O objetivo geral desta tese, composta por um artigo teórico e três empíricos, foi investigar o desenvolvimento de atitudes raciais em crianças. O primeiro estudo foi uma revisão sistemática de estudos da Psicologia brasileira sobre preconceito racial. O segundo envolveu a criação e validação de um banco de estímulos para utilização em pesquisas científicas, o BICMulticor. O terceiro utilizou medidas implícitas (Priming Avaliativo e Teste de Associação Implícita) e explícitas de atitude para avaliar o desenvolvimento de atitudes raciais em crianças brancas, pardas e pretas de Porto Alegre e Salvador. Participaram 542 crianças, de seis a 14 anos de idade. Foram encontradas diferenças nas atitudes implícitas entre os grupos raciais e também entre as duas cidades avaliadas. O quarto foi um estudo sobre as diferenças de categorização racial entre baianos, gaúchos e norte-americanos. A categorização racial sofreu forte influência contextual e foi semelhante na Bahia e nos Estados Unidos. / This dissertation, composed by one theoretical and three empirical papers, aimed to investigate the development of race attitudes in children. The first study was a systematic review of Brazilian psychological studies on racial prejudice. The second one involved the development and validation of a set of children’s portraits to be used as stimuli on scientific research, the BIC-Multicor. The third one used implicit (Evaluative Priming and the Implicit Association Test) and explicit measures of attitude to investigate the development of race attitudes in White, Pardo and Black children (N = 542), aged six to 14, from Porto Alegre and Salvador. Implicit attitudes were different between cities and also between racial groups. The forth study assessed differences in racial categorization in Bahia, Rio Grande do Sul and the United States. Racial categorization was influenced by context and similar results were found between participants from Bahia and the US.

The objectives of this research were to create explicit and implicit measures of prejudice against homeless, and to identify factors associated with negative attitudes toward this population. To meet these objectives several studies collected in four articles were made. In the first article the literature on prejudice against homeless was reviewed. In this study was found that both, in Latin America and in the countries of industrialized West, have been reported stereotypes towards this population related to mental illness and drug addiction, as well as acts of discrimination related to limitations in the use of public space. Article two corresponded to a study of cross-cultural creation and validation of a scale of prejudice against homeless, created with basics of Item Response Theory and the Allport's scale of prejudice. The created scale presented evidence of construct validity, convergent validity and good internal consistency. It was also verified, in part, the Allport's theory of the scale of prejudice. The third article aimed at identifying factors associated with prejudice against homeless, and to build and test a hierarchical model to explain variations in the levels of this prejudice. The proposed model had four levels of prejudice mediations, good fit indices, and included the variables social dominance orientation, basic values, egocentrism, perception of insecurity and quality of contact with homeless people. In the fourth article was described the process of creating an implicit association test about attitudes toward homeless, and was tested scores correlation levels acquired with this test and those acquired with the scale established in article two. The results indicated that there are strong associations between concepts representing the homeless people and negative stereotypes towards this population. No correlation between the scores on the two measures was found, in line with other studies on implicit and explicit measures of stereotypes. / Los objetivos de esta tesis fueron la creación de medidas explícitas e implícitas del prejuicio contra habitantes de calle, y la identificación de algunos factores asociados con actitudes negativas hacia esta población. Para responder a estos objetivos se realizaron varios estudios reunidos en cuatro artículos y presentados en este documento como capítulos. En el primer capítulo, se realizó un estudio de revisión de la literatura sobre el prejuicio contra habitantes de calle. En este estudio se encontró que tanto en Latinoamérica como en los países de occidente industrializado, se han reportado estereotipos hacia esta población relacionados con la enfermedad mental y la adicción a las drogas; así como actos de discriminación relacionados con limitaciones en el uso del espacio público. El capítulo dos corresponde a un estudio de creación y validación transcultural de una escala de prejuicio contra habitantes de calle, fundamentada en la teoría de la respuesta al ítem y en la teoría de la escalada comportamental del prejuicio de Allport. La escala creada presentó evidencias de validez de constructo, validez convergente y buenos índices de consistencia interna. También se comprobó parcialmente la hipótesis de la escala del prejuicio de Allport. En el tercer capítulo se buscó identificar los factores asociados al prejuicio contra habitantes de calle, así como construir y probar un modelo jerárquico para explicar variaciones en los niveles de este prejuicio. El modelo propuesto tuvo cuatro niveles de mediación del prejuicio, buenos índices de ajuste, e incluyó las variables dominancia social, valores básicos, egocentrismo, percepción de inseguridad y calidad del contacto con habitantes de calle. En el cuarto capítulo se describió el proceso de creación de un Test de Asociaciones Implícitas sobre actitudes hacia habitantes de calle, y se probó los niveles de correlación entre los puntajes adquiridos con este test y los adquiridos con la escala creada en el artículo dos. Los resultados indicaron que hubo fuertes asociaciones entre los conceptos que representan a los habitantes de calle y los estereotipos negativos hacia esta población. No se encontró una correlación entre los puntajes en las dos pruebas, acorde con los resultados de otros estudios sobre medidas implícitas y explícitas de estereotipos.

The objectives of this research were to create explicit and implicit measures of prejudice against homeless, and to identify factors associated with negative attitudes toward this population. To meet these objectives several studies collected in four articles were made. In the first article the literature on prejudice against homeless was reviewed. In this study was found that both, in Latin America and in the countries of industrialized West, have been reported stereotypes towards this population related to mental illness and drug addiction, as well as acts of discrimination related to limitations in the use of public space. Article two corresponded to a study of cross-cultural creation and validation of a scale of prejudice against homeless, created with basics of Item Response Theory and the Allport's scale of prejudice. The created scale presented evidence of construct validity, convergent validity and good internal consistency. It was also verified, in part, the Allport's theory of the scale of prejudice. The third article aimed at identifying factors associated with prejudice against homeless, and to build and test a hierarchical model to explain variations in the levels of this prejudice. The proposed model had four levels of prejudice mediations, good fit indices, and included the variables social dominance orientation, basic values, egocentrism, perception of insecurity and quality of contact with homeless people. In the fourth article was described the process of creating an implicit association test about attitudes toward homeless, and was tested scores correlation levels acquired with this test and those acquired with the scale established in article two. The results indicated that there are strong associations between concepts representing the homeless people and negative stereotypes towards this population. No correlation between the scores on the two measures was found, in line with other studies on implicit and explicit measures of stereotypes. / Los objetivos de esta tesis fueron la creación de medidas explícitas e implícitas del prejuicio contra habitantes de calle, y la identificación de algunos factores asociados con actitudes negativas hacia esta población. Para responder a estos objetivos se realizaron varios estudios reunidos en cuatro artículos y presentados en este documento como capítulos. En el primer capítulo, se realizó un estudio de revisión de la literatura sobre el prejuicio contra habitantes de calle. En este estudio se encontró que tanto en Latinoamérica como en los países de occidente industrializado, se han reportado estereotipos hacia esta población relacionados con la enfermedad mental y la adicción a las drogas; así como actos de discriminación relacionados con limitaciones en el uso del espacio público. El capítulo dos corresponde a un estudio de creación y validación transcultural de una escala de prejuicio contra habitantes de calle, fundamentada en la teoría de la respuesta al ítem y en la teoría de la escalada comportamental del prejuicio de Allport. La escala creada presentó evidencias de validez de constructo, validez convergente y buenos índices de consistencia interna. También se comprobó parcialmente la hipótesis de la escala del prejuicio de Allport. En el tercer capítulo se buscó identificar los factores asociados al prejuicio contra habitantes de calle, así como construir y probar un modelo jerárquico para explicar variaciones en los niveles de este prejuicio. El modelo propuesto tuvo cuatro niveles de mediación del prejuicio, buenos índices de ajuste, e incluyó las variables dominancia social, valores básicos, egocentrismo, percepción de inseguridad y calidad del contacto con habitantes de calle. En el cuarto capítulo se describió el proceso de creación de un Test de Asociaciones Implícitas sobre actitudes hacia habitantes de calle, y se probó los niveles de correlación entre los puntajes adquiridos con este test y los adquiridos con la escala creada en el artículo dos. Los resultados indicaron que hubo fuertes asociaciones entre los conceptos que representan a los habitantes de calle y los estereotipos negativos hacia esta población. No se encontró una correlación entre los puntajes en las dos pruebas, acorde con los resultados de otros estudios sobre medidas implícitas y explícitas de estereotipos.

O objetivo geral desta tese, composta por um artigo teórico e três empíricos, foi investigar o desenvolvimento de atitudes raciais em crianças. O primeiro estudo foi uma revisão sistemática de estudos da Psicologia brasileira sobre preconceito racial. O segundo envolveu a criação e validação de um banco de estímulos para utilização em pesquisas científicas, o BICMulticor. O terceiro utilizou medidas implícitas (Priming Avaliativo e Teste de Associação Implícita) e explícitas de atitude para avaliar o desenvolvimento de atitudes raciais em crianças brancas, pardas e pretas de Porto Alegre e Salvador. Participaram 542 crianças, de seis a 14 anos de idade. Foram encontradas diferenças nas atitudes implícitas entre os grupos raciais e também entre as duas cidades avaliadas. O quarto foi um estudo sobre as diferenças de categorização racial entre baianos, gaúchos e norte-americanos. A categorização racial sofreu forte influência contextual e foi semelhante na Bahia e nos Estados Unidos. / This dissertation, composed by one theoretical and three empirical papers, aimed to investigate the development of race attitudes in children. The first study was a systematic review of Brazilian psychological studies on racial prejudice. The second one involved the development and validation of a set of children’s portraits to be used as stimuli on scientific research, the BIC-Multicor. The third one used implicit (Evaluative Priming and the Implicit Association Test) and explicit measures of attitude to investigate the development of race attitudes in White, Pardo and Black children (N = 542), aged six to 14, from Porto Alegre and Salvador. Implicit attitudes were different between cities and also between racial groups. The forth study assessed differences in racial categorization in Bahia, Rio Grande do Sul and the United States. Racial categorization was influenced by context and similar results were found between participants from Bahia and the US.

本研究關心多探討內隱自尊之下，內隱自尊與外顯自尊之落差對憂鬱的影響。近代憂鬱心理病理研究，大多支持憂鬱症患者具有低外顯自尊，然而自尊是多重面向的構念，根據認知雙元模式，自尊依據能否透過意識覺察分為內隱與外顯兩層面，本研究期望以過去自尊與憂鬱相關理論及實徵研究為基礎，進一步探討除了外顯自尊，內隱與外顯自尊之落差對憂鬱的影響，由此更全面地瞭解自尊在憂鬱心理病理的作用。由於內隱自尊是不受意識控制的潛在歷程，受到外在壓力事件促發而彰顯，因此本研究會納入壓力作為探討內外自尊落差影響憂鬱之考量，另，探索內外自尊落差對憂鬱的預測性也是本研究的主要目的。故本研究欲了解在壓力事件下是否彰顯自尊落差對憂鬱脆弱性的預測效果，並控制外顯自尊與壓力的作用以得知自尊落差對憂鬱是否具有獨特貢獻性。研究對象採用120位的大學生，測量憂鬱、外顯自尊程度和進行內隱自尊測量，並追蹤一個月所經歷生活壓力事件程度及憂鬱程度。研究結果有幾項主要的發現：（1）外顯自尊與壓力的交互作用對憂鬱有顯著預測性；（2）控制外顯自尊與壓力的交互作用後，內隱與外顯自尊之落差和壓力的交互作用對憂鬱具有預測性。研究貢獻在於支持內隱與外顯自尊的落差在壓力事件下對憂鬱具有增益效度。 / The main purpose of the study was to examine the predictive effect of the discrepancy between implicit and explicit self-esteem with stressful life events on depression. Explicit self-esteem has claimed to be an important factor in the development and maintenance of depression. Recently, it has suggested that implicit self-esteem, and the discrepancy between implicit and explicit self-esteem, could also relate to depression. There were several theories about the effects of explicit and implicit self-esteem on depression. First, the dysfunctional self-attitudes underlying depression operate in an implicit fashion, and the implicit negative cognitive styles increase one’s risk for depression following stressful life events. Second, the discrepancy between implicit and explicit self-esteem reflects on the nature of self-discrepancy and self-esteem instability, which is relate to cognitive vulnerability to depression. In addition, the effect of implicit self-esteem on depression was still indistinct. Accordingly, we hope to consider the effect of implicit self-esteem and more clearly present the theoretical importance of the effect of the relationship between implicit and explicit self-esteem on depression. Participants were 120 college students. Implicit self-esteem was assessed using the Implicit Association Test, whereas explicit self-esteem was measured using a self-reporting questionnaire: Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. The Beck Depression Inventory were completed to measure symptoms of depression, and the Life Events Scale for College Students was to measure the stress they have undergone four weeks follow-up. The results indicated that explicit self-esteem interacted with life stress to predict prospective changes in depression. Furthermore, after controlling the effect of explicit self-esteem and life stress, and the interaction of explicit self-esteem with life stress , the size of the discrepancy between implicit and explicit self-esteem interacted with life stress to remain a unique predictor of depression over the four-week prospective interval. Together, these findings provide new insights into the relationship of implicit and explicit self-esteem with depression.

The aim of this study was to identify effective teaching strategies for vocabulary acquisition for primary school-age children in natural sciences. Primarily, using qualitative method observation, it was empirically shown that the primary vocabulary instructions used during natural science studies were indirect incidental word learning activities such as conversation in the classroom. A test was standardized from Homegaard and Johansson Kokkinakis (2006) to asses and measure pupils’ breadth and depth of vocabulary knowledge for vocabulary words that were used during science class. The conducted test showed that the pupils’ trough incidental word learning had low vocabulary acquisition, primarily because of the everyday language used in a scientific context, leading this study to aim to answer the following questions:   Will providing explicit instructions for word acquisition increase pupils’ vocabulary?   Which possible explanations are there for the vocabulary increase?   An intervention practice was conducted to improve vocabulary acquisition, using five evidence-based suggestions for meaningful vocabulary intervention activities, provided by Steele and Mills (2011) and Becks, McKeown and Kucan (2002). The steps are based on explicit instructional activities which were used in teaching natural science. The same test that was used to asses and measure pupils’ breadth and depth of vocabulary knowledge of vocabulary words was used after the intervention. The empirical results showed that instructional strategies providing explicit instruction were successful in increasing pupils’ breadth and depth of vocabulary knowledge. Hence, this study identifies the empirical link between vocabulary instructions and vocabulary acquisition, as to increase the pupils’ breadth and depth of vocabulary knowledge, by the acknowledgement of the difference between everyday language and scientific vocabulary with explicit teaching of the scientific language.

Bakgrund: Jämställdhetsbarometern (2020) visar att det fortfarande råder stora könsskillnader i det svenska arbetslivet. Att jämställdheten inte är optimal visar bland annat fördelningen av kvinnor respektive män på ledande positioner, där den största skillnaden av andelen kvinnor respektive män på chefspositioner finns inom mansdominerade branscher. Ledarrollen är förknippad med maskulina handlingskraftiga egenskaper som ses som synonymt med den manliga könsstereotypen. Den kvinnliga könssterotypen är i kontrast feminin, och diskrepansen mellan rollerna har resulterat i negativa konsekvenser för kvinnliga ledare. Sverige anno 2021 målas upp som ett jämställt land vilket borde medföra att problemen inte existerar i Sverige som de gör i andra nationella kontext.              Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur följare ser på kvinnliga ledare och vilken typ av egenskaper de föredrar hos en ledare i en mansdominerad bransch i Sverige utifrån ett Implicit Leadership Theory, där bedömningen av kvinnliga ledare sätts i relation till Role Congruity Theory. Teoretisk referensram: Studien utgår från empiri inom Implicit Leadership Theory (ILT) och Role Congruity Theory (RCT). ILT är en ledarskapsteori som berör perceptionen av ledare och menar att ledarskap skapas av kognitiva kategoriseringar, som avgör vem som ses som ledare. RCT är en teori som uppkom genom en analys av de deskriptiva aspekterna av könsroller för att förstå hur könsfördomar möjligtvis skadar kvinnliga ledare. Metod: Den kvantitativa undersökningen, som utfördes i den här studien, genomfördes via en enkätstudie och riktades till medarbetare på en organisation inom verkstadsindustrin som hade en kvinnlig produktionsledare som närmsta chef. Slutsats: Det finns signifikanta samband mellan åsikter om kvinnor och andra faktorer, som vi anser berör ledarskap, i mansdominerade branscher. Fördomar verkar vara av betydelse när det kommer till preferensen av maskulina ledare samt om man upplever en kvinnlig ledare som effektiv eller inte. Resultatet från den här studien stödjer tidigare forskning som visade att maskulinitet och femininitet är något som har ett positivt samband till hur följare upplever ledare i relation till effektivitet. Däremot kan inga kausala slutsatser dras. / Background: The Equality Barometer (2020) shows that gender differences are large in  Swedish work life. That equality isn’t optimal shows in the distribution of women, respectively men, in leading positions, where the largest difference in the amount of women respectively men can be seen in director/management level positions in male-dominated industries. The leader role is associated with masculine, agentic, characteristics which is seen as synonymous with the male gender stereotype. The female gender stereotype is, in contrast,feminine, and the discrepancy between roles have resulted in negative consequences for female leaders. Sweden year 2021 is branded as an equal country which should mean that the problems should not exist in Sweden to the same extent as they do in other national contexts. Purpose: The purpose with the study was to investigate how followers view female leaders and what kind of characteristics they prefer a ledare expresses, in a male-dominated industry in Sweden. This will be done from an Implicit Leadership Theory perspective, where the evaluation of female leaders are put in relation to the Role Congruity Theory. Theoretical framework: The study emanates from the empirical work within Implicit Leadership Theory (ILT) and Role Congruity Theory (RCT). ILT is a leadership theory which focuses on the perception of leaders and says that leadership is created out of cognitive categorisations which decide who is seen as a leader and who is not. RCT is a theory which arose from an analysis of the descriptive aspects of gender roles to understand how gender prejudice possibly harms female leaders. Method: The quantitative research, which was conducted in this study, was conducted through a survey and aimed at workers at an organisation within the engineering industry which had a female production manager as their closest boss. Conclusion: There are significant correlations between opinions about women and other factors, which we consider affect leadership, in a male-dominated industry in Sweden. Prejudice appears to be of significance when it comes to preference for masculine leaders and if female leaders are perceived as effective or not. The results from this study support previous research which showed masculinity and femininity as something with a positive 4correlation to how followers perceive leaders in relation to effectiveness. However, nofactitive conclusions can be made.

Män besitter de flesta ledarskapsrollerna och har gjort det sedan länge. På grund av att så mycket som 96% av de högst avlönade ledarrollerna tillhört män inom de flesta sektorer har också ledarskap främst betraktats som ett manligt yrke (Eagly & Karau, 2002:573). Detta har lett till att definitioner av ledarskap återspeglar manliga egenskaper (agentic-egenskaper), såsom dominans och aggressivitet. Kvinnliga egenskaper, såsom att vara hjälpsam och förstående, är uppskattade hos en ledare, men det är inte alltid de kvinnliga egenskaperna räcker till. När kvinnor intar en ledarroll och utstrålar typiska ledaregenskaper, alltså manliga egenskaper, kan det lätt ske att kvinnan inte mottas väl och att fördomar gentemot kvinnliga ledare uppstår. Det kan bero på att typiska manliga ledaregenskaper är långt ifrån de egenskaper en kvinna förväntas ha, vilket kan förklaras utifrån role congruity theory. Eftersom ledarskap sällan i teoretiska sammanhang porträtterar kvinnor, och kvinnor inte bemöts lika väl som män när de besitter en ledarroll kan det tänkas att kvinnor med tiden inte upplever att de är lämpade för ledarroller. Hur kvinnor ser på sig själva som ledare var därför intressant för oss att studera. Dessa tankar ledde oss till problemformuleringen “Hur ser kvinnor på sig själva som ledare och vilka likheter och skillnader kan vi se mellan kvinnors och mäns syn på sig själva som ledare?”. Syftet med studien var att testa tidigare teorier kring ledarskap utifrån våra hypoteser och forskningsfrågor och sedan jämföra svaren mellan kvinnor och män. Vi undersökte hur kvinnor och män ser på sig själva som ledare. Därtill undersökte vi vilka faktorer som kunde påverka individen till att vilja, eller inte vilja, bli ledare. Studien har en tvärsnittsdesign som utgår från ett deduktivt arbetssätt där en kvantitativ undersökning gjorts. Data samlades in med hjälp av en enkätstudie där enkätsvar från 193 respondenter användes vid analysen. Vi fann att det inte fanns en signifikant skillnad mellan kvinnor och män på om de såg sig själva som ledare. Dock fanns bidragande faktorer som kunde påverka om individen var mer eller mindre benägen att se sig själv som en ledare. Dessa var variablerna “förutsättningar” och “sociala aspekter”. De flesta respondenter föredrog inte ett specifikt kön som ledare, dock så fanns det en statistisk signifikant minoritet som prefererade att ledaren skulle vara av ett specifikt kön. Där gällde generellt att män föredrog manliga ledare och kvinnor föredrog kvinnliga ledare, vilket stödjer tidigare forskning av Eagly och Karau (2002). Därtill såg vi att respondenterna ansåg att den idealtypiska ledarens viktigaste egenskaper var att vara pålitlig, ansvarstagande, förstående, att kunna anpassa sig till olika situationer och se till andras välbefinnande. Två av dessa egenskaper är kvinnligt kopplade (communal-egenskaper) och resterande tre är könsneutrala. Därav stödjer vår studie tidigare forskning om att kvinnliga egenskaper är eftertraktade. / Men have dominated the leadership positions throughout history and thereby formed the definition of leadership. The qualities of a leader are commonly associated with male leadership qualities (agentic). The aim of this study was to investigate differences between women and men in their view on leadership through a web- based survey. Specifically, their tendency to see themselves as leaders, what factors affect their will to be leaders, and what qualities they value in a leader. A statistical analysis showed that there was not a significant difference between how women and men perceived themselves as leaders. However, some factors were found to contribute to if the individual could see themselves as a leader and those were “having the right conditions” and “social aspects”. Most of the respondents did not prefer a specific gender of a leader. Those who did, seemed to prefer a leader of the same gender as themselves. The leadership qualities that the respondents considered most important were being reliable, responsible, understanding, able to adapt to different situations, and caring for the wellbeing of others. Two of these qualities were linked to female leadership qualities (communal) and the remaining three were gender neutral. This means that our findings support previous research that states that communal qualities are sought after.

Recommender systems are widely used in websites and applications to help users find relevant content based on their interests. Graph neural networks achieved state- of-the- art results in the field of recommender systems, working on data represented in the form of a graph. However, most graph- based solutions hold challenges regarding computational complexity or the ability to generalize to new users. Therefore, we propose a novel graph- based recommender system, by modifying Simple Graph Convolution, an approach for efficient graph node classification, and add the capability of generalizing to new users. We build our proposed recommender system for recommending the articles of Peltarion Knowledge Center. By incorporating two data sources, implicit user feedback based on pageview data as well as the content of articles, we propose a hybrid recommender solution. Throughout our experiments, we compare our proposed solution with a matrix factorization approach as well as a popularity- based and a random baseline, analyse the hyperparameters of our model, and examine the capability of our solution to give recommendations to new users who were not part of the training data set. Our model results in slightly lower, but similar Mean Average Precision and Mean Reciprocal Rank scores to the matrix factorization approach, and outperforms the popularity- based and random baselines. The main advantages of our model are computational efficiency and its ability to give relevant recommendations to new users without the need for retraining the model, which are key features for real- world use cases. / Rekommendationssystem används ofta på webbplatser och applikationer för att hjälpa användare att hitta relevant innehåll baserad på deras intressen. Med utvecklingen av grafneurala nätverk nådde toppmoderna resultat inom rekommendationssystem och representerade data i form av en graf. De flesta grafbaserade lösningar har dock svårt med beräkningskomplexitet eller att generalisera till nya användare. Därför föreslår vi ett nytt grafbaserat rekommendatorsystem genom att modifiera Simple Graph Convolution. De här tillvägagångssätt är en effektiv grafnodsklassificering och lägga till möjligheten att generalisera till nya användare. Vi bygger vårt föreslagna rekommendatorsystem för att rekommendera artiklarna från Peltarion Knowledge Center. Genom att integrera två datakällor, implicit användaråterkoppling baserad på sidvisningsdata samt innehållet i artiklar, föreslår vi en hybridrekommendatörslösning. Under våra experiment jämför vi vår föreslagna lösning med en matrisfaktoriseringsmetod samt en popularitetsbaserad och en slumpmässig baslinje, analyserar hyperparametrarna i vår modell och undersöker förmågan hos vår lösning att ge rekommendationer till nya användare som inte deltog av träningsdatamängden. Vår modell resulterar i något mindre men liknande Mean Average Precision och Mean Reciprocal Rank poäng till matrisfaktoriseringsmetoden och överträffar de popularitetsbaserade och slumpmässiga baslinjerna. De viktigaste fördelarna med vår modell är beräkningseffektivitet och dess förmåga att ge relevanta rekommendationer till nya användare utan behov av omskolning av modellen, vilket är nyckelfunktioner för verkliga användningsfall.

Studien syftade till att undersöka huruvida en kunskapsöverföring av tidigare erfarenheter har applicerats på den nya destinationen inför det årliga svenska vinterrallyt. Evenemanget har arrangerats på samma destination i 55 år, vilket mynnade ut i en problemdiskussion som berörde hur implicita och explicita erfarenheter hanterats och förmedlats till den nya destinationen. Problemdiskussionen berörde även på vilka sätt dessa tidigare erfarenheter utspelat sig i evenemanget, och hur ett återkommande evenemang arbetar med den dokumenterade erfarenheten efter avslutat projekt.  Via en kvalitativ ansats genomfördes semistrukturerade intervjuer med totalt 12 deltagare. Datan genomgick sedan en tematisk analys, vilket resulterade i tre centrala teman; Effekten av en kedjereaktion, Vägvalet: Ett rally med, eller utan, Värmland? och Ett kretslopp av erfarenheter. Resultatet mynnade ut i slutsatser som bland annat visar att implicit kunskap för evenemanget är essentiellt, eftersom kunskapsutbytet påverkades av yttre faktorer som den ansvariga organisationen inte enskilt kunde eller får besluta om. Faktorerna låg till grund för bristen på erfarenhet till evenemanget, och således osäkerhet för diverse beslutsfattare och markanvändare på den nya destinationen. Resultatets slutsatser visar också att implicit kunskap efter evenemanget alltid får goda möjligheter till att fångas upp och transformeras till explicit tack vare en gedigen utvärderingsprocess. Utåt sett blev tävlingshelgen lyckad, men fortsatt är det en framtida process med att lära och samla på sig nya erfarenheter till nästkommande år. I förhållande till det är vilja är en viktig faktor att inneha i den interna processen med att lära och erfara, och således en aktuell aspekt under hela planeringsfasen. Studien kunde slutligen påvisa att erfarenhet inte alltid anses vara av positiv karaktär, till exempel när nya förändringar vill genomföras. / The study aimed to investigate whether a learning process from previous experiences has been applied to the new destination before the annual Swedish winter rally. The event has been arranged at the same destination for 55 years, which resulted in a problem discussion that concerned how implicit and explicit experiences were handled and communicated to the new destination. The problem discussion also touched on how these previous experiences took place in the event, and how a recurring event works with the documented experience after the project has ended.  Through a qualitative approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a total of 12 participants. The data then underwent a thematic analysis, which resulted in three central themes; The effect of a chain reaction, The choice of route: A rally with, or without, Värmland? and finally A cycle of experiences. The outcome resulted in conclusions that show that implicit knowledge for the Swedish rally is essential, as the exchange of knowledge was affected by external factors that the responsible organization not individually could decide on. The factors were founded in the lack of experience for the event, and therefore uncertainty for various decision makers and land users at the new destination. The conclusions of the result also show that implicit knowledge after the event always has good opportunities to be captured and transformed into explicit thanks to a solid evaluation process. Externally, the weekend of the event was successful, but it is still a future process of learning and gaining experiences for the coming years. In relation to that, will is an important factor to possess in the internal process of learning and experiencing, and thus a current aspect throughout the planning phase. Finally, the study was able to show that experience not always is considered to be of a positive nature, for example when new changes want to be implemented.