La criminalité féminine est interrogée dans cette thèse sous l'angle de l'épistémologie clinique. La référence d'épistémologie clinique est ici celle de la théorie de la médiation initiée par Jean Gagnepain. Cette thèse envisage la criminalité féminine en mettant en perspective la biologie, la psychopathologie et la sociologie. En premier lieu est envisagé la spécificité du féminin dans la sexuation et la sexualité, puis dans le crime. La thèse est que les gemes féminin et masculin sont structuralement épicènes, et que la différence sexuelle biologique est réintroduite conjoncturalement dans le politique. Le politique dans la majorité des pays et des civilisations hormis l'ancienne Egypte et les pays scandinaves, ont toujours inscrits la femme en situation de minorât et d'insolite, voire de personne incomplète. La construction de savoir sur le féminin induit d'analyser les conditions anthropologiques de l'élaboration. Suit un recensement des modes de construction du féminin dans l'antiquité, à travers les mythes et la condition sociale de la femme. Cette perspective permet une comparaison de la détermination du féminin, ainsi que du masculin, et au-delà des modes mythiques et scientifiques de la détermination anthropologique. La deuxième partie propose une analyse située dans l'institutionnel prenant en charge la femme criminelle. Institutionnel que Jean Gagnepain nomme pouvoir modulaire, regroupant le didactique, le thérapeutique et le juridique. La troisième et dernière partie est consacrée aux illustrations cliniques des hypothèses

Cette recherche s'intéresse aux perceptions des personnes itinérantes sur leur judiciarisation et leurs incarcérations. La judiciarisation s'opère suite à la remise de constats d'infractions en lien avec les règlementations municipales de la ville, celles de la Société des Transports de Montréal ainsi que le Code de Sécurité Routière. Elle relève donc de la procédure pénale, par opposition au code criminel et concerne des infractions mineures, souvent en lien avec des incivilités. Ultimement, la judiciarisation conduit à l'emprisonnement faute de paiement de l'amende. L'objectif de cette recherche est de mieux comprendre les perceptions à partir d'une compréhension des effets au plan matériel, des relations entretenues avec les différents acteurs socio-judiciaires et du regard que les personnes portent sur la justice à partir de leur expérience. Ancrée dans un cadre théorique fondé sur la reconnaissance (Honneth, 2000), l'expérience de judiciarisation et de l'incarcération est conçue et révélatrice d'un rapport entre la personne itinérante et le système de justice. Pour réaliser cette étude, deux méthodologies complémentaires ont été utilisées. La première s'appuie sur 29 entrevues réalisées avec des personnes itinérantes, portant sur leurs expériences de judiciarisation et sur leur expérience de rue. La seconde a consisté en une analyse statistique descriptive des dossiers judiciaires des 29 personnes, dossiers comprenant l'ensemble des infractions reprochées (criminelles et pénales) ainsi que le processus judiciaire suivi par chacune. / This research explores homeless individuals' perception of their penalization and incarceration experience. Penalization of homeless individuals is an increasingly frequent phenomenon, due to a rise in the number of statements of offense served following infractions to municipal by-laws, to Société des Transports de Montréal by-laws or to the Code de Sécurité Routière. Penalization differs from criminalization : whereas criminalization results from the application of the Criminal Code, penalization follows for minor infractions or incivilities. Ultimately, penalization leads to incarceration : as they default on fines, individuals are increasingly sentenced to jail terms. The objective of this research is to better grasp how homeless individuals perceive penalization. It focuses on its effects on their material life, on their relationship with the system's actors and on their perception of the judicial system through their interaction with it. Ingrained in the conceptual framework of recognition (Honneth, 2000), the experience of penalization and incarceration sheds light on the relationship between homeless individuals and the justice system. This research makes use of complementary methodologies. The first one, draws on 29 interviews conducted with homeless individuals regarding their penalization and street life experience. The second one consisted of a descriptive statistical analysis of the 29 individuals' legal records, which included criminal and penal infractions and the procedural steps associated with each infraction.

The main issue of this monographic paper is the Discourse of Full Protection which assumes the form of a policy of assistence aimed at children and adolescents. The starting point of this analysis are the complaints of sickening of mothers whose adolescent sons and daughters respond before the Justice for the practice of infractions. These mothers, whether by affective choice or as an obligation self imposed by motherly feelings or yet when summoned by the Justice, join their sons and daughters throughout the various instances of the social and legal systems of protection - Police, Public Ministry, Public Attorney, Justice - following the different acts of the legal procedures to which the adolescent is subject. Once in contact with these mothers we identified complaints of sickening that led this researcher to link these complaints to the policy towards their child and adolescent sons and daughters. This policy is supposed to result in the opposite effect suffering as compared to the intention contained in the law, the Statute of the Child and the Adolescent. The Statute proposes a universal democratic program since it is directed towards all child and adolescent and recognizes them as individuals. In this context, the legal acts which ignite the prosecution system become relevant to analyze the Full Protection Doctrine under the terms it is consolidated in Brazil and the sickening discourse through which the mother of the adolescent expresses her pain and speaks of her son or daughter. We will approach these issues based on document series produced by the police and legal instances throughout the different stages of the prosecution procedure, which end in the judgment of the infraction. These series, as a whole, are called the Legal Process. / A centralidade desse trabalho é o Discurso da Proteção Integral, o qual se reveste em política de assistência destinada à criança e ao adolescente. O ponto de partida são as queixas de adoecimento de mães de adolescentes que respondem em juízo pela autoria de atos infracionais. Estas mães, ou por escolha afetiva, ou por força das atribuições que a elas lhes confere a maternidade, ou em resposta ao chamado da justiça, colocam-se ao lado do filho num engajamento tal que chega a formar uma parelha em peregrinação pelas instâncias do sistema de proteção jurídico-social Delegacia, Ministério Público, Defensoria, Judiciário - tendo em vista o processo jurídico a que está submetido o adolescente. Em contato com as mães, identificamos uma narrativa de adoecimento, que levou o pesquisador a se apropriar dessa queixa para criar uma articulação com a política de atenção à criança e ao adolescente, supondo que ela produz um efeito contrário ao que pretende o texto da lei, o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente efeito de sofrimento -, quando propõe um projeto político-democrático que é universal porque dirige-se a toda criança e adolescente e reconhece a sua posição de sujeito de direitos. Na esteira dessa discussão, tem relevância as práticas jurídicas que movimentam o sistema de apuração de ato infracional de adolescentes para colocarmos em análise a Doutrina da Proteção Integral nos termos em que se consolidou no Brasil e o discurso de adoecimento, através do qual, a mãe do adolescente expõe sua dor e fala do filho. Abordaremos essas questões a partir de uma série documental produzida pela instância policial e jurídica, à medida que a dupla mãe/filho percorre o sistema, dando prosseguimento ao julgamento do ato. Esta série, em seu conjunto, dá forma ao Processo Judicial.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:38:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao de Bianca Izoton Coelho.pdf: 148452 bytes, checksum: 2513015ac9ee379f45bc9cd0239124e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-25 / A temática do adolescente em conflito com a lei tem despertado o interesse de pesquisadores e profissionais que atuam no âmbito das políticas sociais. De maneira a contribuir com essa área, a presente pesquisa objetivou analisar as representações sociais de medida sócio-educativa e ato infracional na visão de adolescentes em conflito com a lei. A Teoria das Representações Sociais foi utilizada como aporte teórico e metodológico. Participaram da pesquisa, quarenta e seis adolescentes que estavam cumprindo, há mais de três meses, a medida de Liberdade Assistida no município de Vitória-ES. Os dados foram coletados, por meio de entrevistas, com um roteiro semi-estruturado. A coleta de dados consistiu em um primeiro momento, relativo à técnica das evocações livres por meio dos termos ato infracional e medida sócio-educativa e em um segundo momento, relativo a questões extensas referentes aos mesmos termos, porém realizadas com nove adolescentes. Utilizou-se o software EVOC para análise das evocações emitidas e a Análise de Conteúdo para a análise das questões extensas. Os resultados apontaram a seguinte caracterização sócio-econômica dos adolescentes: renda familiar baixa, baixo nível de escolaridade, local de residência precário, etnias afrodescendentes predominantes e distanciamento da religião. As representações sociais de ato infracional relacionaram-se aos tipos de atos infracionais e às suas causas e conseqüências. Além disso, observou-se que os tipos de ato infracional mais praticados foram roubo e tráfico de drogas; as motivações para o cometimento do ato estão, prioritariamente, relacionadas ao dinheiro e más influências; alguns relataram a não reincidência no ato infracional, enquanto outros reincidiriam em condições de privação financeira ou desavenças pessoais. As representações sociais de medida sócio-educativa relacionaram-se a ações positivas em que, além da aprendizagem, houve a possibilidade de mudança. E ainda, os adolescentes apontaram a importância da família para o cumprimento da medida e afirmaram que a medida contribui positivamente em suas vidas. Palavras-chave: Adolescentes em conflito com a lei. Representações Sociais. Ato Infracional. Medidas Sócio-Educativas / The theme of the adolescent in conflict with the law has showed the interest of researchers and professionals working in the sphere of social policy. In order to contribute to this area, this research aimed to analyze the social representations of socio-educational measures and infraction in the view of adolescents in conflict with the law. The Theory of Social Representation was used as the theoretical and methodological contribuitions. Participated in the research, forty-six adolescents, who were serving for more than three months, the measure of Probation in Vitória-ES. Data were collected through interviews with a semi-structured screenplay. The data collection was, at first, on the technique of free evocation by the terms infraction and socio-educational measures and a second time on matters relating to the same broad terms, but performed with nine adolescents. We used the software EVOC to analyse the evocations issued and the Content Analysis for the extensive examination of issues. The results showed the following socio-economic status of adolescents: low family income, low educational level, place of residence precarious, African ethnicity predominant and distance from the religion. Social representations of infraction related to the types of infractions and the causes and consequences. Furthermore, we observed that the types of infractions most committed were theft and drug traffic, the motivations for the commission of the infraction were money and bad influences, some reported no recurrence in the violation, while others would relapse in deprivation financial or personal disagreements. The social representations of socio-educational measures were related to positive actions that, besides learning there was the possibility of change. Furthermore, adolescents identified the importance of family to commit the measure and said the measure contributes positively to their lives

Submitted by Elias Bruno Ferronato (ferronatoelias@hotmail.com) on 2018-08-06T22:06:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Elias Bruno Ferronato - Final.pdf: 890962 bytes, checksum: a7640dd4cc2ff87bad5ff6ffefc91a96 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Mayara Costa de Sousa (mayara.sousa@fgv.br) on 2018-08-08T21:23:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Elias Bruno Ferronato - Final.pdf: 890962 bytes, checksum: a7640dd4cc2ff87bad5ff6ffefc91a96 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-08-09T12:24:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Elias Bruno Ferronato - Final.pdf: 890962 bytes, checksum: a7640dd4cc2ff87bad5ff6ffefc91a96 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T12:24:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elias Bruno Ferronato - Final.pdf: 890962 bytes, checksum: a7640dd4cc2ff87bad5ff6ffefc91a96 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-13 / A relação entre organizações e meio ambiente é complexa e regulamentada por muitas normas. Esta dissertação investiga parte dessa relação por meio de infrações administrativas ambientais. A partir de três coletas de dados, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa qualitativa dedicada à comparabilidade dos resultados por classificação de critérios objetivos. Uma coleta de dados envolveu infrações de competência municipal, estadual e federal nos anos 2015 e 2016, outra alcançou autos de infração ambiental de competência Federal do Ibama de 2009 a 2016, a partir da qual foram selecionados autos que foram completamente analisados na terceira coleta de dados. Por exemplo, encontrou-se a proporção de autuações e de multas de cada ente federativo no exercício de sua competência. A fiscalização do Ibama também teve grande variação de autuações a cada ano, sendo que, das 70 infrações possíveis na região pesquisada, apenas oito responderam por todas as autuações. Analisando o trâmite administrativo, encontrou-se que os crescimento dos riscos ambientais estão acompanhados de maior passivo enfrentado pelas organizações. Além disso, a fiscalização teve métodos específicos de investigação. No procedimento administrativo constatou-se que a apresentação de defesa causou considerável redução média no valor das multas. Esses e vários outros resultados foram utilizados para uma interpretação qualitativa aplicada às infrações ambientais. Por fim, foram desenvolvidas recomendações administrativas sobre como agir no caso de uma organização ser autuada por infração administrativa ambiental. / The relationship between organizations and the environment is complex and regulated by many standards. This dissertation investigates part of this relationship through environmental administrative infractions. From three data collections a qualitative research was developed dedicated to the comparability of the results by classification of objective criteria. The first data collection involved infractions of Municipal, State and Federal jurisdiction in the years 2015 and 2016, another one reached environmental infraction notices of Federal jurisdiction of Ibama from 2009 to 2016 from which were selected autos that were completely analyzed in the third data collection. For example, it was found the proportion of assessments and fines of each federative entity in the exercise of its competence. The Ibama inspection also had a large variation of assessments each year, and of the 70 possible infractions in the surveyed area only 8 answered all the assessments. Analyzing the administrative process, it was found that the growth of environmental risks are accompanied by greater liabilities faced by organizations. In addition, the inspection had specific investigation methods. In the administrative procedure it was found that the presentation of defense caused a considerable average reduction in the value of the fines. These and several other results were used for a qualitative interpretation applied to environmental infractions. Finally, administrative recommendations have been developed on how to act in case an organization is charged with an environmental administrative infraction.

Questões relacionadas à gestão da presença de populações humanas em Unidade de Conservação (UC) são apresentadas nesta pesquisa com enfoque nas restrições ao uso e acesso aos recursos naturais no interior do Núcleo Caraguatatuba do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar (PESM). Apresenta-se uma analise do Programa de Interação Socioambiental do Plano de Manejo do PESM, onde são previstos Temas de Concentração Estratégica para aproximar a comunidade do Parque, sendo que um deles tem a finalidade de resolução de conflitos entre residentes e o órgão gestor da área protegida. Os dados constantes nos Autos de Infração Ambiental, aplicados pela Polícia Militar Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo, são tabulados de forma a se obter a espacialização em ambiente de Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG). Essa informação gerou mapas georreferenciados das infrações ocorridas de 1988 a 2011 na Unidade de Conservação. O presente trabalho tem como objetivos identificar: a) em quais regiões do Núcleo Caraguatatuba mais ocorrem essas infrações; b) se as infrações possuem alguma relação com bairros, municípios abrangidos pelo Núcleo; c) como as estradas/ trilhas/ vias de acesso interferem na localização das infrações e d) se as áreas limítrofes do Parque com as áreas urbanizadas (ou rurais) também interferem na ocorrência das infrações. Com base nos resultados obtidos pode-se afirmar que as vias, estradas e trilhas influenciam altamente a ocorrência das infrações, assim como as áreas limítrofes ao Parque. Da mesma forma se observa que as infrações ocorrem em sua maioria na Zona de Ocupação Temporária. Fica evidente a necessidade de maior desenvolvimento das estratégias previstas pelo Programa de Interação Socioambiental nessas áreas de ocupação temporária, para que os residentes conheçam a UC e participem do Conselho Consultivo, para se articular quanto às normas e leis pertinentes a sua realidade. Quando a comunidade não participa de forma efetiva, ela não se sente envolvida com o meio onde vive. Este trabalho apresenta algumas fragilidades que existem no cotidiano de uma Unidade de Conservação de Proteção Integral quanto a Interação Socioambiental entre os residentes e a instituição gestora da área. Ressalta-se assim a necessidade da participação dos ocupantes para a realização de acordos sobre o uso sustentável dos recursos naturais, diminuindo assim os números de Autos de Infração no Parque. / Issues related to the management of presence of human populations in the Protected Areas are presented in this survey with focus on restrictions on the use and access to natural resources within the Nucleo Caraguatatuba from the Serra do Mar State Park (PESM). A review of the program of Socio-Environmental Interaction of the Master Plan, where they proved Themes of Strategic Focus to bring the community together with the Park administration, and one of them has the purpose of resolving conflicts between residents and the Manager of the protected area. The data contained in the Environmental Infraction Files, applied by Environmental Police of the State of São Paulo, are tabulated in such a way as to obtain the a localization in a Environment f Geographic Information System (GIS). This information generated maps were georeferenced infractions that occurred from 1988 to 2011 in the Protected Area. The present research aims to identify: a) the core regions of Caraguatauba which over these infractions occur; b) if the infractions have some relationship with neighborhoods, municipalities covered by the core; c) as the roads/trails/highways interfere with the location of infractions and d) if the neighboring areas of the park with the urbanized or rural areas also interfere in the event of infringement. On the basis of the results we can be affirm that the waterways, roads and tracks highly influence the occurrence of violations, as well as the areas bordering the Park. Similarly it can be noted that the infractions occur mostly in Temporary Occupation Zone. It becomes apparent the need for further development of the strategies envisaged by the Program o Environmental Interaction in these areas of temporary occupation for residents to know the Protected Area and participate of the Advisory Board, to articulate regarding regulations and laws pertaining to their reality. When the community does not participate effectively, it doesn\'t feel involved with the environment where you live. This paper presents some weaknesses that exist in the daily life of a protected area as the Environmental Interaction between residents and the managing institution. Points out the need of participation of occupants for the realization of agreements on the sustainable use of natural resources, thereby reducing the numbers of infraction files of legal documents in the Park.

Submitted by Neusa Fagundes (neusa.fagundes@unioeste.br) on 2017-09-14T12:59:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Patricia_Godin2017.docx: 711177 bytes, checksum: 38e0b02e4595999bbbd6f057f58c1a57 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-14T12:59:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Patricia_Godin2017.docx: 711177 bytes, checksum: 38e0b02e4595999bbbd6f057f58c1a57 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-23 / The present work aims to analyze what effects of meaning emerge from the discourse of Veja magazine about adolescents, who commit an infraction act (ACAI), taking as theoretical perspective the french Discourse Analysis (AD), starting from Pêcheux (1990) 1995) (1999) (2014). In order to do so, we have worked with discoursive sequences (SD) extracted from six articles included in the magazine's General Publication, published between April 2013 and January 2016, which address the theme of crime during adolescence, so that, the discursive practice of this journal can be verified through linguistic materiality. Veja is the most sold magazine in Brazil, its expressive sales numbers make it representative nationally and its positions, related to national events, are significant. In this way, the journal is in a privileged place regarding the construction of public opinion, whether within the country or as a reference for foreign nations. The magazine, inserted in the Journalistic Discourse, acts in the institutionalization of meaning(s), and contributes to the construction of the social imaginary creating ways of seeing and interpreting reality. Thus, this work seeks to investigate the production of meanings of the journal, relating the linguistic to its constituent exteriority, so that it will be possible to understand the emergence of certain senses in detriment of others. It should be emphasized that the analysis seeks not only to point out evidences in the discourse of Veja magazine, but, above all, to work with the process of production of the evidences, identifying the marks of the ideological that determine the course of each discourse. It is believed that elucidating the discursive practices and knowing the process of construction and reproduction of the hegemonic discourses over the ACAI, will be a fundamental step in the elaboration and diffusion of an alternative, counter-hegemonic discourse and the construction of a generous look on these young people, in relation to their trajectories of risk, suffering and social neglect. / O presente trabalho visa analisar quais efeitos de sentido emergem do discurso da revista Veja sobre adolescentes que cometem ato infracional (ACAI), tomando como perspectiva teórica a corrente francesa da Análise de Discurso (AD), partindo, sobretudo, de Pêcheux (1990; 1995; 1999; 2014). Para tanto, trabalha-se com sequências discursivas extraídas de seis matérias inseridas na editoria Geral da revista, publicadas entre abril de 2013 e janeiro de 2016, que abordam a temática da criminalidade na adolescência, para que, por meio da materialidade linguística, possa-se averiguar a prática discursiva desta revista. Veja é a revista mais vendida no Brasil, seus números expressivos de venda a tornam representativa nacionalmente e seus posicionamentos, ligados a acontecimentos de âmbito nacional, são significativos. Desse modo, a revista encontra-se em um lugar privilegiado no que diz respeito à formação de opinião pública, quer seja dentro do país, quer seja como referencial para as nações estrangeiras. A revista, inserida no Discurso Jornalístico, atua na institucionalização de sentido(s), e contribui com a construção do imaginário social criando modos de ver e interpretar a realidade. Assim, busca-se investigar a produção de sentidos da revista, relacionando o linguístico com sua exterioridade constitutiva para, então, compreender a emergência de determinados sentidos em detrimento de outros. Destaque-se que a análise procura não apenas apontar evidências no discurso da Veja, mas, sobretudo, trabalhar com o processo de produção das evidências identificando as marcas do ideológico que determinam o curso de cada discurso. Acredita-se que elucidar as práticas discursivas e conhecer o processo de construção e de reprodução dos discursos hegemônicos sobre os ACAI, seja um passo fundamental na elaboração e difusão de um discurso alternativo, contra-hegemônico e a construção de um olhar generoso sobre esses jovens no que tange às suas trajetórias de risco, sofrimento e descaso social.

Submitted by Neusa Fagundes (neusa.fagundes@unioeste.br) on 2018-07-13T20:03:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Renata_Oliveira2018.pdf: 3315334 bytes, checksum: b86c5bb49b665fa5bbacba8de1463efc (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-13T20:03:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Renata_Oliveira2018.pdf: 3315334 bytes, checksum: b86c5bb49b665fa5bbacba8de1463efc (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-09 / This study analyzes the impact of the management of the Socio-education Policy of the state of Paraná, from 2007 to 2015, considering the transition of the State System of Socio-Educational Assistance of the Secretariat of State for Children and Youth - SECJ to the Secretariat of State for Family and Social Development - SEDS and the Secretariat of State for Justice, Citizenship and Human Rights - SEJU. From the study of the structuring of the Socioeducation Policy in the state of Paraná, it presents the genesis of the service to adolescents in conflict with the law. Primary sources identified as laws, decrees, deliberations and resolutions were collected on official websites such as the State Council for the Rights of Children and Adolescents - CEDCA, the State System of Legislation of the State of Paraná, as well as on the websites of the secretariats SEDS and SEJU were analyzed and complemented by theses and dissertations, culminating in the study of the structuring of the Socioeducation Policy in the state of Paraná. The analysis of the management of the Socio-Education Policy of the State of Paraná, from 2007 to 2015, considering the reorganization of the service to adolescents in conflict with the law, demonstrated that there is a certain discontinuity in the programs developed to this population, since each change of institutional locus also alter the programs, having different actions to be implemented in the Socio-educational Assistance System. The programs have increasingly presented an emphasis on individual adolescent empowerment, refining the logic of individual accountability with the transfer of collective responsibility to the subject, disregarding the consequences of social relations of production. / Este estudo analisa quais foram os impactos da gestão da Política de Socioeducação do estado do Paraná, no período de 2007 a 2015, considerando a transição do Sistema Estadual de Atendimento Socioeducativo da Secretaria de Estado da Criança e Juventude – SECJ para a Secretaria de Estado da Família e Desenvolvimento Social – SEDS e para a Secretaria de Estado da Justiça, Cidadania e Direitos Humanos – SEJU. A partir do estudo da estruturação da Política de Socioeducação, no estado do Paraná, apresenta a gênese do atendimento aos adolescentes em conflito com a lei. As fontes primárias, identificadas como legislações, decretos, deliberações e resoluções foram coletadas em sites oficiais como o do Conselho Estadual dos Direitos da Criança e do Adolescente – CEDCA, do Sistema Estadual de Legislação do Estado do Paraná, assim como nos sites das secretarias ainda existentes, SEDS e SEJU, sendo analisadas e complementadas por teses e dissertações, culminando no estudo da estruturação da Política de Socioeducação no estado do Paraná. A análise da gestão da Política de Socioeducação do Estado do Paraná, no período de 2007 a 2015, considerando a reorganização do atendimento aos adolescentes em conflito com a lei, demonstrou que existe determinada descontinuidade nos programas desenvolvidos a esta população, visto que a cada mudança de locus institucional alteram-se também os programas, tendo diferentes ações a serem implementadas no Sistema de Atendimento Socioeducativo. Os programas apresentaram, cada vez mais, a ênfase no fortalecimento individual do adolescente, afinando-se à lógica de responsabilização individual, com a transferência da responsabilidade coletiva para o sujeito, desconsiderando as consequências das relações sociais de produção.

Mot propre au langage juridique, l’illicéité signifie la contrariété au droit. Oscillant entre l’illégalité et l’injustice, elle est une catégorie juridique souvent rejetée par les pénalistes. En réalité, l’illicéité aborde les interdits posés par le droit pénal à partir de leurs essences. Elle peut ainsi apparaître inutile et même dangereuse – en droit pénal la contrariété au droit est synonyme d’illégalité et le juge pénal n’a pas à se demander si le comportement poursuivi est en outre injuste. Néanmoins, il convient de ne pas oublier que « même pénale, la loi n’a pas tous les droits » et que les dispositions pénales n’ont pas comme unique destinataire le juge. À l’heure où il est de plus en plus question de regénéralisation et de rethéorisation du droit pénal, l’illicéité mérite en effet d’être placée au centre des réflexions pénalistes, car elle invite à s’intéresser à ce qui est essentiel dans les interdits pénalement consacrés en fonction des besoins et capacités du destinataire principal des dispositions pénales – le profane. En mesure de recouvrir ce qu’on peut réellement attendre d’un non-spécialiste, l’illicéité indique ainsi ce qui doit guider la détermination et la définition des infractions pour que le droit pénal soit légitime et effectif. Dans cette perspective, pour saisir ce que constitue l’essence des interdits pénalement consacrés, il ne suffit pas de se référer aux dispositions pénales mais il faut exploiter entièrement les normes et valeurs révélées par la conscience sociale qui exercent une influence déterminante sur le droit pénal. Car si les repères proprement pénaux ne sont pas en mesure de dévoiler à eux seuls l’essence des interdits, la conscience sociale fournit des critères de justice objectifs et opérationnels adaptés au profane permettant d’aborder adéquatement le droit pénal dans le cadre de l’ensemble normatif dans lequel il s’insère. / Illicitness, a word particular to the legal language signifies the defiance of the law. Oscillating between illegality and injustice, it is a legal category often rejected by French criminal lawyers. In reality, illicitness touches the essence of the prohibitions posed by the criminal law. It can thus appear unnecessary and even dangerous – in criminal law the defiance of the law is synonymous with illegality and the criminal judge does not have to wonder if the continued behaviour is also unjust. Nevertheless, we should not forget that “even criminal, the law does not have all the rights” and that criminal provisions are not only intended for the judge. At a time when it is increasingly a question of re-generalisation and re-theorisation of the criminal law, illicitness merits being placed in effect at the centre of the criminal lawyers’ reflections, for it invites interest in what is essential in the prohibitions enacted as criminal by reference to the main recipient of the criminal provisions – the layman. Able to cover what you can really expect from a non-lawyer, illicitness indicates in this way what must guide the determination and the definition of the offences in order that the criminal law is legitimate and effective. In this perspective, in order to grasp what animates deeply the restrictions laid down as criminal, it is not enough to refer to the provisions but it is necessary also to fully exploit the norms and values revealed by the social conscience which exerts a decisive influence on the criminal law. For if the strictly criminal bench marks are not by themselves able to reveal what gives meaning to the forbidden, social awareness provides the objective and operational criteria of illicitness adapted to the layman to adequately address the criminal law in the framework of the normative set in which it fits.

La notion de risque est doublement incertaine : elle contient une part irréductible d’aléa quant à sa concrétisation en dommage d’une part, elle n’est pas définie par la loi d’autre part. Pourtant, cette lacune est en contradiction, tant avec le recours exponentiel à la notion de risque en droit pénal, qu’il soit de fond ou de forme, qu’avec le principe de légalité des délits et des peines, qui implique que le législateur définisse avec clarté et précision les notions et concepts auxquels il fait appel, de sorte que la légitimité de son usage en droit pénal peut être mise en doute. La présence d’une notion aussi incertaine dans une matière qui met en cause les droits fondamentaux de la personne est susceptible de mettre en péril les impératifs de l’État de droit. Au demeurant, ce droit pénal de l’anticipation, qui vise à prévenir la survenance d’une atteinte possible mais incertaine à une valeur protégée, essuie de nombreuses critiques. L’objet de cette démonstration est donc de savoir si le législateur emploie à bon escient ou non la notion de risque en droit pénal. La réponse à cette problématique nécessitera au préalable, de s’assurer que le droit pénal est effectivement légitime à s’intéresser à la notion de risque. Ce n’est pas parce que le législateur consacre une notion que sa prise en compte est forcément légitime. Plus encore, il faut garder à l’esprit que risque et droit pénal sont par nature contradictoires : le risque est incertain, immatériel et relève de la prévention tandis que le droit pénal est le droit de la répression, de la matérialité et de la certitude. Une étude approfondie de leurs natures respectives permettra néanmoins de dépasser la contradiction, attestant alors de ce que le droit pénal est théoriquement légitime à réceptionner la notion de risque. Cette légitimité n’en reste pas moins précaire. Pour la garantir, il ne pourra s’agir que d’un certain risque, c’est-à-dire un risque pourvu d’une certaine qualité, car le législateur, s’il prétend recourir à la notion de risque en droit pénal pour assurer à la société une protection pénale anticipée, ne peut se départir des principes qui y sont applicables. À partir de l’étude des principes fondamentaux du droit pénal, de ses concepts juridiques et de ses sources supralégislatives, cette recherche se proposera alors d’élaborer une définition pénale de la notion de risque, contenant les critères théoriques d’un risque pénalement saisissable en toute légitimité. Leur confrontation, ensuite, avec le droit positif, permettra de révéler si l’exploitation de la notion de risque par le législateur en droit pénal, fait perdre ou non à ce dernier sa légitimité. / The notion of risk is doubly uncertain: it contains an irreducible part of hazard as its realization in damage on the one hand, and its lack of definition by the law on the other. However, this gap is at odds, both with the exponential use of the notion of risk in criminal law, whether substantive or form, and with the principle of legality of offences and sentences, which implies that the legislator defines clearly and precisely the notions and concepts to which it refers. That is the reason why the legitimacy of the use of the notion of risk in criminal law can be questionable. The presence of such an uncertain notion in a field involving the fundamental rights of the person is likely to jeopardize the imperatives of the State of laws. Moreover, the criminal law of anticipation, which aims to prevent the occurrence of possible but uncertain interference with a protected right, is criticized. The purpose of this demonstration is therefore to know whether or not the legislature uses wisely the notion of risk in criminal law. The answer to this issue will previously require to ensure that criminal law is actually legitimate to focus on the notion of risk. This is not because the legislature takes into account a notion that its account is necessarily legitimate. Moreover, it is important to keep in mind that risk and the criminal law are inherently contradictory: the risk is uncertain, immaterial and is linked to the concept of prevention while the criminal law is the right of repression, the materiality and the certainty. A deep study of their respective natures will nevertheless make it possible to overcome the contradiction, stating that the criminal law is theoretically legitimate to accept the notion of risk. This legitimacy stays nonetheless quite precarious. To secure this legitimacy, only a certain kind of risk, a risk with a managed level can be taken into account. If the legislator claims using the notion of risk in criminal law for anticipated criminal protection of society, he still cannot ignore the principles that are applicable in criminal law. From the study of the fundamental principles of criminal law, its legal concepts and its supralegislatives sources, this research will then offer a definition of the notion of risk in criminal law, containing the theoretical criteria of a legitimate criminally detectable risk. Its comparison with positive law, will emphasize whether the use of the notion of risk by the legislator in criminal law, makes him lose or not its legitimacy.