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情緒智力與創造力在教育界中受到極大的重視，尤其在大學教育裡兩者已成為不可忽視的課題。本研究主要的目的在探討大學生之信念與情緒智力、創造力之關係。其中以「內隱理論」來探討大學生對於兩者能力的信念，亦即對情緒智力與創造力持「固定信念」抑或「增長信念」。因此主要的探討是對能力持不同信念的大學生，是否會影響個體之能力以及參與情緒智力或創造力課程的意願。除了信念之外，本研究還要探討大學生性別與年級對兩種能力與參與課程意願的關係。另外，情緒智力與創造力的關係也是本研究要探討的一個重點。 本研究以台灣地區公私立大專院校之大學生為受試對象，以便利取樣的方式抽取1200位大學生，其中男性大學生432位，女性大學生768位；而大一學生423位，大二學生157位，大三學生328位，大四學生211位，大五含以上學生81位。研究工具包含六個部份：「情緒智力信念量表」、「創造力信念量表」、「參與情緒智力課程意願量表」、「參與創造力課程意願量表」、「創新行為量表」與「大學生情緒智力量表」，其中「情緒智力信念量表」與「創造力信念量表」分別包含「固定信念」與「增長信念」分量表，而「大學生情緒智力量表」包含六個分量表來測量四個構念—情緒界定、情緒使用、情緒了解與情緒管理。 研究結果發現： 一、在大學生信念、能力與參與課程意願現況方面： （一）就大學生情緒智力信念、情緒智力與參與其課程意願現況而言： 1.大學生對於情緒智力的信念持增長信念的人顯著高於固定信念。 2.七成以上的大學生情緒智力達到中等以上的程度。 3.58.9％的大學生有意願參與情緒智力相關課程。 （二）大學生創造力信念、創造力與參與創造力課程義意願現況： 1.大學生對於創造力的信念持增長信念的人顯著高於固定信念。 2.目前大學生認為自己多少算是一個有創新行為的人。 3.68％的大學生有意願參與創造力相關課程。 二、在大學生人口變項與能力、參與情緒智力課程意願上之差異方面： （一）大學生人口變項與情緒智力、參與情緒智力課程意願上之差異： 1.不同年級的大學生在情緒智力信念上無顯著的差異。 2.情緒界定、情緒了解與整體情緒智力上以大三程度最低。而情緒了解高年級學生優於低年級。 3.大四、大五學生較有意願參與情緒智力課程。 4.男女大學生在情緒智力信念上無顯著的差異。 5.女性大學生在情緒智力分構念與整體能力上優於男性大學生。 6.女性大學生參與情緒智力課程意願高於男性大學生。 7.「資電、工」學院與「商管」學院的學生較其他學院學生認為情緒智力是一種固定無法改變的能力。 8.不同學院在情緒智力增長信念上無顯著差異存在。 9.整體情緒智力上，「藝術、傳播」學院得分最高，「資電、工」學院得分最低。 10.不同學院別的大學生在參與情緒智力課程意願上無顯著的差異。 （二)大學生人口變項與創造力信念、參與創造力課程意願上之差異： 1.不同年級的大學生在創造力信念上無顯著的差異。 2.不同年級的大學生在創新行為上無顯著的差異。 3.大四、大五學生較其他年級的學生更有意願參加創造力課程。 4.男女大學生在創造力信念上並無顯著的差異。 5.男性大學生比女性大學生自評有較多的創新行為。 6.女性大學生參與創造力課程意願高於男性大學生。 7.「理學院」的學生較認為創造力是一種固定無法改變的能力。 8.「藝術、傳播學院」的學生較認為情緒智力是一種可以改變的能力。 9.不同學院別的大學生在創新行為量表得分上無顯著的差異。 10.「藝術與傳播」學院的學生參與創造力課程意願是較其他學院來的高。 三、在信念、能力與意願的關係方面： （一）在情緒智力信念與創造力信念的關係上： 1.情緒智力固定信念與情緒智力增長信念有顯著的負相關；而創造力亦同。 2.情緒智力固定信念與創造力固定信念有顯著的正相關；而情緒智力的增長信念與創造力增長信念有顯著的正相關。 （二）大學生情緒智力信念與情緒智力、參與情緒智力課程意願之關係上，信念與情緒智力、參與情緒智力課程意願皆有顯著的相關，唯相關係數甚低。 （三)大學生創造力信念與創造力、參與創造力課程意願之相關上，信念與創造力、參與創造力課程意願皆有顯著的相關，唯相關係數甚低。 （四）創新行為與整體情緒智力無顯著相關。 （五）參與情緒智力課程意願與參與創造力課程意願上有顯著的正相關。 最後，本研究根據研究結果加以討論並對教育、諮商輔導與未來研究提出建議以供參考。

In meiner Dissertationsschrift unterschied ich zwischen expliziten und impliziten Repräsentationen der eigenen Persönlichkeit und konzeptualisierte diese als Teile des reflektiven bzw. impulsiven Systems (Strack & Deutsch, in press). Am Beispiel der Persönlichkeitseigenschaften Schüchternheit, Ängstlichkeit und Ärgerlichkeit erfasste ich implizite Repräsentationen des Persönlichkeits-Selbstkonzeptes mit Hilfe von Impliziten Assoziations Tests (IATs, Greenwald, McGhee & Schwartz, 1998) und den neuen Impliziten Assoziations Prozeduren (IAPs) als indirekte Messverfahren. Im Gegensatz zu direkten Fragebogen-Verfahren, die das explizite Persönlichkeits-Selbstkonzept erfassen, stellen indirekte Verfahren chronometrische Messverfahren dar, die das direkte Fragen nach Selbsteinschätzungen vermeiden. Die Ergebnisse zeigten vier wichtige Dissoziationen zwischen direkten und indirekten Verfahren bei der Messung des Persönlichkeits-Selbstkonzeptes. Erstens waren indirekte Verfahren robuster gegen Verfälschungsinstruktionen als direkte Verfahren. Zweitens war die konvergente Validität zwischen indirekten Verfahren geringer als zwischen direkten Verfahren. Drittens leisteten indirekte Verfahren einen inkrementellen Beitrag zur Vorhersage von Verhalten. Viertens waren indirekte Verfahren weniger geeignet für das gleichzeitige Erfassen von zwei unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften als direkte Verfahren. / In my dissertation thesis I differentiated between explicit and implicit representations of one’s own personality and considered them as elements of reflective and impulsive information processing, respectively (Strack & Deutsch, in press). Using the traits of shyness, anxiousness, and angriness as examples, I assessed implicit representations of the personality self-concept with the Implicit Association Tests (IATs, Greenwald McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) and the new Implicit Association Procedures (IAPs) as the tools for indirect measures. In contrast to direct questionnaire measures that assess the explicit personality self-concept, indirect measures are chronometric procedures that avoid asking direct self-judgment questions. The results showed four important dissociations between direct and indirect measures in the assessment of the personality self-concept. First, indirect measures were more robust against faking than direct measures. Second, the convergent validity between indirect measures was lower than that between direct measures. Third, indirect measures added incremental validity to the prediction of behavior. Fourth, indirect measures were less apt for the concurrent assessment of two traits within one sample than direct measures.

This study applied the Process Dissociation Procedure (Bornstein, 2002) to test independence between personality processes represented by different implicit measurement techniques. In contrast to the commonly adopted literal view of dual processes in personality theory, the study predicted that two implicit measures (CRT-A and IAT-A) and one explicit measure (NEO-AH) of aggressive disposition would dissociate with each other in their 1) intercorrelations, 2) predictions of behavioral criteria of aggressiveness, and 3) potential moderation by situational cues. These hypotheses were generally, though not completely, supported. Most importantly, the two implicit measures dissociated in their lack of correlation and differential prediction of behavioral criteria, unaffected by changes in situational cues. As predicted, the CRT-A and the NEO-AH dissociated in their intercorrelations, predictions, and moderation by incentives. The IAT-A and the NEO-AH dissociated in their lack of intercorrelation and their differential moderation by changes in incentive conditions. As predicted, only the explicit measure was moderated by changes in incentive conditions. Unexpectedly, IAT-A and the NEO-AH were statistically indistinguishable in their prediction of behavioral criteria of aggression. The findings provided strong support for the hypotheses predicting multiple independent implicit personality processes.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-04-19T14:00:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 emmanuelfelixyarlequemedina.pdf: 9263392 bytes, checksum: b43a45f1d630b36bd2da632495410dcb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-04-20T12:26:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 emmanuelfelixyarlequemedina.pdf: 9263392 bytes, checksum: b43a45f1d630b36bd2da632495410dcb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-20T12:26:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 emmanuelfelixyarlequemedina.pdf: 9263392 bytes, checksum: b43a45f1d630b36bd2da632495410dcb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-14 / Problemas de Reação-Difusão são modelos matemáticos que descrevem fenômenos observados em diversas aplicações da Física, Química, Ciência dos Materiais e Biologia. Nesses casos, podemos utilizar o método do fator de integração implícito (IIF) que desacopla os termos de difusão e de reação para assim calcular explicitamente os termos difusivos e tratar de forma implícita os termos reativos. O custo computacional do IIF (armazenamento e processamento) torna este método não muito atrativo e, uma das abordagens para contornar este problema, é empregar estratégias em aproximações utilizando o subespaço de Krylov para reduzir as operações aritméticas para a avaliação da exponencial da matriz envolvida neste processo. Outra abordagem consiste em trabalhar com a representação compacta da discretização espacial e, assim, obter o método do fator de integração implícita compacto, com menores custos de armazenamento e processamento do àqueles do método IIF. No presente trabalho, apresentamos este procedimento junto com experimentos computacionais em domínios bi e tridimensionais para diferentes equações com o objetivo de testar a eficiência de cada um dos métodos. Os exemplos de aplicação do procedimento são problemas de reação-difusão linear, de Allen-Cahn, de Ginzburg Landau, de Schnackenberg e de FitzHugh-Nagumo discutidos com o objetivo de demonstrar a aplicabilidade do método. / Reaction-Diffusion problems are mathematical models that describe phenomena observed in various applications of Physics, Chemistry, Materials Science and Biology. In such cases, we can use the method of implicit integration factor (IIF), which decouples the terms of diffusion and reaction in order to calculate explicity the diffusive terms and treat implicitly reactive terms. The computational cost of the IIF (storage and processing) makes this method not very attractive and one of the approaches to work around this problem is to employ strategies approaches using the Krylov subspace approximations to reduce arithmetic operations for the evaluation of the exponential matrix involved in this process. Another approach is to work with the compact representation of the spatial discretization to obtain the compact implicit integration factor method, with reduced costs of storage and processing then those of IIF method. In this paper, we present this procedure along with computational experiments in two and three dimensional domains for different equations in order to test the effectiveness of each method. Application examples of the procedure are linear reaction-diffusion problems, Allen-Cahn, Ginzburg Landau Schnackenberg FitzHugh-Nagumo and discussed in order to demonstrate the applicability of the method.

Det finns en skillnad mellan att vara barnlös och barnfri, nämligen att inte kunna få och att välja bort barn. Enligt tidigare forskning beskrivs frivilligt barnfria ofta som avvikande och stigmatiseras av samhället. Att detta även är fallet i Sverige kan ses som förvånande då landets befolkning överlag har starkt individualistiska attityder som står i kontrast till traditionella värderingar, till exempel barnfamiljens starka ställning.   Denna kvantitativa studie avser att mäta implicita attityder till frivilligt barnfria individer och individer med barn med hjälp av ett implicita associationstest. Åttio respondenter med olika ålder, kön, utbildningsnivå, civilstatus och boendesituation genomförde testet. Vi undersöker deras implicita attityder till barnlöshet generellt, samt huruvida dessa attityder varierar mellan olika grupper bland respondenterna. Vi undersöker också om det finns någon korrelation mellan implicita och explicita attityder till barnfrihet.   Studien är sociologisk och resultaten analyseras genom en sociologisk socialpsykologisk ansats. Detta är ett relativt nytt sätt att hantera data från ett implicit associationstest. / There is a difference between childlessness and being childfree, namely to not be able and to voluntarily choose not to have children. According to previous research, childfree individuals are often described as deviant and are stigmatised in society. It may be surprising however to find that this is the case also in Sweden, a country where population generally has strong individualistic attitudes, in contrast to holding traditional values such as the value of the nuclear family.   This quantitative study measures implicit attitudes to voluntarily childfree individuals and individuals with children respectively, using an implicit association test. Eighty respondents with different genders, ages, levels of education, civil status and living conditions, took the test. We investigate their implicit attitudes to being childfree, as well as whether those attitudes vary between different groups of respondents. We also investigate if there are any correlations between implicit and explicit attitudes to being childfree.   The study is sociological and the results are analysed using a sociological social psychological approach. This is a relatively new way to process data from an implicit association test.

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This thesis focuses on solutions of reactive transport problems in porous media. The principle mechanisms of flow and reactive mass transport in porous media are investigated. Global implicit approach (GIA), where transport and reaction are fully coupled, and sequential noniterative approach (SNIA) are implemented into the software OpenGeoSys (OGS6) to couple chemical reaction and mass transport. The reduction scheme proposed by Kräutle is used in GIA to reduce the number of coupled nonlinear differential equations. The reduction scheme takes linear combinations within mobile species and immobile species and effectively separates the reaction-independent linear differential equations from coupled nonlinear ones (i.e. reducing the number of primary variables in the nonlinear system). A chemical solver is implemented using semi-smooth Newton iteration which employs complementarity condition to solve for equilibrium mineral reactions. The results of three benchmarks are used for code verification. Based on the solutions of these benchmarks, it is shown that GIA with the reduction scheme is faster (ca. 6.7 times) than SNIA in simulating homogeneous equilibrium reactions and (ca. 24 times) in simulating kinetic reaction. In simulating heterogeneous equilibrium mineral reactions, SNIA outperforms GIA with the reduction scheme by 4.7 times. / Diese Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die numerische Berechnung reaktiver Transportprobleme in porösen Medien. Es werden prinzipielle Mechanismen von Fluidströmung und reaktive Stofftransport in porösen Medien untersucht. Um chemische Reaktionen und Stofftransport zu koppeln, wurden die Ansätze Global Implicit Approach (GIA) sowie Sequential Non-Iterative Approach (SNIA) in die Software OpenGeoSys (OGS6) implementiert. Das von Kräutle vorgeschlagene Reduzierungsschema wird in GIA verwendet, um die Anzahl der gekoppelten nichtlinearen Differentialgleichungen zu reduzieren. Das Reduzierungsschema verwendet Linearkombinationen von mobilen und immobile Spezies und trennt die reaktionsunabhngigen linearen Differentialgleichungen von den gekoppelten nichtlinearen Gleichungen (dh Verringerung der Anzahl der Primärvariablen des nicht-linearen Gleichungssystems). Um die Gleichgewichtsreaktionen der Mineralien zu berechnen, wurde ein chemischer Gleichungslaser auf Basis von ”semi-smooth Newton-Iterations” implementiert. Ergebnisse von drei Benchmarks wurden zur Code-Verifikation verwendet. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Simulation homogener Equilibriumreaktionen mit GIA 6,7 mal schneller und bei kinetischen Reaktionen 24 mal schneller als SNIA sind. Bei Simulationen heterogener Equilibriumreaktionen ist SNIA 4,7 mal schneller als der GIA Ansatz.

Information systems researchers typically use self-report measures, such as questionnaires to study consumers’ online risk perception. The self-report approach captures the conscious perception of online risk but not the unconscious perception that precedes and dominates human being’s decision-making. A theoretical model in which implicit risk perception precedes explicit risk evaluation is proposed. The research model proposes that implicit risk affects both explicit risk and the attitude towards online purchase. In a direct path, the implicit risk affects attitude towards purchase. In an indirect path, the implicit risk affects explicit risk, which in turn affects attitude towards purchase. The stimulus used was a questionable web site offering pre-paid credit card services. Data was collected from 150 undergraduate students enrolled in a university. Implicit risk was measured using methods developed in social psychology, namely, single category-implicit association test. Explicit risk and attitude towards purchase were measured using a well-known instrument in the e-commerce risk literature. Preliminary, unconditioned analysis suggested that (a) implicit risk does not affect explicit risk, (b) explicit risk does not affect attitude to purchase, and (c) implicit risk does not affect attitude towards purchase.

Embora a tecnologia nuclear tenha aplicações benéficas para diversas áreas, como saúde, indústria, agricultura, produção de energia, entre outras, a sua aceitação ainda é restrita e há várias barreiras para o seu uso. A falta de conhecimento assertivo sobre essa tecnologia gera preconceito com relação à sua utilização. Preconceitos podem ser explícitos, que são conscientes, ou implícitos, inconscientes. No entanto, conscientes ou inconscientes, eles influenciam o comportamento e as atitudes. As experiências nas memórias explícita e implícita podem ser transferidas de uma para a outra. Assim, preconceitos ou associações inconscientes podem ser modificados pela memória explícita, ou seja, um novo conhecimento pode reduzi-los ou revertê-los. Para uma educação transformadora, o professor tem um papel central; entretanto, para que ele transmita o conhecimento de forma imparcial, é necessário que tenha uma visão livre de preconceitos. Esse trabalho visa desenvolver uma metodologia com apoio em neurociências por meio da qual as associações implícitas referentes às aplicações da tecnologia nuclear por parte dos professores de ciências sejam identificadas e possíveis preconceitos implícitos sejam modificados por meio de novos conhecimentos explícitos. Para identificar preconceitos implícitos são necessários testes específicos de memória implícita. O Teste de Associação Implícita (TAI) foi selecionado para esse trabalho. Seguindo as etapas fornecidas pelo software FreeIAT, o TAI foi customizado a fim de comparar as associações implícitas de participantes com relação às áreas nuclear e petróleo e sua consistência foi averiguada por um pré-teste aplicado a um grupo de especialistas (grupo controle) e de leigos, cujos resultados determinaram um bom valor de Alfa de Cronbach. Um programa multissensorial de 5 horas foi desenvolvido e realizado no Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN) para um grupo de professores de ciências. O TAI foi aplicado no início e ao término do programa e os resultados das associações implícitas foram comparados. Após seis meses, o TAI foi reaplicado ao mesmo grupo de professores para verificar se as associações implícitas se mantiveram estáveis. Esse programa multissensorial foi comparado com um programa de 12 semanas de ensino tradicional com aulas expositivas realizado no IPEN para alunos ingressantes na pós-graduação. O programa multissensorial foi efetivo para mudar e manter as associações implícitas dos professores referentes às aplicações benéficas da tecnologia nuclear, diferentemente do ensino tradicional com aulas expositivas. Esse trabalho demonstrou que é possível quebrar paradigmas e preconceitos. A abordagem multissensorial possibilitou um conhecimento enriquecido sobre as aplicações da tecnologia nuclear, ou seja, promoveu novas experiências na memória explícita que modificaram as associações prévias armazenadas na memória implícita. Assim, o programa multissensorial demonstrou ser uma ferramenta eficaz, capaz de produzir e manter mudanças nas associações implícitas, de baixo custo e pode ser aplicado em diversas áreas para mudar as associações implícitas e reverter preconceitos. Os resultados demonstraram que esse trabalho de doutorado teve êxito no que se propôs, contribuindo, assim, para a difusão do conhecimento das aplicações benéficas da tecnologia nuclear e, consequentemente, para a sua desmitificação. Essa metodologia completa poderá ser empregada em outras áreas para identificar, modificar e/ou reverter preconceitos ou estereótipos implícitos. / Although the applications of nuclear technology benefit several fields, such as health, industry, agriculture, energy production, among others, its public acceptance is still reduced and there are various barriers to its use. A lack of assertive knowledge about this technology generates prejudice against its use. Prejudices may be explicit at the conscious level or implicit operating outside awareness. Nevertheless, either conscious or unconscious, prejudices interfere with behavior and attitudes. The experiences in the explicit and implicit memories can be transferred from one to the other; thus unconscious prejudices or associations may be modified by the explicit memory, that is, new knowledge may reduce or even reverse them. The teachers play a critical role for transforming education; however, for sharing balanced knowledge they must have a perspective without prejudices. This work aims to develop a neuroscience-based methodology through which implicit associations of Brazilian science teachers towards nuclear technology may be assessed and possible implicit prejudices may be changed by new knowledge. In order to identify implicit prejudices, specific implicit memory tests are required. The Implicit Association Test (IAT) was chosen for this work. By following the steps provided by the software FreeIAT, the IAT was customized aiming to compare the implicit associations of respondents towards nuclear and oil. A pretest with nuclear specialists (control group) and lay people was administered to check the consistency of the customized IAT. The Cronbach\'s alpha was applied to measure the reliability of the test and showed good internal consistency. A 5-hour multisensory program for science teachers was designed and administered at the Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN). The IAT was administered at the beginning and at the end of the program and the results of the implicit associations were compared. After a six-month period, the IAT was re-administered to the same group of teachers to verify whether the implicit associations remained stable. This multisensory program was compared to a 12-week traditional teaching program with lecture classes held at IPEN for incoming post-graduation students. The multisensory program was effective for changing and maintaining the implicit associations of teachers towards the beneficial applications of nuclear technology, unlike the traditional teaching program with lecture classes. This work demonstrated that it is possible to break paradigms and prejudices. The multisensory program enabled an enriched knowledge about the applications of nuclear technology, that is, it promoted new experiences in the explicit memory, which modified the previous associations stored in the implicit memory. Therefore, the multisensory program has proven to be a successful, cost-effective tool, which is able to cause and maintain changes in implicit associations and can be applied in several areas where changes in implicit associations and prejudice reversal are desired. The results demonstrated that the proposed doctoral research was effective, thus contributing to the diffusion of knowledge of the beneficial applications of nuclear technology and, consequently, to its demythification. This methodology may be administered to other fields to identify, modify and/or reduce implicit prejudices or stereotypes.