This essay analyses escape artistry and its relation to body and mind. Drawing mainly from Finnish escape artist Uno Sunell’s life and advertisements for circus and vaudeville, escape artistry is analysed in relation to two themes: body – mind, and disenchantment – sense of wonder. The theoretical framework consists of modern performance theory influenced by Asian cultural traditions, combined with Deleuze’s and Guattari’s concept Body without Organs. The analysis is divided into two main parts. The first part shows how escape artistry incorporates spiritualistic and exotic elements in the performance, how it addresses contemporary ideals of masculinity, and how it makes use of pain to inspire a sense of wonder in the audience. The second part is a reflection on escape artistry in relation to its historical context, focusing on the biography of escape artist Uno Sunell. Here, the relationship between individual and stage persona is discussed in relation to mental and physical illness, authorities and disciplinary institutions, and the economic strains on the travelling entertainer.

This study shows how the official death-declaring of bodies in 20th century Sweden became inextricably linked to the modulation of a population’s health through transplantations. In its critical examination of the terms of possibility to declare a body as dead in the latter half of 20th century Sweden the study not only relates to medicinal humanities and studies in contemporary biopolitics but, more broadly, the diverse field of Queer Death Studies. With its interdisciplinarity, the study approaches Swedish official governmental material in a genealogical manner and aims not only to show how bodies historically became declared as dead but, more importantly, to shed light on hidden points of intersections within western biopolitics. While the study reveals several distinctive trajectories—e.g. death-entry from self-evident to dissolved to eventualized—it also highlights biopolitical tactics in attempts to reach desirable outcomes and circumvent obstacles such as the public. Among these, it exposes an ambiguous right to declare bodies as dead with its possibility to produce exceptions from the judicial system—exceptions brought forth through a truth-telling of bodies bare life in tandem with an extraction of previously unattainable organs. Thus, the study suggests that to further understand contemporary governing, and not risking an intensification of it, Agamben’s approach towards hidden intersections between juridico-institutional and biopolitical needs to be extended to encompass a third vector of truth-telling.

Welche Rolle spielte der Wertbegriff Sicherheit im antiken Griechenland? Dieser bisher nicht gestellten Frage geht diese Untersuchung nach. Dafür wird die Verwendung des griechischen Begriffs aspháleia in archaischer und klassischer Zeit in sämtlichen literarischen und inschriftlichen Quellen intensiv analysiert. Es entsteht eine Begriffsgeschichte, welche die diskursiven Topoi der Verwendung des Wortes und deren Wandel erhellt. Vom Bereich der persönlichen Sicherheit über die kollektive Sicherheit der Polisgemeinschaft bis hin zur Sicherheit in interpolitischen Beziehungen zwischen Poleis wird die Frage verfolgt, ob und in welcher Form die Griechen Wert auf die aspháleia legten. Das Ergebnis verdeutlicht die Wandelbarkeit von Wertvorstellungen.:Vorwort I Inhaltsübersicht II Ausführliches Inhaltsverzeichnis III Einleitung 1 I Methodische und theoretische Vorüberlegungen 3 II Archaik – Die frühesten Belege 118 III Poseidon Asphaleios – Kultstatus für die Sicherheit in der Klassik? 134 IV Persönliche Sicherheit – die Ebene des Individuums 172 V Die kollektive Sicherheit innerhalb der Polisgemeinschaft 334 VI Kollektive ἀσφάλεια als diskursives Movens? 400 VII Der Eigennutzdiskurs – oder: Warum ἀσφάλεια keine Motivationskraft entwickeln konnte 571 Anhang 603 / What role did notions of ‚security‘ play in Acient Greece? This publication answers that question. It does so, by focussing on the Greek word aspháleia, and analyses its usage in Archaic and Classical Greece. All literary and epigraphic sources of the time are taken into account. This way a history of the idea of security enfolds, which sheds light on the prevalent discursive topoi, and how they changed during the centuries. Individual security, collective security inside the Greek poleis, and interpolitical security between them are analysed. In this course it becomes apparent, wether and in what ways the Greeks valued notions of aspháleia. The results illuminate just how much concepts of values are subject to change.:Vorwort I Inhaltsübersicht II Ausführliches Inhaltsverzeichnis III Einleitung 1 I Methodische und theoretische Vorüberlegungen 3 II Archaik – Die frühesten Belege 118 III Poseidon Asphaleios – Kultstatus für die Sicherheit in der Klassik? 134 IV Persönliche Sicherheit – die Ebene des Individuums 172 V Die kollektive Sicherheit innerhalb der Polisgemeinschaft 334 VI Kollektive ἀσφάλεια als diskursives Movens? 400 VII Der Eigennutzdiskurs – oder: Warum ἀσφάλεια keine Motivationskraft entwickeln konnte 571 Anhang 603

This paper aims to analyze the philosophical implications of the atomic bomb in the thinking of three German post-war philosophers: Günther Anders, Hannah Arendt, and Karl Jaspers. Although they differ greatly in interest and philosophical perspective, the atomic bomb can be discerned as a problem of humanity's technological, ethical, and political conditions in the intersection of their authorships. In the examination of their ideas, they are situated within a diachronic tradition of philosophy of technology. Their common entanglement with phenomenological-hermeneutic philosophy is also considered, most notably in the form of the influence of Martin Heidegger. For Anders, the atomic bomb is the defining feature of the ethical and political conditions of post-war humanity, yet humans are unable to grasp its reality. In the thinking of Jaspers, the bomb necessitates a supra-political principle grounded in the faculty of reason. For him, politics in the nuclear age must rest upon the responsibility of the many individuals, in an ethical re-birth of humanity. Arendt primarily understands the bomb as a product of the increasing power of the thoughtless instrumentality of science. The destructive potential of atomic weapons solidifies to her a crisis in the meaning of politics, in which brute force has undermined political power. All three thinkers share the view that the atomic bomb must be understood in conjunction with a certain thought- and meaninglessness in the science and politics of their contemporary. The bomb also signifies to them a technological obscuring of human agency, the implications of which are exacerbated by the fact that it has also immensely improved the ability of one individual to commit heinous acts. In impairing the conditions for ethical action and meaningful politics for lasting peace, the bomb necessitates these very same principles. By threatening to make humanity as mortal as only individuals had been before, the bomb has made radical change in human thinking and activity urgent. However, to what extent sufficient adaptations are probable, or even possible, is a question in which the philosophers discussed in this paper diverge.

This essay aims to study the Swedish allotment garden in the first two decades of the 20th century from an urbanization perspective with a special focus on Anna Lindhagen, one of the pioneers of the movement in Sweden. By doing an idea analysis of texts written by Anna Lindhagen, Rudolf Abelin and the allotment garden associations of Stockholm and Gothenburg the essay aims to examine what reactions of urbanization the Swedish allotment garden movement expressed. The essay furthermore aims to study how the movement relates to the English, German and French allotment garden movements with the help of previous research done by Micheline Nilsen.  By using dimensions as analytical tools the essay examines the Swedish allotment garden movement with four dimensions, urban planning, nurture, family and work. Furthermore, it shed light on the allotment garden movement's reaction to urbanization with the help of an urbanization perspective. The study has shown that the Swedish allotment garden movement can be seen as a critique of urbanization. The source material corroborates a dichotomy between the city and the countryside and attributes danger to the city while it sees the countryside as a natural place to live. Sweden's allotment garden movement could also be seen as a way to nurture the inhabitants of the city by giving them a relationship with nature and keeping them away from dangers like alcohol. The essay also shows that the Swedish movement has been influenced by both the English and the German movements. Because the French movement is younger than the other two international movements it hasn’t influenced the Swedish allotments as much. Both the Swedish and German allotments are called colonies, which shows that both of them had a similar purpose to attract people back to the countryside. Lastly, the study has shown that the Swedish allotment garden movement was influenced by the English garden city movement and can be seen as a compromise to the dichotomy of city and countryside.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the different words and theories that were used todescribe sexuality, sex and gender deviations during the late 1800s to early 1900s through theworks of Dr Magnus Hirschfeld. Magnus Hirschfeld was a self-identified homosexual manand medical doctor who during this time was active in the discourses surrounding the namingand explaining of sexual and gender minorities. Hirschfelds main contribution to thesediscourses was the coining of two different concepts, first the sexual intermediary and secondthe transvestite and transsexual. Sexual intermediaries was Hirschfelds term for everyone whodid not fit into the normative biological categories of either “male” or “female”. Hirschfeldsdescription of these people changed markedly throughout his career. In his early careerHirschfeld mainly saw sexual intermediaries as biological variations from the ideal types ofmen and women. But towards the end of his career, he started to question the categories ofmen and women, instead saying that everyone is actually an intermediary type because allhumans have both male and female aspects. He also coined the terms transvestite andtranssexual to describe those people who, regardless of their sexual preferences, has aninclination towards the behaviors and appearance of the other sex. In doing so he was one ofthe first people to differentiate between biological sex, psychological sex (or gender) andsexuality. In doing so the writings of Magnus Hirschfeld were essential in laying thefoundations for the future development of our modern understanding of gender and sexuality.

During the 18th century, the publishing of literature was commercialised in Sweden. The process was intimately connected to the rise of the modern novel and paved the wave for a new type of author. These authors wrote for a large audience and portrayed the everyday life of the ordinary man, not just kings and knights as in the old tales and poems. Historians and literary scholars have recently argued that the 18th century novel can be a productive source of economic knowledge by showing the inner motivations and moral ideas connected to the material world. Previous studies have argued that the 18th century novel can be viewed as moral guidelines for consumption. In this thesis, I argue something more profound: that the novel can be seen as moral guidelines for the whole of the economic life at the dawn of the modern-day economy.  This thesis analyses novels, written between 1839-1860, by three of the most sold and most influential of the new novelists in the form of Carl Jonas Love Almqvist, Emilie Flygare-Carlén and Fredrika Bremer. By using Luc Boltanski's and Laurent Thévenot's theory of justification I show how the novels inscribed different moral ideas into economic life. The study shows that the idea of the moral merchant and moral market is prevalent in most of the novels. They speak to a need for moral market actors to counteract immoral and selfish actors.

This thesis deals with the application of French elements in the development of a Russian written language during the Enlightenment. During the reign of Peter I (1672–1725), Russia was modernised and secularised. Its society, economy and culture underwent such significant changes that this period is sometimes referred to as the Petrine Revolution. A new capital city – Saint Petersburg – was established, partly to facilitate contacts with Western Europe. Back then, Russia’s linguistic situation could be described as diglossia, meaning that two languages coexisted that were not mutually equivalent – Russian was vernacular, its written usage being restricted to practical purposes including secular documentation, whereas Church Slavonic was used as the written language in liturgical and ceremonial contexts. To reflect the evolution of society it was necessary to codify (standardize) and develop a Russian written language that would be usable in all contexts. An additional goal was to create a national literature. Since Church Slavonic was not fit for worldly purposes, it could not serve as a model. Therefore, ideas had to be borrowed from abroad. Peter I initiated a long process that spanned over decades and continued during the reigns of Elisabeth I and Catherine II. This paper examines contemporary sources, combining distant and deep reading from a contextual perspective. The aim was to determine the reasons why France was seen as a model, and the theoretical and practical implications of such a choice. France was chosen not only because its language was Europe’s lingua franca at the time and for its crucial role in the dissemination of the Enlightenment philosophy, but also because the country had a solid literary tradition and institutions that could provide guidance on language standardization. However, the implementation of foreign, and therefore partly irrelevant rules, proved to be tricky. The study focuses on specific elements such as the paradoxes and contradictions of the situation, which gave rise to cultural conflicts regarding innovations from France; some authors embraced them, while others rejected them.

Den här avhandlingen tar till syfte att närmare förklara hur det i svensk 1700-talslitteratur vanligt förekommande satiriska porträtterandet av en landsman som har låtit sig påverkas av fransk kultur, i seder, språk och mode, på sådant sätt att han har blivit en ”sprätthök”, utgör en kritik av det franska kulturinflytandet. Avhandlingen visar också hur det kritiska förhållningssättet till det franska kulturinflytandet, som kanaliseras i beskrivningarna av sprätthöksfigurens förfranskade later, är inbegripet i diskurser om nationell tillhörighet, kultur, moral och språk. Det åberopade källmaterialet, till större delen från perioden 1720-1772, består av varjehanda moralsatirisk litteratur, varav sedekomedier och moraliska veckoskrifter utgör kärnan i analysen. Den analytiska delen av avhandlingen är indelad i tre större kapitel. Det första analsykapitlet tar itu med hur sprätthöksfiguren definieras i källmaterialet. Dessutom visar kapitlet hur resandet till Frankrike och i synnerhet till staden Paris, samtidigt som det ingår i tidens allmänt hållna kritik mot unga adelsmäns bildningsresande, utpekas som förklaringen till att svenskar omskapas till förfranskade sprätthökar. Det andra analyskapitlet visar hur sprätthökarna kan sägas förkroppsliga de stereotypiska föreställningarna om en moraliskt fördärvlig fransk nationalkaraktär och därigenom bidra till konstruktionen av motbilden till en svensk, dygdig och positiv nationalkaraktär. Det tredje analyskapitlet behandlar de språkideologiska motiv och den kritik mot en förfranskad umgängeskultur som kan utläsas i åsikterna om och beskrivningarna av sprätthökarnas språkbruk. / The subject of this dissertation concerns 18th century literary depictions of a certain satirical character, the fop, or in Swedish the “sprätthök”. The overall aim of this study is to investigate how the portrayals of the “sprätthök” are involved in the creation of a critical discourse on French cultural influence and how this, in turn, has a bearing on 18th century conceptions of national identity, morals, culture and language. The material referred to in this dissertation consists of Swedish 18th century literature during the period 1720-1772, mainly comedies of manners and moral weeklies. The analytical part of the dissertation is divided into three major chapters, each dealing with a certain theme. The first of these chapters addresses the question of how the “sprätthök” is defined in the source material and moreover how the criticism of educational travel abroad, to France and Paris, is part of the discussion of how young male Swedes are transformed into Frenchified fops. The second of these chapters deals with the concept of national character and how Swedish fops can be said to embody the negative image of the French national character. The third major analytical chapter concentrates on the language used by fops, and the underlying criticism based on language ideology which is thereby evoked.

Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka hur utomhusundervisning kan ge eleverna möjligheter att föra och följa resonemang i matematik. Studien har två frågeställningar, den ena är vilka typer av matematiska resonemang ges eleverna möjlighet att föra och följa vid utomhusmatematik? Den andra frågeställningen är hur tänker lärarna när det gäller möjligheter för eleverna att föra och följa matematiska resonemang? För att uppnå syftet och besvara frågeställningarna genomförs två observationer av utomhusundervisning samt intervju med lärarna som bedrev undervisningen.   För att kategorisera vilka typer av resonemang eleverna använder utformas ett observationsschema som tar stöd av Lithners ramverk, som även är studiens teori. Detta ramverk förklarar att det finns två huvudtyper, imitativa och kreativa resonemang, där de dessutom finns olika undergrupper. Resultatet visar att eleverna får möjlighet att föra och följa båda kreativa (CMR) och imitativa resonemang (IR) i utomhusundervisning. På grund av uppgifternas utformning förekommer det mest IR i observationerna. Lärarna är medvetna om vad resonemangsförmågan innebär och denna insikt kan hjälpa eleverna att utveckla sin resonemangsförmåga. Utomhusmiljön blir dessutom ett gott inslag i matematikundervisning. Genom att arbeta ute får eleverna använda fler sinnen och arbeta mer kreativt. Detta kan i sin tur skapa motivation samtidigt som eleverna får gripa för att begripa.