets dans le corpus philosophique et autobiographique. À sa manière, depuis la marge, Casanova est un miroir des paradoxes et des ambiguïtés de son temps : son œuvre offre un point de vue singulier sur l’évolution des sensibilités et des esthétiques, ainsi que sur les bouleversements qui affectent, au cours du siècle, le statut des écrivains, leurs relations avec les autorités ou avec le public. / The invention of the Casanovian myth is based on the writer's occultation. It contradicts an ambition pursued for several decades by the Venetian. In a time when the condition of the “man of letters” is undergoing crucial transformations, Casanova’s successive attempts to achieve recognition in various literary genres were not successful. This study more specifically questions his relationship with the notion of author, considered under the two poles of auctoriality and authority. Between the "refusal of consequences" and "inconsistency", the author appears, in Casanova’s works, as a labile and evasive instance. The instability of his positions is linked to tactical constraints and epistemological biases, but also to a playful and theatrical conception of existence. Casanova's reading habits and writing practices reveal a writer haunted by a strategic conception of literature. The study focuses on these writing strategies, both in the philosophical and autobiographical works, and aims to understand their effects. Long marginalized, Casanova's work offers nevertheless a unique perspective on the evolution of sensibilities and aesthetics over the century, as well as on the upheavals that affect the status of writers, their relationship with the authorities or with the "public".

Un des plus illustres penseurs de l’Espagne du XVIe siècle, Francisco Sánchez de las Brozas (1523-1600) n’a pourtant pas fait l’objet de travaux qui englobent la totalité de sa production et resituent sa pensée dans l’histoire des idées de son époque. Professeur de grec et de rhétorique à l’université de Salamanque, il publie sur des sujets aussi variés que la grammaire, l’astronomie, la poésie ou la dialectique. Nous nous proposons de comprendre son oeuvre comme étant structurée par deux questions fondamentales. D’une part, Sanctius repense les trois arts du trivium pour donner une importance nouvelle à la dialectique et en faire un véritable art de penser. D’autre part, il développe diverses interrogations liées au concept de méthode pour apprendre, raisonner, transmettre les disciplines ; en somme, pour diriger l’esprit. Sánchez de las Brozas se donne et revendique une série de critères qui rendent possible la rigueur de la pensée : il pense la méthode. La méthode est celle qu’il applique lui-même à ses démonstrations pour leur donner légitimité, validité et acuité. Mais elle est aussi ce concept qui exprime une volonté de pouvoir organiser les disciplines et rationnaliser. Nous nous proposons donc de l’envisager à la fois comme un enseignant, un penseur, un humaniste mais aussi comme un intellectuel impliqué dans la diffusion de ses idées. En comprenant Sanctius parmi les penseurs de la méthode du XVIe siècle, nous inscrivons notre travail dans un courant de l’histoire des idées qui entend démontrer l’importance de l’humanisme philosophique du XVIe siècle dans la construction de paradigmes fondamentaux de la pensée du XVIIe siècle. / One of the most famous and acclaimed thinker of sixteenth-century Spain, Francisco Sánchez de las Brozas, Sanctius (1523-1600), has never been properly studied in a research work that would embrace his complete production and understand it in the History of ideas of his time. A teacher of rhetoric and Greek at the university of Salamanca, he published in a great variety of fields such as grammar, astronomy, poetry or logic. We offer to understand his works as structured by two main axes. First of all, Sanctius produces an important reflection on the three arts of the trivium in which he gives a specific emphasis on logic and turns it into a true art of thinking. Also, he develops several reflections around the concept of method to learn, reason and transmit the disciplines. To do so, he uses several intellectual criteria to ensure the accuracy of thinking: he is a thinker of method. Method is what he himself applies in all his demonstrations to give them legitimacy, validity and accuracy. But it is also a concept that expresses a will to organize and rationalize the disciplines. We thus aim at contemplating him at the same time as the teacher, the thinker, the humanist and the intellectual engaged in making his ideas be heard. By understanding Sanctius as a thinker of method, we follow a path set in History of ideas that aims at highlighting the importance of sixteenth-century philosophical humanism in the construction of fundamental paradigms of seventeenth-century thought.

Charles-Albert Cingria (1883-1954), écrivain de Suisse romande, a été longtemps chroniqueur à La NRF et a mené son activité littéraire aussi bien en Suisse qu'à Paris. Pourtant, il est très peu étudié en France. La question des langues est, chez ce voyageur polyglotte, au centre d'une constellation de considérations poétiques, esthétiques et rhétoriques qui donnent toute sa spécificité à cette oeuvre inclassable. Dans le contexte politique de la première moitié du XXe siècle, éclairé ici par la perspective de l'histoire des idées, ses conceptions sur les langues le placent dans la lignée des Anti-Lumières. Son oeuvre labyrinthique a par ailleurs été peu abordée dans sa globalité même, car elle résiste à toute les catégories d'ordinaire en usage, aussi bien sur le plan générique, thématique ou formel que sur le plan idéologique, tout en donnant au lecteur l'impression d'une oeuvre riche d'échos. Nous prenons ici le risque de la cohérence en choisissant pour fil rouge l'ensemble des représentations sur la langue et les langues dans un discours libéré de ses prétentions scientifiques. Ce parcours se fait d'abord à l'échelle d'un pamphlet précoce contre l'espéranto, puis au niveau de l'oeuvre entière, montrant qu'il relève chez Cingria d'une conception esthétique du monde perçu comme cosmos. L'imaginaire des langues repose enfin sur les mêmes principes que sa stratégie argumentative : au nom du naturel, la monstration prime sur la démonstration et l'évidence sur l'administration des preuves, aboutissant ainsi à des textes dont l'obscurité résulte paradoxalement d'une volonté de les rendre plus tangibles et incarnés. / Charles-Albert Cingria (1883-1954), a Swiss francophone writer, was a long-time columnist for La NRF. He wrote and lived in Paris as well as in his native Switzerland, but has been little studied in France. As a traveller and polyglot, he makes the observation of languages central to a constellation of poetic, aesthetic, and rhetorical considerations in his distinctive, unclassifiable work. In the political context of the beginning of the 20th century, studied here from the history of ideas’ perspective, his ideas about languages set him in the Anti-Enlightenment tradition. His labyrinthine work has never before been studied as a whole, perhaps because it refuses ordinary categorizations. On the level of genre, theme, and form, as well as on an ideological level, Cingria’s work thwarts conventional understanding, while letting the reader feel the echoes and resonances that fill the text. The author chooses to consider this work as coherent, and opts to view Cingria’s work through the lens of a main theme: its representations of language and languages within a discourse freed from scientific pretensions. This journey through Cingria’s thought begins with examining his early diatribe against Esperanto, then moves to a broader discussion of his work, showing that his representation of languages concerns above all an aesthetic conception of the world perceived as cosmos. The imaginary of languages ultimately rests on the same principles as his argumentative strategy: in the name of nature and the natural, obviousness takes precedence over demonstrating. These principles give rise to texts whose obscurity results, paradoxically, from the desire to make them more embodied and more concrete.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:33:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiano Silva Jesuita.pdf: 1792515 bytes, checksum: 29200abbe240cd99010ce9af7662d59c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present dissertation deals with the research of the History and Description of the Portuguese Language of the post degree course of "Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo". It mainly consists of an essay about the "Grammatica Portugueza Philosophica" and the "Nova Grammatica Analytica de Língua Portugueza, authored by Ernesto Carneiro Ribeiro and Charles Adrien Olivier Grivet respectively, both being published in 1881. These philosophic and generalist grammar compendia of late publishing, contrary to periodization methods proposed, are the very proof of the continuous development and culminates with the suppression of the various theoretical currents. The main goal is to observe how the process of grammatic description found in the works reflects the changes in the orientation of general and philosophical grammar of the modern grammatical compendia of scientific aspect. Regarding the methodology, the theoretical postulates of "História de Ideias Linguisticas" written by Sylvain Auroux were used as the basis of research (1989, 1992) / Esta dissertação situa-se na linha de pesquisa História e Descrição da língua portuguesa do programa de pós-graduação da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo. Tem por objeto de estudo a Grammatica Portugueza Philosophica, de Ernesto Carneiro Ribeiro e a Nova Grammatica Analytica da Língua Portugueza, de Charles Adrien Olivier Grivet ambas publicadas no ano de 1881. Essas gramáticas gerais e filosóficas publicadas tardiamente demonstram que, ao contrário do que as propostas de periodização e os trabalhos sobre o período parecem indicar, a produção gramatical brasileira não vive de rupturas bruscas de orientação, muito pelo contrário, nossa produção gramatical experimenta um desenvolvimento continuo e com a sobreposição de diferentes correntes teóricas. Nosso objetivo é observar como o processo de descrição gramatical presente nas obras reflete o período de transição em que as orientações da gramatica geral e filosófica começa a dividir espaço nos nossos compêndios gramaticais com as orientações da gramática científica . No que tange à metodologia utilizada para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, apropriamo-nos dos postulados teóricos da História das Ideias linguísticas formulados por Sylvain Auroux (1989, 1992)

O presente trabalho se propõe a estudar as ideias de Rui Barbosa acerca da anistia, em quatro oportunidades onde a medida foi decretada durante o período da Primeira República (1892, 1895, 1905 e 1910), a partir de sua argumentação jurídica e política produzida em cada um destes contextos. Buscaremos, em nossa análise, compreender as especificidades do pensamento do senador e advogado baiano acerca deste tema nos momentos abordados e, a partir disso, identificar se seu pensamento e suas posições acerca desta medida são coerentes ou se oscilam de acordo com as circunstâncias de cada contexto. Para atingir este objetivo, abordaremos outras questões adjacentes tais como os diferentes projetos políticos e modelos de República que estavam em disputa no período, como se sucedeu o processo de decretação das quatro anistias e quais suas especificidades, e como se deu a ação política e/ou jurídica de Rui Barbosa no contexto de decretação das quatro anistias, levando em conta os diferentes momentos de sua biografia e as mudanças conjunturais em cada acontecimento. Nosso referencial teórico tem como eixo principal as contribuições do autor inglês Quentin Skinner e seu método contextualista de abordagem da história das ideias, assim como os pressupostos da história conceitual de Reinhart Koselleck. / The present work proposes to study Rui Barbosa's ideas about amnesty, in four opportunities where the measure was decreed during the period of the First Republic (1892, 1895, 1905 and 1910), based on his legal and political argumentation produced in each context. In our analysis, we will try to understand the specificities of what the senator and lawyer from Bahia thouhgt about this theme in the moments approached and, from this, to identify if his thought has a coherence and cohesion or oscillates according to the circumstances of each context. In order to achieve this objective, we will approach other adjacent issues such as the different political projects and models of the Republic that were in dispute, how was the process of decree of the four amnesties and what their specificities, and how the political and/or legal action of Rui Barbosa took place in the context of the decree of the four amnesties, taking into account the different moments of his biography and the conjunctural changes in each event. Our main theoretical reference is the contributions of the English author Quentin Skinner and his contextualist approach to the history of ideas, as well as the assumptions of the conceptual history of Reinhart Koselleck.

A travers une enquête prosopographique sur les 480 experts officiels (periti) du concile Vatican II, cette thèse interroge à nouveaux frais l’histoire des idées et des réseaux à l’intérieur du catholicisme au cours du second vingtième siècle. En s’intéressant aux acteurs et à leurs points de vue subjectifs, à leurs trajectoires mais également aux médiations institutionnelles et aux sociabilités dans lesquelles ils sont pris, on s’attache à inscrire cet « événement » et ses suites dans les conditions historiques et sociales de sa production. Structuré entre un pôle institutionnel (le gouvernement de l’Église, diocésain ou romain, mais aussi l’enseignement) et un pôle prophétique (les pionniers dans les mouvements d’Église et les chercheurs), le champ religieux, étudié au prisme du groupe des periti, apparaît comme un espace où les prises de position renvoient largement aux positions occupées. Or le concile, s’il ne transforme pas le champ étudié, perturbe un temps les mécanismes ordinaires de légitimation des discours de vérité, et modifie, pour certains experts, les positions dans ce champ. Les carrières postérieures de nombre d’entre eux confirment un réajustement relatif de leurs propres prises de position, comme de celles de l’institution, tout en consacrant les positions de pouvoir d’une nouvelle génération. Répercutés dans, et modifiés par la logique conciliaire, ces débats situent le concile dans une histoire plus longue du catholicisme. A son tour, la cartographie dynamique de l’espace théologique qui se dessine aide à placer la théologie dans une histoire internationale des circulations intellectuelles, celles des idées comme celles des hommes. / Based on a prosopographic investigation of the 480 official experts (periti) at the Second Vatican Council, this thesis revisits the history of ideas and networks of twentieth century Catholicism. By focusing on individual protagonists, their points of view, their trajectories as well as the interpersonal relationships and institutional mediations they are involved in, this research aims to reposition this event and its aftermath in the life history of the Church as determined by its historical and social conditions of production. The Catholic field is structured by a tense relation between an institutional center (comprising the government of the Church, be it local – diocesan, or global – Roman, and the teaching institutions) and a prophetic pole (the Church movements’ pioneers and the researchers). Studying the periti group, it appears that intellectual or theological stances often relate to positions held in the field. Although it does not ultimately transform the field itself, the council temporarily disrupts the ordinary process through which truth speeches are legitimized inside the institution, and alters some of the experts’ position in the field. Research into the later careers of a few of them confirm the relative readjustment of their own stands, as well as of those of the whole institution, while consolidating the positions of power of a new generation in the Church administration. As they are echoed and modified by the conciliar logic, these debates place the council in a longer Catholic history. In return, this dynamic cartography of Catholic ideas contributes to a better understanding of the place of theology in a global history of the intellectual networks, involving ideas and people.