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This thesis investigates how a tax and warning label on less healthy snack food products may affect consumer behaviour when the imposition of the tax is a source of consumer information. A survey that included choice experiments was implemented in supermarkets. Participants were asked to choose between high fat snacks, some displaying a stigmatizing warning label, and healthier snacks. Multinomial logit and latent class models exploring choice were estimated and a predictive hypothetical market was set up. Results show that the warning label had a negative price premium of about $4. The effect of price, though small, becomes even smaller as BMI increases. A fat tax for health is not recommended because it might not hit the target population, people were not very price sensitive, and it would likely be regressive. To encourage health, it appears to be more effective to display a warning label than to apply a tax. / Agricultural and Resource Economics

This study is an exploration of a change management intervention tool described here as the Hypothetical'. This tool is not described in organisation literature, but many of its functions and features can be found in theories relating to, for example, organisational communication, change management, leadership and team dynamics. The Hypothetical does, however, appear as a discussion forum in the popular media. In the 1980s and 1990s, the high profile television program, Hypotheticals, hosted by Geoffrey Robertson QC, dramatised decision making processes, and teased out some of the moral dilemmas inherent in social and political problems, utilising high profile panelists from the social, political and business elites. In the 1990s, the Hypothetical made a transition from the television screen to the management meeting room and the executive suite. The researcher of this study has similarly used the Hypothetical in his capacity as a communications consultant for a number of public and private client organisations. With this background, this study was undertaken to explore the Hypothetical and to identify those functions and features that define its appropriateness as an intervention for organisational communication and change. The findings from this study are founded on two aspects a review of relevant organisation literature, and data from the presentation of a specific Hypothetical intervention to the public organisation Centrelink Queensland. The Hypothetical tool, as identified in this study, is a one-off, 90 minute performance involving a facilitator, audience, and members of a panel who represent the organisation in which semi-fictitious storylines are meant to symbolise elements in the cultural life of the organisation. The study also identifies a Hypothetical process in which research methods that are applied, before and after the intervention performance, help to identify the functions and features of the intervention. The features of the Hypothetical, as an intervention are viewed through the lens of Goffman's 1959) classic theoretical framework of symbolic interactionism, where the organisation is conceptualised as 'theatre', and the motivations and actions of its members are interpreted through the symbolism of theatrical performance and interaction. The study also draws on symbolic convergence theory to explain what happens inside an organisation through the language, conflicts and shared cultural experiences of its members. The Centrelink Hypothetical in this study reflects aspects of the shared organisational culture, and presents its fictitious storylines in the context of dialogues between its panelists. The panelists are representatives of their organisation and are heard reflecting the values of that organisation's culture. Consequently, the analysis of text through the Hypothetical transcript the deciphering of shared narratives, mindsets, motivations and visions of the future, and so forth forms a significant aspect of the study for conceptualising Centrelink organisational culture, and for identifying how problems of communication and change have become embedded in that culture. More specifically, it is through the Centrelink Hypothetical that this study seeks to identify the functions of the Hypothetical and to determine how they may contribute solutions to Centrelink's management problems. The literature consulted for this study reveals that the Hypothetical is closely allied, as an intervention process, with the relatively new management practice of scenario planning. It scenario planning that attempts to build a generative learning capability within organisations a continuously looping process of deep learning that takes place within each organisation's unique strategic conversation. This study draws on scenario planing to identify similar performance features within the Hypothetical process stimulating the organisation to be responsive to, and to embrace, change; finding appropriate methods of communication; identifying and modifying mental models. This study also highlights a significant difference between the scenario planning process and the Hypothetical. Emerging literature in management psychology asserts the importance of the emotionally intelligent team, which demonstrates its social skills and empathy. However, the driving force behind scenario planning is 'the business idea', or the organisation's mental model and what drives it, and there is little or no attention paid to the importance of emotional capabilities in the scenario planning literature. Findings from the Centrelink case demonstrate that a significant dimension of the Hypothetical experience is the impact of symbolically convergent scripted roles and the related capacity to utilise emotional intelligence. Consequently, this study recommends that suitable emotional frameworks be employed throughout the Hypothetical process to help discern appropriate members' behaviours and suggest how the combination of such behaviours may be used to enhance the organisation's future generative learning process.

Essa pesquisa inicia-se pela consideração na literatura da área, de ensino de física, sobre as perspectivas dadas a algumas formas de representações, no contexto da construção do conhecimento científico, realizada no campo dos especialistas e nas pesquisas que relatam a sala de aula. As representações visuais distinguíveis nesta pesquisa são as esboçadas pelos alunos, as que se notam na simulação computacional e as gestuais: os gestos além das representações gestuais icônicas possibilitam mediações com outras representações empregadas em aula, por isso, serão considerados os gestos dêiticos, os movimentos ergóticos e epistêmicos; outra forma observada de mediação para a construção de conhecimento serão as analogias empregadas. Entre as hipóteses desta pesquisa está, que a sala de aula em que se propicia um ensino, onde mais se evidencia tanto a construção de conhecimento, quanto um caráter multimodal de representações será aquela cuja metodologia empregada é de \"ensino por investigação\". Em face disso, definem-se as características desse ensino, desde suas concepções históricas iniciais quando compreendidas como a aplicação do método científico, com problema, hipóteses, teste das hipóteses e conclusão, até as concepções contemporâneas em que se consideram aspectos da natureza da ciência, além da argumentação, a multimodalidade e as relações CTS. Para a representação verbal, expressando tanto o conhecimento construído quanto as reflexões sobre o processo de construção, considerou-se se a fala dos alunos se enquadra no padrão hipotético-dedutivo apresentado por Lawson (2002; 2004). Os dados para a realização desta pesquisa provêm da observação e de materiais produzidos em sala de aula bem como das transcrições do registro audiovisual dessas aulas. Categorizadas as representações e classificadas quanto à sua posição junto a elementos dos padrões de argumentação hipotético-dedutivo, apresentar-se-á uma solução para o problema \"Como múltiplas representações atuam na construção do conhecimento científico em sala de aula.\" Múltiplas representações e interações foram usadas principalmente na proposição da hipótese e no planejamento e execução dos testes; o emprego de atividade favorecendo o uso de várias representações não qualifica um ensino como investigativo; se colocado à disposição, os alunos utilizam em suas atividades, principalmente nas construções de conhecimento; as transições entre as formas de mediação e de representações obedecem a um padrão de continuidade e de uniformidade. / This research begins by considering the literature in the field of physical education on prospects given to some forms of representations in the context of construction of scientific knowledge, carried out in the field and experts in research that reports the classroom. The distinguishable visual representations in this research are the pictorial outlined by the students, the visually represented in computer simulation and sign iconic representations; gestures beyond the iconic gestural representation possible mediations with other representations used in class, so they are considered the deictic gestures, ergot and epistemic movements; other form of mediation for the construction of knowledge will be the use of analogies. Among the hypotheses of this research is that the classroom that provides an education, where the evidence of both the construction of knowledge, as a multimodal character representations will be the one whose methodology is \"learning by inquiry\". So let\'s define the characteristics of this teaching, from their initial historical conceptions when understood as the application of the scientific method, problem, hypothesis, testing of hypotheses and conclusion, to contemporary conceptions that also consider aspects of science nature beyond argument, multimodality and CTS relations. For verbal representation, expressing both knowledge built as reflections on the construction process, we consider how the speech of students falls within the hypothetical-deductive pattern presented by Lawson (2002 and 2004). Data for this survey out of observation and materials produced in the classroom, in addition to transcripts of audio-visual record of these classes. Categorized representations and classified according to their position along the elements of the hypothetical-deductive reasoning patterns, we present a solution to the problem \"How multiple representations work in the construction of scientific knowledge in the classroom\".

A presente pesquisa tem o objetivo de estudar os princípios de investigação dos seres vivos tendo como parâmetro a concepção hilemórfica dos entes naturais em Aristóteles. Para tanto, em primeiro lugar, analisaremos o hilemorfismo tal como exposto no Livro II da Física, a fim de investigarmos a doutrina da matéria e forma, no contexto em que ela desempenha um papel fundamental para a elaboração de uma concepção que é capaz de mostrar os modos pelos quais os entes se constituem na natureza. Em segundo lugar, examinaremos os princípios de investigação dos seres vivos no Livro I das Partes dos Animais, de modo a identificar os fundamentos conceituais nos quais ele se sustenta. Assim, veremos em que medida a doutrina da matéria e forma desempenha uma função determinante na análise relativa aos organismos vivos. / The present research aims to study the principles of investigation of living beings, from hylemorphic conception as a parameter of explanation of natural beings in Aristotle. To do so, first, well analyze the hylemorphism as set out in Book II of Physics in order to investigate the doctrine of matter and form, in which it plays a key role in the development of a conception that is able to show the ways in which beings are formed in nature. Second, well examine the principles of living beings in Book I of the Part of Animals, in order to identify the conceptual foundations on which it holds. So we\'ll see how far the doctrine of matter and form plays a decisive role in the analysis relating to living organisms.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Este presente estudo examina a mudanÃa paradigmÃtica da filosofia de Wittgenstein. Tal mudanÃa ocorre quando o filÃsofo percebe que sua concepÃÃo atomista contÃm erros irrecusÃveis. O ponto de dissoluÃÃo dessa concepÃÃo foi a mudanÃa quanto à concepÃÃo de proposiÃÃo elementar/estado de coisas, a saber, quando Wittgenstein percebe que nÃo à mais possÃvel concebÃ-los atomicamente. O artigo Algumas ObservaÃÃes sobre a Forma LÃgica apresenta esse momento de ruptura, levando o filÃsofo a repensar sua concepÃÃo filosÃfica. Em um primeiro momento o filÃsofo vienense apoia-se em uma concepÃÃo de linguagem fenomenolÃgica, chegando a negÃ-la pouco tempo depois. Por fim, o estudo aponta para uma ruptura com essa concepÃÃo fenomenolÃgica, quando Wittgenstein entÃo parecerà defender uma concepÃÃo de linguagem como a da fÃsica, i. e., hipotÃtica. / The present study examines the paradigmatic change of Wittgensteinâs philosophy. Such a change takes place when the philosopher realizes that his atomistic approach has unsolving problems. The dissolution point of that conception concerns the change regarding the notion of elementary proposition/state of things, that is to say, when Wittgenstein realizes that it is no more reasonable conceiving them as logical atoms. His paper Some remarks on logical forms presents this breaking point and leads him to reevaluate his philosophical conception. Firstly, he is based on a phenomenological conception of language, but afterwords he negates it. Then, this study focuses on that break regarding his phenomenological conception, when Wittgenstein comes to defend a hypothetical conception of language, such as the Physics.

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We estimate own-price elasticities for fixed network voice telephony access and (national) calls services for private users and cross-price elasticities to mobile using time series data from 2002-2007 from the Austrian market. Using instrumental variable estimates and taking into account the possibility of cointegration we find that access is inelastic while calls are elastic. We conclude that the retail market for national calls of private users can probably be deregulated due to sufficient competitive pressure from mobile. Access-substitution on the other hand does not seem to be strong enough to justify de-regulation. / Series: Working Papers / Research Institute for Regulatory Economics

This dissertation aims to verify assumption regarding the impact of a hypothetical insurance in the tax base of the personal income tax. Specifically, to verify the assumption that the hypothetical insurance is more advantageous for foreign employees after taking into account maximum ceilings of contributions than the insurance actually paid or vice versa, and that there is no discrimination of foreign workers in relation with the increase of the tax base for the amount of the hypothetical insurance. This work defines basic concepts, development of the hypothetical insurance, describes the social insurance system and finally compares real and hypothetical insurance.

Conceptions of area and volume of pupils at the elementary school Veronika Tůmová ABSTRACT: The aim of my thesis is to investigate how the conceptions of area and volume are built, what the major pitfalls and problems are, what skills and strategies are helpful for solving problems and what are the frequent unsuccessful strategies and pupils' misconceptions. I used the concept of the hypothetical learning trajectory as a tool to describe this process. Based on existing research review, I compiled two hypothetical learning trajectories - one for area and one for volume. The crucial building blocks that were identified based on these trajectories are: space abilities, structuration of space into arrays of units and multiplicative thinking. A test was designed to measure these factors and the correlation of these factors with success in volume and area problems ranged from week (multiplicative thinking) to very strong (spatial abilities). These findings confirm that these factors constitute an important part of the hypothetical learning trajectory for both concepts. Several structuration tasks were selected to investigate pupils' structuration skills and mistakes in more detail. Three main categories of problems were identified in the pupils' solutions: incorrect space structuration, disconnection between...