Den här avhandlingen undersöker vilken inverkan styrning som ”governance” och interorganisatorisk samverkan har på lokala integrationsprogram inom det svenska flyktingmottagandet. Fokus ligger på att studera hur organisationer på lokal nivå förhåller sig till ett institutionellt förändringstryck om att etablera ett interorganisatoriskt och arbetsmarknadsinriktat program. Syftet är också att bidra till den teoretiska förståelsen av ”governancemisslyckanden” och den mångfald av processer som styrning genom icke-tvingande mekanismer och decentraliserat beslutsfattande kan ge upphov till på lokal nivå. Den empiriska studien bygger på intervjuer med företrädare för myndigheter och andra aktörer på olika nivåer inom integrationsområdet. Fallstudier av lokalt utvecklingsarbete har genomförts i fyra kommuner. Avhandlingen visar att styrningen baserad på icke-tvingande mekanismer hade svårt att få genomslag när den stod i konflikt med etablerade arbetssätt och professionella normer. Den har också inneburit vaga och svårförenliga riktlinjer för arbetet på lokal nivå. Inom det lokala flyktingmottagandet har utvecklingsarbetet karaktäriserats av erfarenhetsutbyte, jämförelser och en vilja till gemensamt lärande inom ramen för professionella nätvek. Denna typ av samverkan har bidragit till ökad likformighet, eller isomorfism, inom de lokala insatserna, vilket står i kontrast till målet om ett mer differentierat och flexibelt program. / This thesis examines the impact and significance of governance and inter-organizational collaboration in the policy area of local refugee reception and immigrant integration in Sweden. The study focuses on how local actors respond to institutional pressures to engage in collaborative efforts in order to make service provision more differentiated and more orientated towards employment. The aim also is to contribute to the theoretical understanding of ‘governance failure’ and the multiplicity of outcomes that are possible when non-coercive mechanisms are applied rather than formal ‘command-and-control’. The empirical study is based on interviews with representatives from agencies involved at different levels. At the local level, case studies of integration programme development were carried out in four municipalities. The analysis shows that the governance strategies, based on non-coercive mechanisms, had a limited significance because they were in conflict with professional norms and practices at the local level of service provision. They also failed to provide more detailed guidance on how the differentiated services should be realized in practice. Instead, programme development at the local level was characterized by collaborative learning and imitation in professional networks, or ‘communities of practice’. This type of collaboration contributed to processes of increased homogenization, or isomorphism, which stands in contrast to the goal of a more de-standardized and flexible programme.

Avhandlingen belyser vad som hänt i svensk integrationspolitik sedan etableringsreformen genomfördes 2010 och ansvaret för flyktingmottagandet överfördes till Arbetsförmedlingen. Utöver förändringen som Arbetsförmedlingens ansvar innebar medförde reformen också ökad marknadsorientering, införande av valfrihetssystem, villkorad aktiveringspolitik samt andra genomgripande organisatoriska förändringar. I fokus står aktörer som på olika sätt har makt att påverka hur integrationspolitiken görs i praktiken. Studien analyserar vad som händer när privata företag bedriver arbetsförmedlande verksamheter där ersättningen kopplas till uppnådda resultat. Vidare analyseras betydelsen av ”svenskhet” i görandet av integrationspolitik. Avhandlingen är etnografisk och det empiriska materialet består av intervjuer och observationer med individer som arbetar på arbetsförmedlingskontor, som etableringslotsar samt samhällskommunikatörer på utbildningsföretag. Genom att syntetisera teorier om gatubyråkratier med en intersektionell ansats visar avhandlingen att görandet av integrationspolitik också är ett görande av ojämlikheter som grundas i stereotypa bilder av ”svenskhet” och ”invandrarskap”. Studien visar vidare hur föreställningen om Sverige som jämställd nation påverkar hur politiken görs. I analysen framkommer att de strategier som arbetsförmedlarna utvecklar för att hantera de krav som ställs på dem, i form av aktivering och resultat, inte leder till att de nyanlända kommer närmare arbetsmarknaden. Studien visar även att privata företag prioriterar resultat, lönsamhet och satsar på de nyanlända som de lättast kan nå resultat med. / This dissertation examines how Swedish integration politics have been affected by the Establishment Reform 2010 and the transfer of responsibility for refugee reception to the Swedish Employment Service. In addition to the changes wrought by the transfer of responsibility, the reform also brought an increase in market orientation, the implementation of systems of choice, a conditional activation policy and other fundamental organizational changes. The focus is on actors who, in different ways, have the power to influence how integration policy work is done in practice. The study analyzes what happens when private companies run employment service activities where financial support is contingent upon results, as well as the significance of “Swedishness” in the shaping of integration policy. The dissertation is an ethnographic one, and the empirical materials consist of interviews with and observations of individuals who work as employment service officials, establishment pilots, and civic orientation guides. By synthesizing theories on street-level bureaucracies with an intersectional approach, the dissertation shows that the making of integration policy is also a making of inequalities which are based on stereotypical images of “Swedishness” and “immigranthood”. Moreover, the study shows how policy-making is influenced by the perception of Sweden being a gender-equal nation. The analysis makes it clear that the strategies developed by the employment service officials, in order to live up to the requirements imposed upon them regarding activation and results, do not lead to newly arrived immigrants getting closer to entering the labour market. The study also shows that private companies prioritize results and profitability, and focus on the new arrivals with whom they can easiest attain results.

Studien handlar om immigration i en landsbygdskommun och syftar till att belysa platsens betydelse för integration och etablering med särskilt fokus på landsbygdsspecifika förhållanden. Studien är gjord i Ragunda kommun i Jämtland, en av Sveriges till befolkningen minsta kommuner. 2017 var Ragunda en av de 10 kommuner som tog emot störst andel nyanlända i förhållande till folkmängd. I studien undersöks hur invandrade personer upplever att anlända och bo på en mindre ort, hur man betraktar platsens möjligheter och hinder och hur man resonerar kring en framtid på orten. Vidare undersöks vilken betydelse de lokala demografiska utmaningarna har i förhållande till hur immigrationen betraktas i kommunen. Studien är kvalitativ och det empiriska materialet består av 15 intervjuer och kompletterande observationer. Fenomenologi är det främsta teoretiska perspektiv som inspirerat analyserna. Flertalet av de invandrade informanterna har tidigare bott i miljonstäder och omställningen till att bo i en landsbygdsmiljö har handlat om att ”omvänja” sig till en ny livsstil i både materiella och immateriella aspekter. Särpräglande för integration i landsbygd tycks vara att det är förhållandevis lätt att bli en del av en ytlig social ortsgemenskap. Man erkänner och bekräftar varandra genom ”hejande” när man möts på orten och håller koll på varandra i ett samhälle där ”alla känner alla”. Däremot tycks avsaknaden av mötesplatser där ytliga sociala kontakter kan omsättas till samtal och sedermera vänskap upplevas som en brist i det lokala samhället. Samhällets etableringsinsatser syftar till att ge nyanlända invånare ett grundläggande språk och orientering i samhället och arbetsmarknaden. Verklig integration är dock relationell och kräver att samhällets invånare möts i sociala relationer. Flera informanter har utvecklat strategier för att skapa interaktioner med den etablerade lokalbefolkningen och på så vis förbättra sina möjligheter att utveckla språk och ett lokalt socialt nätverk. Den lokala arbetsmarknaden upplevs begränsad och betraktas som en utmaning för nya invånare att långsiktigt stanna kvar i kommunen. Flertalet informanter uppger att arbete är den viktigaste förutsättningen för att bo kvar i framtiden. De invandrade informanternas känsla inför platsen varierar mellan att den anses vara ”en plats utan potential” och ”världens bästa by”. De allra flesta lyfter dock fram såväl positiva som negativa aspekter av landsbygdens förutsättningar, vilket påverkar deras trivsel och framtidsförhoppningar på platsen. / The study is about immigration in a rural municipality and aims to highlight the importance of the site for integration and establishment with particular focus on rural-specific conditions. The study was conducted in the small municipality Ragunda in Jämtland. In 2017, Ragunda was one of the 10 municipalities in Sweden that received the largest proportion of refugees with resident permit in relation to population. The study examines how immigrants experience arriving and living in a small, rural site, how they consider the opportunities and obstacles of the place, and how they consider a future in the region. Furthermore, the significance of local demographic challenges in relation to how immigration is considered in the municipality is investigated. The study is qualitative and the empirical material consists of 15 interviews and additional observations. Phenomenology is the main theoretical perspective that inspired the analyzes. Most immigrant informants have previously lived in million cities and the transition to living in a rural environment has also been a "transforming" into a new lifestyle in both material and immaterial aspects. Particular for integration in rural areas seems to be that it is relatively easy to become part of a shallow social community. You acknowledge and confirm each other by greeting when you meet in the streets and keep an eye on each other in a society where "everyone knows everyone". On the other hand, the lack of social meeting spots seems to make shallow social contacts hard to transform into conversation and subsequently friendship and that is perceived as a shortcoming in the local society. The society’s establishment efforts aim at giving immigrants a basic language and orientation in the society and the labor market. Real integration, however, is relational and requires residents to meet in social relations. Several informants have developed strategies to create interactions with the established locals and thus improve their opportunities for developing language ​​and a local social network. The local labor market is perceived to be limited and is considered a challenge for new residents to stay in the municipality for a long time. Most informants state that work is the most important condition for staying in the region in the future. The attitude towards the place varies between being considered "a place without potential" and "the best village in the world". However, most people highlight both positive and negative aspects of rural conditions that affects their well-being and future hopes in the region.

La question principale de la recherche est la suivante : en quoi une politique d’intégration des nouveaux embauchés a-t-elle un rôle de transformation d’une compétence collective ? Le cadre théorique mobilisé s’articule autour de la GRH mais recouvre d’autres champs disciplinaires tels que le management stratégique. Notre méthodologie de recherche a consisté à mener une étude de cas approfondie au sein de SNCF Infra dans un contexte spécifique : l’ouverture prochaine à la concurrence du marché ferroviaire pour les voyageurs. Il ressort de l’analyse des données qu’à l’instar de la formation, le processus d’intégration contribue au renouvellement des compétences des salariés en mettant plus spécifiquement à l’épreuve les compétences collectives existantes. Cette recherche tend à mettre en exergue deux pistes de réflexion : assimiler la capacité d’absorption à une compétence organisationnelle et promouvoir le savoir coopérer comme une nouvelle méta-compétence. / The main research question is : how does a new integration policy hired a transformative role of collective competence ? The mobilized theoretical framework is based on HRM but covers other disciplines such as strategic management. Our research methodology was to conduct a thorough case study within SNCF Infra in a specific context : the next opening to competition of the railway market for travelers. It appears from the data analysis that, like training, the integration process contributes to the renewal of employee skills and more specifically by testing existing collective skills. This research tends to highlight two lines of thought : assimilate the absorption capacity to an organizational competence and promote knowledge cooperate as a new meta-competence.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse the approach of the United Kingdom to immigration and integration of third country nationals. The analysis is joined by comparison with the situation and measures taken within the European Union. The paper depicts the development and changes of the EU integration policy and the current system of immigration policies in the United Kingdom. Attention is also drawn to the public opinion and perception of immigrants in the host societies. Since the 90s, the integration policies of the EU Member States seem to be converging to the "civic integration" model. Emphasis is placed on the individual integration of immigrants, but their group affiliation is also accepted. Integration has to be a two-way process, with efforts made by the immigrants as well as the host society. Despite that, it has rather become a precondition which has to be fulfilled by the immigrants in order to gain more rights. The United Kingdom is also starting to condition the admission and citizenship acquisition by fulfilling language and knowledge criteria, regarding the history, institutions and life in the country. Even though its integration policy is one of the most successful, the current steps raise doubts.

Submitted thesis called "Integration of foreigners as a double-sided process" studies a complicated process of integration of foreigners into majority society of the Czech republic. The goal of the thesis is the research of the young people's opinions and attitudes to the so-called third-country foreigners and integration of foreigners into the Czech society. Farther in the thesis is presented the positive example of the integration of foreigners in practice. On the basis of that, in the thesis also will be shown the own draft of the multicultural education project that targets to improve an integration in education system.

The theme of this thesis is the Swedish immigration policy in the context of EU immigration policy. The aim of thesis is to analyze Swedish immigration and integration policies and identify their key characteristics. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the definition of migration policy, basic concepts of migration and integration models. European immigration policy is built up on the theoretical basis from which comes out the setting of Swedish immigration policy. . The second chapter focuses on the integration of immigrants into the Swedish society and is divided into two parts. The first part deals with the development and setting of Swedish integration policy, the second part focuses on the integration of immigrants into the labour market. In the third chapter is the main focus on the problems and prospects of the Swedish migration policy. The three subchapters concentrate on the problems associated with the current European migration crisis, the international dimension of migration policy in Sweden and its priorities in this field and the last part attempts to evaluate the success of integration measures in Sweden.

The thesis examines the trade policy of Brazil and its impact on the international position and trade of the country. Despite having come to the fore of interest of the whole world, both political and business, there are still numerous areas to be improved. The thesis evaluates trade policy tools used by the country to promote exports and limit imports, integration efforts in the region and in the world, and the effects of particular government provisions on the reality of the trade relations and results. The analysis points out structural and systemic failures together with deliberate barriers, such as high level of bureaucracy or complicated tax system. Although Brazil promotes free trade, its trade policy proved to be highly anti-import.

The diploma thesis integration of Immigrants in Austria after 1990 on the Example of the Capital City of Vienna" deals with the Austrian integration policy towards immigrants. In the first part, integration, integration policy and the target group of integration are defined. Trends in the policy on the level of the central government since 1990s are described in the following section. The main part of the thesis deals with the integration policy in Vienna, analyzing the activities of the two key institutions of the municipal policy (Vienna Integration Fund and the Municipal Department 17) and summarizing the political discussion on key problems of the Vienesse integration policy (like citizenship, political participation, segregation or education policy) to answer the question, how active is the governing party in Vienna - SPÖ - in this area field and what are the limits of this policy.

That Sweden's self - image as one of the world's most tolerant countries, in which racism and exclusion from people is only of marginal societal relevance, is not in line with the series of empirical studies. During the last three decades, various research results have systematically shown that racism and exclusion have a varying degree of impact on social life in many areas of society and in various ethical groups in Sweden, where the Somali group appears as a particularly vulnerable group, both from a humanistic and economic perspective. The purpose of the thesis is to investigate how men with a Somali background themselves perceive reasons for the low labor force participation of this ethnic group in Sweden and how increased participation in working life could be facilitated. The thesis is conducted through a qualitative study and the interviewees are Somali foreign-born men between 20 - 65 years, living in a reasonably large city in Sweden. Factors such as the lack of upper secondary education, foreign - born, language and discrimination as well as health were discussed and analyzed, as they have proven to be central to the phenomenon. The results of the study showed that these factors result in the informants not feeling a sense of belonging to Sweden and that they live under reduced economic resources, power, profession, education,households, etc. The informants expressed that society and the environment's views, and expectations create feelings and experiences of injustice because they do not have a job and stigma and structural discrimination are the concepts that permeate and result in these feelings and experiences. With these results, the study was also able to show that unemployment results in deteriorating physical, mental and social health conditions in the form of a bad mood of emotions such as loneliness, depression, stress and lower self-confidence of the informants. / Att Sveriges självbild som ett av världens mest toleranta länder, i vilket rasism och exkludering mot människor endast är av marginell samhällsrelevans, står inte i samklang med den rad empiriska studier. Under de tre senaste decennierna har olika forskningsresultat systematiskt påvisat att rasism och exkludering i olika grad har en inverkan på socialt liv inom många samhällsarenor och inom olika etiska grupper i Sverige, där den somaliska gruppen framstår som en särskilt utsatt grupp, både ur ett humanistiskt och ekonomiskt perspektiv. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur män med somalisk bakgrund uppfattar orsaker till det låga arbetskraftsdeltagandet hos denna etniska grupp i Sverige och hur ett ökat deltagande i arbetslivet skulle kunna underlättas. Uppsatsen bedrivs genom en kvalitativ studie och intervjupersonerna är somaliska utrikes födda män mellan 20 – 65 år, bosatta i en medel stor stad i Sverige. Faktorer som avsaknaden av gymnasial utbildning, utrikes - inrikes födda, språk och diskriminering samt hälsa diskuterades och analyserades, eftersom de har visat sig vara centrala för fenomenet. Det som framgick i studiens resultat påvisade att dessa faktorer resulterar i att respondenterna inte känner tillhörighet till Sverige och att de lever under försämrade ekonomiska resurser, makt, yrke, utbildning och hushåll. Respondenterna uttryckte att samhällets och omgivningens syn samt förväntningar skapar känslor och upplevelser av orättvisa av den anledningen att de inte har ett arbete, och stigmatisering och strukturell diskriminering är begrepp som genomsyrar och resulterar dessa känslor och upplevelser. I och med dessa resultat kunde studien påvisa även att arbetslösheten resulterar i försämrade fysiska, psykiska och sociala hälsotillstånd i form av ett dåligt mående av känslor som ensamhet, depression, stress och lägre självförtroende hos respondenterna.