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The Java platform and third-party open-source libraries provide various Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to facilitate secure coding. However, using these APIs securely is challenging for developers who lack cybersecurity training. Prior studies show that many developers use APIs insecurely, thereby introducing vulnerabilities in their software. Despite the availability of various tools designed to identify API insecure usage, their effectiveness in helping developers with secure coding practices remains unclear. This dissertation focuses on two main objectives: (1) exploring the strengths and weaknesses of the existing automated detection tools for API-related vulnerabilities, and (2) creating better tools that detect, repair, and demonstrate these vulnerabilities. Our research started with investigating the effectiveness of current tools in helping with developers' secure coding practices. We systematically explored the strengths and weaknesses of existing automated tools for detecting API-related vulnerabilities. Through comprehensive analysis, we observed that most existing tools merely report misuses, without suggesting any customized fixes. Moreover, developers often rejected tool-generated vulnerability reports due to their concerns on the correctness of detection, and the exploitability of the reported issues. To address these limitations, the second work proposed SEADER, an example-based approach to detect and repair security-API misuses. Given an exemplar ⟨insecure, secure⟩ code pair, SEADER compares the snippets to infer any API-misuse template and corresponding fixing edit. Based on the inferred information, given a program, SEADER performs inter-procedural static analysis to search for security-API misuses and to propose customized fixes. The third work leverages ChatGPT-4.0 to automatically generate security test cases. These test cases can demonstrate how vulnerable API usage facilitates supply chain attacks on specific software applications. By running such test cases during software development and maintenance, developers can gain more relevant information about exposed vulnerabilities, and may better create secure-by-design and secure-by-default software. / Doctor of Philosophy / The Java platform and third-party open-source libraries provide various Application Pro- gramming Interfaces (APIs) to facilitate secure coding. However, using these APIs securely can be challenging, especially for developers who aren't trained in cybersecurity. Prior work shows that many developers use APIs insecurely, consequently introducing vulnerabilities in their software. Despite the availability of various tools designed to identify API insecure usage, it is still unclear how well they help developers with secure coding practices. This dissertation focuses on (1) exploring the strengths and weaknesses of the existing au- tomated detection tools for API-related vulnerabilities, and (2) creating better tools that detect, repair, and demonstrate these vulnerabilities. We first systematically evaluated the strengths and weaknesses of the existing automated API-related vulnerability detection tools. We observed that most existing tools merely report misuses, without suggesting any cus- tomized fixes. Additionally, developers often reject tool-generated vulnerability reports due to their concerns about the correctness of detection, and whether the reported vulnerabil- ities are truly exploitable. To address the limitations found in our study, the second work proposed a novel example-based approach, SEADER, to detect and repair API insecure usage. The third work leverages ChatGPT-4.0 to automatically generate security test cases, and to demonstrate how vulnerable API usage facilitates the supply chain attacks to given software applications.

This project examines cyber threats and their impact on individuals and organizations. The thesis focuses on a thorough literature review and uses surveys for primary data collection. The quantitative method was chosen to gather numeric data on these threats. The methodology classifies digital threats and analyzes survey results about these threats. It also gathers data on the perceived difficulty of these threats and compares general beliefs with expert opinions and statistical data from literature. Surveys targeted individuals aged 20-45 with a university degree, obtaining 86 responses. Interviews with five security professionals followed a standardized format, aiding in a comparative analysis with the survey data. The questions addressed several cyber threats, including phishing, ransomware, insecure passwords, malware, traffic sniffing, and denial of service. Notably, many respondents lacked a clear understanding of the significance of insecure passwords and traffic sniffing. By using quantitative methods and integrating survey results with expert opinions and literature findings, this study deepens the understanding of cyber threats. The results spotlight misconceptions and knowledge gaps about cyber threats, underscoring the need for better cybersecurity awareness and education. / Detta projekt undersöker cyberhot och deras påverkan på individer och organisationer. Avhandlingen fokuserar på en grundlig litteraturgranskning och använder enkäter för primär datainsamling. Den kvantitativa metoden valdes för att samla numeriska data om dessa hot. Metodiken klassificerar digitala hot och analyserar enkätresultat om dessa hot. Den samlar också in data om den upplevda svårigheten av dessa hot och jämför allmänna uppfattningar med expertåsikter och statistiska data från litteratur. Enkäter riktade sig till individer i åldern 20-45 med en universitetsexamen, och gav 86 svar. Intervjuer med fem säkerhetsprofessionella följde ett standardiserat format, vilket underlättade en jämförande analys med enkätdata. Frågorna behandlade flera cyberhot, inklusive phishing, ransomware, osäkra lösenord, skadlig programvara, trafikavlyssning och denial of service. Framför allt saknade många svarande en tydlig förståelse för betydelsen av osäkra lösenord och trafikavlyssning. Genom att använda kvantitativa metoder och integrera enkätresultat med expertutlåtanden och litteraturfynd fördjupar denna studie förståelsen för cyberhot. Resultaten belyser missuppfattningar och kunskapsluckor om cyberhot, vilket understryker behovet av bättre medvetenhet och utbildning inom cybersäkerhet.

Le trouble déficitaire de l’attention avec hyperactivité ( T.D.A.H.) consiste en l’association de trois syndromes : l’hyperactivité motrice, le trouble de l’attention et l’impulsivité. Les enfants hyperactifs ont souvent des difficultés d’apprentissage. L’attachement entre la mère et l’enfant est un besoin primaire. Les types d’attachement à la mère sont « sécure » s’il y a présence sécurisante du parent ou « insécure ». Les troubles vont engendrer un attachement dysconfiant. Y a-t-il un lien entre attachement et hyperactivité ? Notre étude s’est effectuée à partir de la passation d’un questionnaire et de vingt cinq entretiens de mères d’enfants hyperactifs à la Réunion. Nous avons observé que des difficultés dans l’acquisition de la lecture sont présentes chez 76% de la population étudiée. Il semble probable qu’un attachement dysconfiant se soit développé entre les mères et les enfants hyperactifs. / ( T.D.A.H.) is an association of 3 symptoms: moving hyperactivity, attention disorder and impulsivity. Hyperactives children haven’t some difficulties in learning. Attachment between mother and children is a primary need. Attachment can be secure or insecure. Is there a relation between hyperactivity and attachment? Our study in Reunion Island, concern 25 hyperactives children mother’s interviews with a questionnary. In this population, 76% of children haven’t reading difficulty and there is an insecure attachment between mother and hyperactive child.

The purpose of this thesis was to investigate young adult workers' experience of having an insecure employment and whether it affects the employee's ability to establish themselves in society. The study is based on six qualitative interviews with young adults between the age of 20–30 years old. The young adult had a part time or temporary employment. These types of employment are classified as insecure employment in this study. The employee´s have harder to plan their future, privacy, working life and economics. The data material has been analyzed using different theoretical perspectives. These are flexible labor markets, precarious employment, shame model and self-identity theory. The results of the study show that insecure employment affects young adult workers in their daily lives and working life. The form of employment has shown in the interviewees that it affects the mental health by experience stress and concern for the future. The stress is primarily based on the planning of everyday life. We could see that well-being at the workplace was an important part of the interviewer's experience of good working conditions. Other consequences of insecure employment is that the economy becomes unpredictable as the workings days are in many case only short term planned without a promise of extended employment. There were also some positive effects of having an insecure employment. These positive consequences are not as obvious as the negative ones. / Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka unga vuxna arbetstagares upplevelser av att inneha en osäker anställning och om det påverkar arbetstagarens möjligheter att etablera sig i samhället. Studien är kvalitativ och det har gjorts sex intervjuer med unga vuxna arbetstagare i åldern 20-30 år. De unga vuxna arbetstagarna ska ha en tidsbegränsad anställning i form av vikariatsanställning, deltidsanställning eller tidsbegränsad anställning. I denna studie har vi utgått ifrån att dessa anställningsformer är osäkra anställningar eftersom arbetstagarna har svårare att planera sin framtid och ekonomi samt sitt privatliv och arbetsliv. Datamaterialet har analyserats med hjälp av olika teoretiska perspektiv. Dessa är flexibel arbetsmarknad, prekär anställning, skam-modellen samt självidentitetsteori. Studiens slutsats är att osäkra anställningar påverkar unga vuxna arbetstagare i deras vardagsliv samt arbetsliv. Anställningsformen har visat sig påverka intervjupersonernas psykiska hälsa där de upplever stress och oro inför framtiden. Stressen grundar sig främst i svårigheten att planera vardagslivet. Vi kunde se att trivsel på arbetsplatsen var en viktig del för att intervjupersonen skulle må väl och vilja stanna kvar längre trots anställningsformen. Andra konsekvenser av att ha en osäker anställning är att ekonomin blir oförutsägbar eftersom arbetstagaren inte vet hur många timmar hen får ihop eller om anställningen kommer att förnyas. Det fanns även spår av positiva effekter av att inneha en osäker anställning. Dessa positiva konsekvenser framkommer dock inte lika tydligt som de negativa.

Background: Links between later life depression (LLD) and adverse health outcomes are well-documented, with mental ill-health in rural older adults highlighted as a priority area for health care policy. In working age adults, models of depression show that specific psychological factors (e.g. hopelessness, neuroticism, extraversion and insecure attachment) interact with life stress to increase risk of depression. In older adults, however, the direct relationship between depression and hopelessness is inconsistently replicated. In addition, there is little evidence regarding how psychological factors interact with vulnerability to depression in older adults; and whether these factors act in the same manner as they do in working age adults. Objectives: A systematic review was carried out in order to determine the strength of the depression-hopelessness relationship, and the influence of personality traits (neuroticism/ extraversion) and insecure attachment (anxious/ avoidant) on this relationship. Next, an exploratory study was carried out to determine whether there was a direct relationship between depression and hopelessness in rural older adults living in the community and, secondly, whether this relationship was indirectly influenced by specific psychological factors (e.g. neuroticism, extraversion, and attachment styles). Methods: The systematic review was carried out using several databases (Psychinfo, Science Direct, EBCOS, Cohrane Library, PROSPERO, WEBCAT and Google Scholar). Studies relating to the variables of interest, meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria, were reviewed and evaluated for methodological biases. The pilot study asked older adults (N = 58) living in a remote and rural region to complete and return a packet of self-report questionnaires (Big Factor Inventory-10, Experiences in Close Relationships, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale, and the Beck Hopelessness Scale). Results: The systematic review identified twenty-one studies; four examining the depression-hopelessness relationship and seventeen investigating the effects of neuroticism, extraversion and insecure attachment styles on wellbeing, depression and/ or hopelessness. Findings from the pilot showed a direct relationship between depression and hopelessness in rural community dwelling older adults, with only neuroticism indirectly influencing this relationship. Conclusions: The systematic review suggests that it is not possible, as yet, to draw robust conclusions from the existing evidence base regarding the influence of psychological variables on depression and hopelessness in older adults. The findings were particularly sensitive to methodological limitations (e.g. variability between sampling methods and small effect sizes). Despite this, studies suggest some evidence for attachment and personality influencing on the depression-hopelessness relationship. Likewise, findings from the pilot study are limited by the small sample size and cross-sectional nature of the data. Preliminary findings, however, suggest that neuroticism, and not beliefs about insecure attachment, strengthens the relationship between depression and hopelessness in non-clinical, rural older adults. These findings are consistent with research on working age adults and could, potentially, represent an emerging relationship in non-clinical older adults. Further research, however, is required as to whether the same patterns are observed in clinical populations.

This essay is focusing on the connection between insecure employment within temporary agency work and the psychological health in young adults and immigrants. Groups who are overrepresented as employees at the agencies. The employers responsibility for a safe work environment have also been analysed regarding the psychological health for the employees within temporary work agencies. Two questions have been answered to be able to investigate this; how the employers responsibility for a good organizational and psychological work environment meets the special needs of employees within temporary work agencies and how the psychological health in young adults and immigrants is affected by insecure employment. In this essay I used the jurisprudence method with focus on the doctrinal method since the written material is the main source of material which I connected to the sources of law. I have used both international and national law together with literature, reports, articles and electronic sources to give the essay an extensive ground to stand on. Finally, I reach the conclusion that the employers’ responsibility for a well-functioning organizational and psychological work environment for employees within temporary work agencies are inadequate. The explanation is that the general design of the contracts to which the employers and the customer companies enter into, usually makes the employers absent from the workplace which limit their ability to implement proper work adjustments for the employees.  Neither can the employer control which type of work that is available which makes it hard for the agency to make sure the employee can evolve within the job. The mutual responsibilities between the temporary work agency and the client company risk to put the employee in danger since some responsibilities easily can be neglected by both parties. When it comes to what kind of factors that have a negative effect on the young adults and immigrant’s psychological health because of insecure work I found that the main factors were; high expectations, few social relations to other employees and to not be able to control their own work. The factor of an insecure future was also found to have a negative effect.

Se estudió la relación entre los tipos de familia y los problemas de conducta escolar en una muestra de 105 niños entre 7 y 9 años pertenecientes a un centro educativo estatal de Lima. Para lograr el objetivo del presente estudio correlacional-causal se administró el Cuestionario de Evaluación de Problemas de Conducta (Bravo, 1976) y la Escala Tipo de Familia según criterio psicopedagógico (Cerda, 1995). Ambos evidenciaron óptimas propiedades psicométricas (validez de constructo y confidencialidad). Los resultados mostraron una correlación significativa entre el tipo de familia insegura y los problemas de conducta escolar; así como, una correlación no significativa entre el tipo de familia segura y los problemas de conducta escolar, lo que indica que se acepta la hipótesis planteada en la presente investigación. / The relationship between family types and school behavioral problems was studied in a simple of 105 children between 7 and 9 years old that attend a public educational center in Lima. In order to achieve the objective of the present correlationalh-causal study, the Questionnaire for the Evaluation of Behavioral Problems (Bravo, 1976) and the Family Type Scale (Cerda, 1995) was administered according to psychopedagogical criteria. Both showed optimal psychometric properties (construct validity and reliability). The results showed a significant correlation between the insecure family type and school behavioral problems; as well as, a non-significant correlation between the safe family type and school behavioral problems, which indicates that the hypothesis proposed in the present investigation is accepted. / Tesis

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur förskollärare gör för att bygga trygga relationer till barnen i förskolan samt undersöka varför anknytning är en viktig del i relationsbyggandet. Tidigare forskning påvisar att trygga anknytningar mellan förskollärare och barn har en positiv effekt på barns sociala utveckling, både i det tidiga och senare stadiet i livet. Det är en kvalitativ undersökning där enkäter med fem öppna frågor har använts. Enkäterna har skickats ut via epost till förskolor samt på den sociala nätverkstjänsten Facebook i stängda grupper för förskollärare. Empirin analyserar vi utifrån John Bowlbys anknytningsteori. Resultatet visar att respondenterna är överens om att de aktivt tänker på hur de bygger relationer med barnen i förskolan. Resultatet visar även att vara lyhörd, närvarande, stöttande och se barns individuella behov är viktiga egenskaper att förhålla sig till som förskollärare när det handlar om att bygga trygga relationer till barnen i förskolan. Slutsatsen är att förskollärarens arbete kring relationer och anknytning till barnen i förskolan har betydelse för barns lärande och utveckling.