In a more complex and interdependent world, nations face new challenges that threaten their national security. National security should not be understood exclusively in the way of military threats by adversarial states but in a broader way: how old and new sectoral threats affect not only a state and its institutions but a nation as a whole, physically and economically. This dissertation looks into how the nature of security threats and risks has evolved in recent years. This dissertation then explores how different nations have decided to publish national security strategy documents and analyzes the way in which they include this broadened understanding of security: it finds that there is evidence of international policy diffusion related to the publication of such security strategies and that nations are evolving towards a broader understanding of security that includes models like whole-of-government, and whole-of-society. In the second half, this dissertation analyzes the route through which Mexico has reformed its national security framework since the year 2000 through a policy streams approach. After looking at the path that led to the creation of Mexico’s modern national security institutions, it analyzes the way in which Mexico national interests can be determined and how these interests inform the way in which Mexico understands national security threats and risks in the 21st Century. / text

De trop nombreux évènements survenus la décennie passée illustrent la gravité et l’étendue des impacts auxquels les territoires peuvent être confrontés. L'atteinte aux infrastructures critiques peut induire de très nombreux dysfonctionnements en cascade pouvant plonger ce territoire et sa société dans une crise de grande ampleur. Les interdépendances entre ces activités essentielles et celles avec la population accentuent leur fragilité. Afin d'évaluer les impacts directs et indirects d'une perturbation majeure, la méthodologie développée étudie la problématique sous un angle multisectoriel répondant ainsi à une prise en compte de la complexité des territoires. Dans un premier temps, le territoire via ses activités essentielles et sa population est modélisé en s'appuyant sur les liens d'interdépendance existants. Sur la base d'un évènement initial donné, la méthode identifie les scénarios de propagation possibles et leurs conséquences sur les "usagers" concernés par la délivrance des services touchés. Cette simulation permet ainsi d'apprécier la résilience systémique des enjeux du territoire. Basé sur une approche systémique et spatiale, ce travail a pour objectif de fournir une aide à la décision à la planification des mesures de continuité et de rétablissement d'activité ou à la mise en place de mesures de traitement des risques. / Too many dramatic events occurred over the last ten years have demonstrated the severity and extent of impacts that territories may be confronted with. Damages to critical infrastructures may have a variety of downfall disturbing effects, which can lead territories and society into a huge crisis. Interdependency between these essential activities on the one hand, and between these activities and the population on the other hand, increases their vulnerability. This thesis presents a methodology to better assess direct and indirect impacts of a major disturbance. The issue is addressed from a multi-activity perspective, to take into account territories complexity.In the first stage, a territory is modeled using existing interdependency links between essential activities and the population. The methodology then identifies, based on a defined initial event, possible propagation scenarios and their consequences on services “users”. Finally, this simulation gives an assessment of the territory stakes resilience. This works provides a decision-making tool for the development of activity continuity plans, or risk assessment and mitigation policies.

Gemensamma operationer handlar om att integrera stridskrafter, samtidigt som försvarsgrenar innebär en uppdelning av stridskrafter i separata organisationer. Hur påverkar en försvarsmakts organisationsstruktur dess förmåga att genomföra gemensamma operationer? I uppsatsen studeras Försvarsmaktens omorganisation till försvarsgrensstaber i perioden 2018–2021 som ett fall av militär organiserad för gemensamma operationer. Henry Mintzbergs Structure in Fives och Aaron P. Jacksons The Four Aspects of Joint används för att kombinera ett organisationsteoretiskt och krigsvetenskapligt perspektiv. Organisationens struktur utläses ur offentliga dokument. Den teoretiska analysen visar att Försvarsmaktens förmåga att integrera stridskrafter i gemensamma operationer kan minska till följd av omorganisationen. Detta beror på en ökad divisionalisering (uppdelning i självständigare delar) respektive avveckling av gemensamma ledningsstrukturer. Som slutsats föreslår författaren att relationen mellan organisationsstruktur och gemensamma operationer kan beskrivas med hjälp av två sammanhängande modeller. Den ena beskriver stridskrafter med olika stark organisatorisk självständighet. Den andra ställer stridskraft som organisatoriskt indelningskriterium mot indelningar med integrerade stridskrafter. Styrkor och svagheter i val av struktur beskrivs utifrån hur väl olika interdependencies (ömsesidiga beroenden) hanteras. Författaren föreslår att gemensamma ledningsstrukturer är nödvändiga för att överkomma de inneboende motsättningar som finns i varje organisatorisk grundlösning. Efter analysen tydliggörs att den krigsvetenskapliga teorin påverkas av ett utgångsperspektiv som förutsätter existensen av självständiga försvarsgrenar. Organisationsteorins bidrag utgör enbreddning av detta perspektiv.

This arts-based research study is an examination of the influence of drama education on the development of high school students. Five recent graduates were interviewed (including the researcher) about their high school drama experiences. All participants had been selected for this study because they have been impacted as a result of their time in/with drama. Culminating in a script, the research takes the form of an arts-based playwriting inquiry, shaped by A/r/tography and rhizomatic influences, making use of Barone and Eisner’s five phase creative process. Adhering to an Aristotelean story arc outlined by Martini, metaphor in the four-scene play is used to explore and subsequently communicate concepts. In so doing, the researcher offers an expanded audience a renewed perspective on the impact that drama education has on the development of high school learners and invites viewers to consider drama’s impact on adolescent learners. Four main concepts were examined in the analysis: initiation, transition, habits of mind and, interdependency and it was found that these are central to all participants’ development. It was also found that learning contained within these four concepts, as experienced through drama education, has the potential to impact and equip students for life beyond high school. The process based, holistic learning central to drama education allowed participants to recognize and succinctly denote areas in their lives that were, and continue to be impacted by the dramatic experiences they took part in. / May 2017

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / Today, political scientists working with international organizations seek to resolve internal conflicts in Bosnia- Herzegovina, Cyprus, and Kashmir. To solve such crises, political scientists have mostly tried to apply domestic comparative politics approaches. These techniques emphasize agreements among internal actors and have not been successful in most cases. In the case of the Transdniestrian conflict in the Republic of Moldova, mediators have found it difficult to achieve internal agreement because external factors also have played a significant role during the conflict. Therefore, even if an internal agreement is achieved, it will remain fragile due to the vulnerable geographic location of the Republic of Moldova and to the limited state capacity to counter influential external actors. For the purpose of solving the Transdniestrian conflict in the long run, this thesis analyzes the possibilities of creating regional complex interdependence around the Republic of Moldova, which would strengthen an internal agreement to resolve the conflict. Regional complex interdependence inter-connects the countries interested in the region around the Republic of Moldova: Romania, the Russian Federation, and Ukraine. This solution presumes external and internal interconnections based on the complex interdependence theory of neo-liberalism. The main potential drawback is that any asymmetrical dependencies in the initial stage of cooperation will imbalance the proposed complex interdependence causing unilateral dependence (most likely on Russia) leading other actors to take countermeasures. In fact, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe as a neutral party has been being a legal umbrella for mediation since all parties consider it an appropriate organization for the negotiations. Nevertheless, creating such an arrangement requires an initial role of the United States of America and the European Union to balance Russian influence until the region becomes interdependent. At that moment, the continuation of the Transdniestrian conflict will become irrelevant because the pre-conditions for conflict will be eliminated. / Major, Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Moldova

The availability of new technologies supplied life scientists with large amounts of experimental data. The data sets are large not only in terms of the number of observations, but also in terms of the number of recorded features. One of the aims of modeling is to explain a given phenomenon in possibly the simplest way, hence the need for selection of suitable features. We extended a Monte Carlo-based approach to selecting statistically significant features with discovery of feature interdependencies and used it in modeling sequence-function relationships in proteins. Our approach led to compact and easy-to-interpret predictive models. First, we represented protein sequences in terms of their physicochemical properties. This was followed by our feature selection and discovery of feature interdependencies. Finally, predictive models based on e.g., decision trees or rough sets were constructed. We applied the method to model two important biological problems: 1) HIV-1 resistance to reverse transcriptase-targeted drugs and 2) post-translational modifications of proteins. In the case of HIV resistance, we were not only able to predict whether the mutated protein is resistant to a drug or not, but we also suggested some new, previously neglected, mutations that possibly contribute to drug resistance. For all these mutations we proposed probable molecular mechanisms of action using literature and 3D structure studies. In the case of predicting PTMs, we built high accuracy models of modifications. In comparison to other methods, we were able to resolve whether the closest neighborhood of a residue (the nanomer) is sufficient to determine its modification status. Importantly, the application of our method yields networks of interdependent physicochemical properties of amino acids that show how these properties collaborate in establishing a given modification. We believe that the presented methods will help researchers to analyze a large class of important biological problems and will guide them in their research.

Dans un contexte international marqué par la prise de conscience des enjeux environnementaux, et dans un contexte national d'injonctions réglementaires visant la réduction de la consommation énergétique, les disciplines liées à l’aménagement de l’espace voient leurs frontières et leurs méthodes évoluer de manière conséquente. Cette thèse a pour objet d’analyser les influences du développement durable sur le processus de création en architecture dans le cadre particulier du Global Award for Sustainable Architecture™ et en fonction de la réglementation sur le bâtiment et le territoire en France. Elle examine des mutations des modes opératoires du processus du projet architectural et propose des éléments de méthode et d'analyse concernant la prise en compte des piliers du développement durable, l'environnement, l'économie, la société et la culture. Il ressort de l’analyse que la compréhension des enjeux du développement durable rassemble dans une même dynamique intégrative les différentes piliers, faisant ainsi de la complexité la condition pour leur interdépendance. La prise en compte de la complexité à travers le milieu qui est attestée par les cas étudiés dans cette thèse soulève des questions sur le déroulement du processus du projet à travers une imagination pluraliste qui dépasse une réponse universelle normalisée. Si la complexité se traduit par la prise en compte simultanée des dimensions urbaines et rurales, paysagères et architecturales, quantitatives et qualitatives, elle envisage également le croisement et l’interdépendance des métiers. Ce qui signifie que l’architecte doit -en tant que médiateur- (se) construire une nouvelle identité, développant des compétences en conduite de conception et de négociation. / Global awareness of environmental matters and local regulations intending reductions of energy consumption forces disciplines related to space to expand their working methods in a substantial way. This thesis analyses influences of sustainable development on the architectural design process, particularly the case of the Global Award for Sustainable Architecture™ and the case of the French context in accordance to the regulation of building and territorial matters in France. It examines the mutations of the modus operandi of the process and offers elements of method and analysis towards the consideration of Pillars of sustainable development , environment, economy, society and culture. The analysis shows that the understanding of the sustainable development issues gathers the different Pillars in common integrative dynamics, making "Complexity" the condition of their interdependency. The account of the "Complexity" through milieu as attested by the case studies in this thesis, raise questions on the project's process through a pluralist imagination that goes beyond a normalised universal answer. When "Complexity" is being applied with a simultaneous consideration of urban, rural, landscaped, architectural, quantitative and qualitative dimensions, it heads towards the crossing and the interdependency of professions. This means that architects as mediators have to build themselves a new identity, cultivating proficiency and competency in leading conception and negotiation of the architectural project.

Orientador: Marcelo Fernandes de Oliveira / Banca: Luís Antônio Paulino / Banca: Rafael Villa / Resumo: Na contemporaneidade, as discussões ambientais permeiam a agenda política global. Isso porque as degradações ao meio ambiente possuem impactos que vão além das fronteiras nacionais dos Estados. A interdependência dos países implica em pensar o problema em âmbito transnacional. Entretanto, supomos que a sociedade, com um modelo econômico baseado na ênfase no lucro, não se sensibiliza com a questão ambiental. Nesse contexto, o caso das mudanças climáticas nos comprova que se faz necessária uma articulação que vise a cooperação internacional, pois atitudes isoladas não são suficientes para conter o aquecimento global. Nessa direção, buscamos compreender nesse estudo os motivos que conduziram os países a negociarem um regime internacional do meio ambiente. Em específico, trataremos da criação do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo e do estudo empírico da cogeração de energia no setor sucroalcooleiro brasileiro, pois estes vêm sendo apresentados como possíveis alternativas econômicas para a sustentabilidade ambiental e para a mitigação do delicado problema climático que a humanidade terá que enfrentar no século XXI / Abstract: Nowadays, the environment matters take part in the global political agenda. This happens because the environment degenaretion results in impacts that are beyond the state boundaries. The interdependency among the countries incite us necessarily to think about the problem in the internacional ambit. Though, it is supposed that the society based on economical pattern of profit is not sensitive to the enviromental matter. In this context, the climate change issue proves that an articulation focused in the internacional cooperacion is necessary, then isolated attitudes are not enough to hold the global warming. According to this view, this study attempts to comprehend the reasons that led the contries to negociate an internacional regime. Specifically, we deal with the creation of the Clean Development Mecanism and the empirical study of energy cogeneration in sugar and alcohol sector as an economical alternative to sustain the environment and to appease the delicated climate problem that the mankind must face in the twenty-one century / Mestre

Aujourd'hui, diverses propositions artistiques se fondent sur la rencontre entre l'artiste et le spectateur. Mettant en relation réflexion et création, cette thèse vise à étudier le contact en tant que geste créateur-générateur d'œuvre avec l'autre. Grâce aux liens qui se tissent entre le toucher, le corps, le tact, l'accueil, l'étranger, la famille et aussi grâce à l'apport des philosophies traditionnelles (amérindiennes et orientales), on découvre que, à rebours d'une société qui encourage l'individualisme et la consommation, revenir au geste du contact offre une manière différente d'expérimenter l'art -et la vie- dans un respect de l'autre et de soi-même. L'interdépendance apparaît alors comme une règle de vie commune et le contact comme un « moyen-remède » pour combler, améliorer ou guérir la dysharmonie dans nos rapports au monde extérieur. Mon projet Con-facto privilégie ainsi une expérience du corps et du toucher (tactile ou relationnel) conscient, laissant surgir une nouvelle esthétique fondée sur une idée de beauté, d'harmonie et d'équilibre dans« l'être avec». / Many recent artistic projects explore the encounter between the artist and his audience. Interconnecting creation and analysis, this thesis studies contact as a gesture of creation-workmanship with another. Thanks to the ties that bind touch, body, tact, strangers and family, with support from (Asian and Native American) traditional philosophies, we realize that, while our society promotes individualism and consumerism, coming back to the gesture of contact offers a different way of experimenting art -and life- white respecting both the other and oneself. Therefore, interdependency can be viewed as a rule of life in community, and contact as a "mean/cure" to alleviate, improve or heal disharmony in our interactions with the outside world. Through experience of the body and of conscious touch (tactile or relational), my project, Con-facto, unveils a new esthetic based upon the idea of beauty, harmony and balance in "being with".

In der vorliegenden Forschungsarbeit untersuche ich Ent_Erwähnung als diskriminierende Sprachhandlung in den zwei Diskursfeldern Berufsbezeichnungen für Frauen* in der polnischen Sprache, wie auch Migratisierungsbezeichnungen für Frauen* in der deutschen Sprache aus positionierter Forscher_innenperspektive (vgl. Harding 1995). Ziel ist das Aufzeigen der Interdependenz unterschiedlicher Diskriminierungsebenen von Genderismus, Rassismus und Klassismus, die durch Ent_Erwähnung (Lockward 2010) realisiert wird. Anhand eines selbst erstellten Zeitungskorpus erfasse ich den sprachlichen Status Quo von Bezeichnungen für Frauen* in unterschiedlichen Zeiträumen (2013-2017) und werte ihn anschließend mittels einer qualitativen und quantitativen Inhaltsanalyse aus. Meinen Erkenntnisse aus psycholinguistischen Studien und weiteren Theorien und Erkenntnissen aus der Sekundärliteratur ergänze ich mit Expert_inneninterviews. Berufsbezeichnungen in der polnischen Sprache konzeptualisieren genderistische Stereotype, die über Klassismus strukturiert sind. Rund vierzig Prozent der registrierten Berufsbezeichnungen kommen einmal in maskuliner und femininer Form vor. Die untersuchten Migratisierungsbezeichnungen werden überwiegend in androgendernden maskulinen Pluralformen realisiert, und bilden somit eine Grundlage für eine Entindividualisierung und Pauschalisierung, wodurch diskriminierende Metaphern (Flucht als Naturkatastrophe) produktiver gebildet werden können. Frauen* und queere Lebensrealitäten werden überwiegend in Migratisierungsbezeichnungen ent_erwähnt. Über das asymmetrische Verwenden von Personenbezeichnungen in Polizeiberichten werden rassistische Tatmotivationen durch Migratisierungsbezeichnungen markiert. Als ausschlaggebendes gemeinsames Element meiner Untersuchungen werte ich die Retraditionalisierung und Nationalisierung, auf der sich die Interdependenz der Ent_Erwähnung von Frauen* unabhängig der untersuchten Diskurse und Sprachen abspielt. / In the current research work I consider Ent_Erwähnung („de_mentioned“, „unmentioning“) as discriminatory language use in the two separate fields of discourse; professional titles for women* in the polish language, and migrational descriptions (migratized appellations) for women* in the german language from a positioned research perspective (Harding 1995). The purpose is to demonstrate the interdepence between multiple levels of discrimination; genderism, racism and classism, and how these are implemented through Ent_Erwähnung (Lockward 2010). Using a self- performed newspaper survey I gathered a linguistic status quo of descriptions for women* during different time periods (2013-2017), I then interpreted the data and performed a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the contents. My knowledge of psycholinguistic studies and other theories, together with findings from secondary literature will be complemented by interviews with experts. Professional titles in the polish language conceptualize genderist stereotypes, which are structured by classism. About fourty percent of the registered professional titles occur once in feminine and masculine form. The studied migrational descriptions (migratized appellations) are predominantly applied in androgynous masculine plural form, and therefore provide a basis for de-individualization and generalization; and in this way can be more effectively framed together with discriminative metaphors (flight as a natural disaster). Women* and people in queer life situations are ent_erwähnt predominantly in migrational descriptions. Through asymmetrical use of personal descriptions in police reports, racist motivation for crime is highlighted via migrational descriptions (migratized appellations). As a crucial common element of my research I consider retraditionalization and nationalization; upon which the interdependency of Ent_Erwähnung (de_mentioning) of women* occurs independently from the discourses and languages.