This thesis evaluates the possibility of using millimeter waves of frequency 28GHz for the use of wireless backhaul in small cell solutions in the coming fifth generation mobile networks. This frequency band has not been used in preceding mobile networks but is undergoing a lot of research. In this thesis simulations are performed to evaluate how the high frequency waves behave inside a three dimensional grid of buildings. The simulations use highly directive antenna arrays with antenna gains of 26dBi. A main results of the investigation was that a high bandwidth of 800MHz was not enough to provide 12Gbps in non line-of-sight propagation within the simulations. Furthermore, without interference limiting techniques, the interference is probable to dominate the noise, even though the high diffraction losses of millimeter waves propose that interference should be very limited in urban areas.

Proaktiv interferens innebär att gammal irrelevant information i arbetsminnet förblir aktiverat och stör framplockning av ny relevant information. Tidigare forskning har demonstrerat åldersrelaterade skillnader mellan yngre och äldre vuxna på så sätt att äldre vuxna är mer utsatta för den störande effekten av proaktiv interferens. Men hur påverkas barn av proaktiv interferens? Denna studie syftar till att undersöka åldersrelaterade skillnader samt könsskillnader i proaktiv interferens hos barn i skolålder med förväntningen att yngre barn likt äldre vuxna är mer känsliga för influensen av proaktiv interferens. Ett 2-back-lure arbetsminnestest användes för att undersöka influensen av proaktiv interferens hos totalt 69 deltagare i åldrarna 8–11 år. Ett relativt interferensmått beräknades och användes för hypotesprövningen. Resultaten ifrån envägs variansanalys visar inga signifikanta skillnader mellan åldersgrupperna för både reaktionstid, F (2,53) = 2.360, p = .105, samt accuracy, F(2,53) = .409, p = .667. En envägs variansanalys visade dock på signifikanta könsskillnader för reaktionstid, F (2,53) = 3.927, p = .026, men inte för accuracy, F(2,53) = 1.131, p = .331. Resultaten indikerar att det inte finns åldersrelaterade skillnader mellan dessa åldersgrupper, men att flickor kan uppleva mer interferens än pojkar. / Proactive interference means that old irrelevant information in working memory remains active and inhibits recall of new relevant information. Previous research has demonstrated age-related differences between younger and older adults in such a way that older adults are more susceptible to the inhibiting effect of proactive interference. But how does proactive interference affect children? The purpose of this study was to investigate age-related differences as well as gender differences in school-aged children with the expectation that younger children like the older adults may be more susceptible to the influence of proactive interference. A 2-back-lure working memory test was used to investigate the influence of proactive interference among a total of 69 participants aged 8-11 years. The results indicate insignificant age-related differences with regards to reaction time, F(2,53) = 2.360, p = .105, as well as accuracy, F(2,53) = .409, p = .667. A one way ANOVA did however indicate significant gender-differences for reaction time, F(2,53) = 3.927, p = .026, but not for accuracy, F(2,53) = 1.131, p = .331. The results indicate that there are no age-related differences between these age groups but that girls may experience more interference than boys.

Tidigare forskning har visat att hög contextual interference försämrar den omedelbara prestationen vid ackvisitionen av en färdighet, men främjar inlärning jämfört med låg contextual interference. Resultaten från tillämpad forskning är dock mångtydig och det råder oklarhet i när och i vilka sammanhang effekten uppstår. Syftet med denna positivistiska studie var att jämföra två övningsstrategier med olika grad av contextual interference vid inlärning av rudiments för trumspel. Vuxna musikhögskolestudenter (N=17) med begränsad erfarenhet av trumspel delades in i två grupper – seriell (n=8) och blockindelad (n=9). Uppgiften var att lära sig spela tre rudiment. Den blockindelade gruppen övade sex minuter på varje rudiment en gång, medan den seriella gruppen övade en minut på varje rudiment sex gånger. Deltagarnas retention testades direkt efter och 48 timmar efter övningen. Båda grupperna spelade signifikant snabbare mellan förtest och retentionstesten (p<.01) men det fanns ingen signifikant interaktion mellan grupp och mättillfälle (p=.96) vilket betyder att båda grupper blev lika mycket bättre. I diskussionen redovisas ett antal möjliga förklaringar till varför effekten inte visade sig i denna studie. / Previous research has found that high contextual interference hinders performance at acquisition but promotes learning compared to low contextual interference. The findings in applied research is however ambiguous and there’s uncertainty of when and in which contexts the effect occurs. The purpose of this study was to compare two practice strategies with different levels of contextual interference. Adult college music students (N=17) with limited experience playing drums were divided in to two treatment groups – serial (n=8) and blocked (n=9). The task was to learn to play three drum rudiments. The blocked group practiced each rudiment for six minutes one time while the serial group practice each rudiment for one minute six times. Retention tests were performed immediately after and 48 hours after acquisition. Both groups played significantly faster at retention compared to pre-test (p<.01) but there was no significant interaction between group and test (Pre-test to retention) (p=.96) meaning both groups improved equally. In the discussion a number possible of explanations as to why the effect wasn’t observed are presented.

Biotin är ett vitamin som finns naturligt i livsmedel och det dagliga intaget nås via födan. Höga doser biotintillskott samt höga doser biotin i läkemedel, kan leda till biotininterferens i kliniska immunokemiska analyser. Roche Diagnostics® vill införa nya reagens med högre tröskel för biotininterferens för att minska risken för biotininterferens vid analys av patientplasma. Därför var syftet med studien att metodverifiera fyra nya reagens från Roche Diagnostics® som används vid diagnostisering och behandling av hjärtsvikt, sepsis, och prostatacancer. De fyra reagensen, Elecsys® proBNP II, Elecsys® BRAHMS PCT, Elecsys® total PSA samt Elecsys® free PSA metodverifierades för att användas på Cobas® e801. Studiematerialet bestod av 20 patientprover av litiumheparinplasma per reagens (totalt 80 patientprover). Resultatet av verifieringen av Elecsys® proBNP II visade en korrelation till det befintliga reagenset på r = 0,9998 och Bland-Altman analys visade en spridning av resultaten på < 10 %; inomserieprecisionsstudien gav CV 1,56 %. Elecsys® BRAHMS PCT hade en korrelation på r = 0,9997 och Bland-Altman analysen visade en spridning på > 10 %; inomserieprecisionsstudien gav CV 1,70 %. För Elecsys® total PSA och free PSA fanns korrelationen till det befintliga reagenset på r = 1 respektive 0,9997 och Bland- Altman analysen visade en spridning på < 10 % hos båda reagensen. Inomserieprecisionsstudien gav CV 0,44 % respektive CV 2,67 %. Resultaten för samtliga reagens uppvisar god korrelation till det befintliga reagenset och en hög mätnoggrannhet vilket talar för att de fyra nya reagensen kan tas i bruk. / Biotin is naturally found in foods, and we obtain this vitamin through our daily diet. Biotin supplements as well as high doses of biotin in drugs can lead to biotin interference in clinical immunochemical analyzes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to methodically verify four new reagents from Roche Diagnostics® with a higher threshold for biotin interference, used in the diagnosis and treatment of heart faliure, sepsis and prostate cancer. The four reagents, Elecsys® proBNP II, Elecsys® BRAHMS PCT, Elecsys® total PSA and Elecsys® free PSA were method-verified for use on Cobas® e801. The study material consisted of 20 patient samples of lithium heparin plasma per reagent. In total 80 samples were analyzed.The result of the verification of Elecsys® proBNP II showed a correlation to the existing reagent of r = 0.9998 and Bland-Altman analysis showed a distribution of the results of <10 %. The withinseries precision study yielded CV 1.56 %. Elecsys® BRAHMS PCT had a correlation of r = 0.9997 and the Bland-Altman analysis showed a distribution of > 10 %. The withinseries precision study gave CV 1.70 %. For Elecsys® total PSA and free PSA, the correlation to the existing reagent was r = 1 and 0.9997, respectively, and the Bland-Altman analysis showed a distribution of <10 % in both reagents. The withinseries precision study yielded CV 0.44 % and CV 2.67 % respectively.The results for all reagents show a good correlation to the existing reagent and a high accuracy of measurement, which indicates that the four new reagents can be used.

This essay deals with translation changes and problems that occur when translating collocations, i.e. sequences of words that are usually combined such as work hard, from Swedish to German. Being an essential part of our communication, collocations are common both in everyday-life and in technical terminology. This qualitative research deals with collocations in scientific texts about children’s literature and aims to increase attention on collocations in the translation process. The term collocation as used here refers to the concept of hierarchical relations between the lexemes of a collocation by the German linguist F. J. Hausmann (1984), distinguishing between bases and collocators. It proved itself useful in the translation process and showed that the translator must pay special attention to the collocator in order to find the equivalent expression in the target language. In doing so he/she is not at all obliged to translate a collocation with the respective target collocation. In fact due to stylistic reasons collocations were replaced by individual lexemes or paraphrases. Referring to Hausmann’s terminology and the studies of Baker (1992) this essay highlights the importance of considering collocations as translation units, i.e. not translating the lexemes of a collocation separately. Furthermore the assumption was disproved that translation errors, e.g. interferences and semantic deficits, are mainly caused when translating collocations to a foreign language. Even translators translating into their mother tongue have to examine collocations carefully to avoid errors that can result in doubts about the quality of the whole translation.