Bakgrund: Ungefär 200.000 kvinnor i Sverige har endometrios. Endometriumet växer utanför livmodern och utvecklandet av endometrios kan orsakas av retrograd menstruation i kombination med hormonella faktorer, ärftlighet och ett nedsatt lokalt immunförsvar. Vanliga symptom är hög smärta, minskad fertilitet och nedsatt livskvalité. Behandlingen syftar till att uppnå god funktionsnivå med hanterbara symptom. Fysioterapeutiska åtgärder har prioritet 2. Syfte: Att undersöka upplevelsen av fysioterapeutisk behandling vid endometrios ur patienters och fysioterapeuters perspektiv. Metod: Sex semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes, tre med endometriospatienter och tre med fysioterapeuter. Datan analyserades genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysprocessen resulterade i fyra huvudkategorier: ”Anpassning utifrån den individuella patienten”, ”Syfte och effekt av behandling”, ”Känsloupplevelser och faktorer som bidrar till drivkraft och hopp” och ”Fysioterapeutens roll”. Den fysioterapeutiska behandlingen upplevdes sätta patientens behov i fokus genom individuell och anpassad behandling. Samstämmigt framkom att behandlingen upplevdes symptomlindra och frambringa skräckblandad förtjusning, men också hopp. Fysioterapeuten upplevdes ge trygghet och hjälp. Konklusion: Fysioterapi vid endometrios kan upplevas vara värdefull för att minska smärta och muskelanspänning samt för att hitta copingstrategier i vardagen. Fysioterapeuten upplevdes kunna få patienterna att känna sig hörda, sedda och hjälpta. / Background: In Sweden approximately 200.000 women have been diagnosed with endometriosis. Endometrial-like tissue is growing outside the uterus. The development of endometriosis could be multifactorial, caused by retrograde menstruation combined with hormonal factors, heredity and a weakened local immune system. Common symptoms are different variations of pain, infertility and decreased quality of life. The purpose of the treatment is to ensure a good level of functioning with manageable symptoms. Physical therapy is highly recommended when treating endometriosis. Purpose: To investigate the experiences of physical therapy treatment in endometriosis according to patients and physiotherapists. Method: Six semi-structured interviews were conducted, of which three were including patients with endometriosis and three were including physiotherapists. The data was analyzed through qualitative content analysis. Results: The analysis resulted in four main categories: “Adaptation based on the individual patient”, “Purpose and effect of the treatment”, “Emotional experiences and factors that contribute to power and hope” and “The role of the physiotherapist”. The physical therapy was perceived as focusing on the patient´s needs. It was unanimously agreed that the treatment reduced symptoms and could engender delight mingled with terror, but also hope. The physical therapy treatment was found to provide safety and assistance. Conclusion: Physical therapy in endometriosis can be experienced as valuable for reducing pain and muscle tension and for providing coping strategies in everyday life. The physiotherapist was found to be able to make the patients feel heard, seen and helped.

Bakgrund: Enligt Tanzanias regering är ett av de första stegen för att uppnå målet om hälsa till alla, att tillse åtkomsten av tillräckligt med sjukvårdspersonal, med resurser nog att genomföra arbete av kvalité. För tillfället är dessa mål inte uppfyllda, och situationen är värre på landsbygden. På grund av bristen på professionell sjukvårdspersonal, speciellt i geografiskt avlägsna områden i Tanzania, måste sjuksköterskor ibland arbeta över sin utbildningsnivå. Syfte: Syftet var att utforska omvårdnadspersonals erfarenheter av att arbeta på landsbygden i Tanzania. Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie, baserad på sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med omvårdnadspersonal som arbetar på landsbygden. Textmaterialet analyserades genom en tematisk innehållsanalys. Resultat: Fem kategorier uppkom: Arbetssituationen, visar att omvårdnadspersonalen klarar att erbjuda all service genom att arbeta över sin utbildningsnivå. Tillgång till resurser, påvisar brist på personal, faciliteter, utrustning och medicin. Personalens mentalitet, visar att omvårdnadspersonalen var glad trots att de gav upp sitt privatliv för att jobba där. Landsbygdspopulation, beskrivs med att de besitter mindre kunskap om hälsa. Boendesituation, påvisar att omvårdnadspersonalen efterfrågade en plats nära arbetet att bo på. Konklusion: Omvårdnadspersonalen var nöjd med deras arbete på landsbygden i Tanzania, trots att de mötte svårigheter. De kunde ge all service på grund av att de kunde utföra varandras sysslor och arbetade då över sin4utbildningsnivå. Det kan argumenteras för att detta arbetssätt inte svarar för en säker och evidensbaserad sjukvård. / Background: According to the government in Tanzania, one of the first steps to achieve the goal of health is to ensure access to health care workers with enough resources and capacity to deliver quality care. Today these goals are not reached, and the situation is worse in rural areas. Due to the lack of professional health care workers in Tanzania, especially in geographic remote areas, nursing staff have to perform beyond their formal education level. Aim: The aim was to explore nursing staff’s experience regarding working in rural Tanzania. Method: A qualitative interview study design was used, based on eight semi-structured interviews with nursing staff working in rural areas in Tanzania. The data were analyzed by using thematic content analysis. Result: Five categories emerged: Working situation, which demonstrates how nursing staff manage to provide all the services through working beyond their education level. Access to resources, which indicates lack of staff, facilities, equipment and medicine. Staff mentality, which demonstrates that the nursing staff were happy, although giving up their personal life to work there. Rural population, which was described as a population with less knowledge about health. Living conditions, which showed that all nursing staff requested a place to stay close to the dispensary. Conclusion: The nursing staff was satisfied with their work in rural Tanzania, yet they faced difficulties. They could still provide all services, mainly by handling different tasks and by working over their formal level. It is arguable that this is not corresponding to a safe and evidence based healthcare.

Bakgrund Basal kroppskännedom (BK) används idag inom fysioterapin som behandlingsmetod för att öka kroppsmedvetenhet bland patienter. Det råder brist på solid kunskap om BK som behandlingsform samt fysioterapeuters erfarenheter kring hur interventionen används.  Syfte Att undersöka fysioterapeuters uppfattningar och erfarenheter av metoden BK och hur de använder sig av BK i sin kliniska vardag.   Metod Studie är av kvalitativ design. Fem fysioterapeuter intervjuades genom enskilda semistrukturerade intervjuer. Kvalitativ innehållsanalys användes för bearbetning av data. Resultat Utifrån insamlade data identifierades tre huvudkategorier: (1) Patienter som har svårt att vara i sin kropp gynnas av metoden, (2) fysioterapeuten och patienten gör övningarna tillsammans och (3) ökad medvetenhet om sambandet mellan kropp och sinne.  Konklusion: Studiens resultat visar att fysioterapeuterna uppfattar att metoden BK används för i princip alla tillstånd men är särskilt gynnsam för personer som lider av psykisk ohälsa och långvarig smärta. Fysioterapeuterna anser att det krävs mycket av både patienten och fysioterapeuten vid denna metod och att den därför skiljer sig från andra behandlingsmetoder. Målet med behandlingen är att skapa en balans mellan kropp och sinne. Fysioterapeuterna använder BK i huvudsakligen för att de har goda kliniska erfarenheter från metoden. / Background Basic body awareness therapy (BBAT) is used today in physiotherapy as a treatment method to increase body awareness among patients. There is a lack of solid knowledge about BBAT as a form of treatment and physiotherapists' experiences of how the intervention is used. Purpose Physiotherapist understandings and experiences with BBAT and how they use it in their clinical practices. Method The study is of a qualitative design. Five physiotherapists were interviewed separately. Qualitative content analysis was used for analyzing the data. Results Based on the collected data, three main categories were identified: (1) Patients who have difficulty being in their body benefit from the method, (2) The physiotherapist and the patient do the exercises together and (3) Increased awareness of the connection between body and mind. Conclusion The results of the study showed that the physiotherapists perceived that the BBAT method is used for basically all conditions, but is particularly favorable for people suffering from mental illness and long-term pain. The physiotherapists believe that this method requires a lot from both the patient and the physiotherapist and that it therefore differs from other treatment methods. The goal of the treatment is to create a balance between body and mind. The physiotherapists use BBAT mainly because of their good clinical experience from the method.

This essay is a qualitative interview study of how six upper secondary school history teachers view and work with students’ diversity of identities in teaching. The questions that the study sought to answer were how history teachers viewed and worked with students’ diversity of identities, as exemplified by specific assignments, along with their selection of teaching materials, and the impact of their own identity on their teaching. These questions were analysed using Manuel Castells’ three aspects of legitimate identity, resistance identity, and project identity, complemented by Carsten Ljunggren’s reasoning concerning a national identity, as the main theoretical framework. In doing so, the study concluded that the teachers viewed working with identity in the history subject as a luxury, dependent on factors such as lesson time, adaption to students, citizen education, and the room for a norm-critical approach. Due to these factors, it was concluded that the history subject unintentionally and mainly conveyed a legitimate identity to the students.  From their exemplified assignments, the study found that student-centred assignments more often enabled the inclusion of resistance identities as well as project identities. The teachers claimed that teaching materials such as textbooks were Eurocentric and needed to be complemented by other material to include other perspectives. It was also concluded that teachers’ gender, social class, and ethnicity had an impact on their teaching. The study found that a new national identity in the history subject, as illustrated by the inclusion of project identities, was linked to the use of intercultural pedagogy and student-centred assignments.

Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskeprofessionen kan komma med flertalet utmaningar vilka kan påverka sjuksköterskan emotionellt. Sjuksköterskans ansvar innefattas av personcentrerad vård där patientens lidande ska lindras och det kan ställa krav på sjuksköterskan emotionellt. Bland annat för att den egna hälsan ska bevaras för god och säker vård för patienten. Tidigare forskning beskriver de känslor som kan uppstå i vårdandet såsom trötthet, tillfredställelse och kraft, vilka kan bidra till konsekvenser för sjuksköterskan och patienten beroende på hur sjuksköterskan hanterar dessa. Syfte: Att beskriva allmänsjuksköterskans upplevelse av vad som ger kraft i vårdandet. Metod: En kvalitativ metod med induktiv ansats där datainsamlingen genomfördes i form av semistrukturerad intervju med fyra allmänsjuksköterskor på ett sjukhus i Mellansverige. Datamaterialet analyserades utifrån en manifest innehållsanalys. Resultat: Sjuksköterskan upplevde kraft i vårdandet i det vårdande mötet där sjuksköterskan fick göra skillnad för patienten och att skapa relationer med patienten och anhöriga genom samtal och kontakt. Kraften kunde även upplevas i möjligheten till kontroll genom ett samarbete i teamet och att utvecklas som sjuksköterska. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskan önskar vårda på både ett fysiskt och emotionellt plan och kan behöva verktyg för att hantera utmanande situationer i vårdandet för upplevelsen av kraft. / Background: Emotions can occur within the nurse in the nursing practice, which can be a challenge for the nurse. The nurse has responsibilities to put the patient first where the nurse can help the patient with his/hers suffering. This responsibility can be demanding because of the emotional responsibility for the nurse to take care of him/herself for the possibility to provide care for the patient. Studies describes that emotions such as fatigue, satisfaction and energy can occur within the nurse in the nursing practice, which can lead to consequences for the nurse and the patient depending on how the nurse handle the situation. Aim: Describe the experience of the general nurse regarding the source in the nursing practice that generates energy. Method: A qualitative design with inductive hypothesis and the data was collected by semistructured interviews in which four nurses working in a hospital ward in the middle region of Sweden was included. A qualitative content analysis was used when analyzing the collected data. Result: The nurse can experience energy in the nursing practice when meeting with the patient where a difference can be made for the patient and when creating relationships with the patient and close relative's trough conversations and connections. Good teamwork and growth in the nursing practice could lead to a sense of control for the nurse, which could generate energy. Conclusion: in situations that are difficult emotionally for the nurse, tools may be used for the nurse which can give the nurse energy.

Inledning: Riskbruk av alkohol orsakar problem både för den enskilde, dennes omgivning samt är kopplat till ett flertal allvarliga sjukdomstillstånd. Tidiga interventioner kan förhindra en mer allvarlig beroendeutveckling. Forskning som berör psykoterapeuters erfarenhet av psykodynamisk terapi vid riskbruk är begränsad. Syftet med studien är att belysa terapeuters erfarenhet av riskbruk av alkohol i psykodynamisk terapi. Frågeställning: Hur upplever och beskriver psykoterapeuter psykodynamisk terapi med patienter som har ett riskbruk av alkohol? Metod: Fem legitimerade psykoterapeuter med erfarenhet inom området, valdes utifrån ett riktat bekvämlighetsurval. För att belysa terapeuters erfarenheter och upplevelser användes en kvalitativ metod. Studien har en induktiv ansats samt en semistrukturerad intervjuform med riktat öppna frågor. Intervjumaterialet har strukturerats och kategoriserats enligt tematisk analysmetod. Resultat: Tre huvudteman med dess underteman framkom i studien; 1. Den terapeutiska hållningen 2. Patienten; förutsättningar och hinder 3. Psykodynamisk terapi vid riskbruk. Diskussion: Informanterna belyste olika erfarenheter av interventioner vid riskbruk av alkohol. Dels vikten av att vara en aktiv psykoterapeut och ställa frågor kring alkoholkonsumtion, dels låta patienten själv lyfta sina problem i sin egen takt. Informanterna belyste både möjligheter och begränsningar med den psykodynamiska metoden vid riskbruk av alkohol. / Introduction: Risk use of alcohol causes problems for the individual, his enviroment, and is linked to a number of serious illnesses. Early interventions can prevent more serious dependency development. Research related to psychotherapists´experience of psychodynamic therapy in risk use of alcohol is limited. The purpose of the study is to elucidate therapists´experience of risk use of alcohol in psychodynamic therapy. Question: How do psychotherapists experience and describe psychodynamic therapy with patients who are at risk of alcohol use? Method: Five legitimate psychotherapists with experience in the field, were selected on the basis of a targeted convenience selection. To elucidate therapists´experiences and experiences, a qualitative method was used. The study has an inductive approach and a semi-structured interview form with directed open questions. The interview material has been structured and categorized according to the thematic analysis method. Results: Three main themes with their subthemes emerged in the study; 1. The therapeutic attitude 2. The patient; conditions and barriers 3. Psychodynamic therapy in risk use. Discussion: The informants highlighted different experiences of interventions in the use of alcohol at risk. On the one hand, the importance of being an active psychotherapist and asking questions about alcohol consumption, and on the other hand, let the patient himself raise his problems at his own pace. The informants highlighted both the possibilites and limitations of the psychodynamic method in the risk use of alcohol.

When implementing major European transport corridors, such as the Core network corridors (CNC) which is a part of the European Trans-European Network for Transports (TEN-T), the number of stakeholders affected is huge. A governance framework for the CNC’s implementation was introduced in EU Regulation No. 1315/2013, and is now being enacted. Sustainable development and stakeholder involvement are crucial areas in the implementation. This interview study investigated the need for complementary governance, here meaning governance in addition to the governance framework set in the regulation. The interviews involved 23 individuals from the Baltic Sea Region, who are affiliated to the four categories public authority, infrastructure organisation/company, private company and other organisation. The results confirm the importance of an inclusive approach. Further, the results showed a need to ensure that all three social, economic and ecological dimensions of sustainability are considered. Summarising the interview results, four areas for attention in the further CNC implementation process were identified: more and directed information, extended involvement of private sector transport stakeholders, extended involvement of regional and local stakeholders, and involvement of stakeholders located geographically outside the immediate corridor. Complementary governance can be a tool to address these areas, as governance structures and processes can involve stakeholders and steer towards desired outcomes. The interviewees own ideas for complementary governance are presented in this paper. The CNC implementation is currently an on-going process and these results will be further utilised in the process, as a basis for stakeholder discussions of changes in practice.

Bakgrund: Organtransplantation är en behandling som räddar liv på personer med organsvikt. För att detta ska vara möjligt krävs en organdonator, antingen levande eller avliden. Som avliden donator utförs en uttagsoperation efter medgivande till donation. Perioperativa sjuksköterskor deltar tillsammans med transplantationsteamet vid uttagoperationerna för att tillvarata organ och tillgodose donatorns önskan om donation. Syfte: Att beskriva anestesi- och operationssjuksköterskors upplevelser av att delta vid uttagsoperationer hos avlidna organdonatorer. Metod: En kvalitativ metod genomfördes, där åtta perioperativa sjuksköterskor intervjuades med öppna frågor som var fenomenorienterade. Datamaterialet analyserades med innebördsanalys. Resultat: Den essentiella innebörden är Värdighet och Respekt, som är en tydlig kärna i studiens fyra innebördsteman: Dubbelbottnade känslor, Känslan av att göra gott för andra, Samarbete i teamet skapar en känsla av trygghet och Professionellt bemötande. Konklusion: Resultatet visar att de perioperativa sjuksköterskorna upplevde värdighet och respekt som en central del vid uttagsoperationer hos avlidna donatorer. Uttagsoperationerna erfars av känslor som glädje, meningsfullhet och sorg. Samarbete i teamet upplevs som viktigt och gav en känsla av trygghet. Återkopplingen om mottagarna till organens tillstånd upplevdes som hjälp i den känslomässiga hanteringen. / Background: Organ transplantation is a treatment that saves the lives of people with organfailure. For it to be possible, an organ donor is required, either alive or dead. A donors’operation is performed after consent to donation. Perioperative nurses participate togetherwith the transplant team in the removal operations to remove organs and to pursue the donor'sdesire for donation.The aim: To describe the anesthesia- and operating theatre nurses' experiences ofparticipating in deceased organ donors' operations.Methods: A qualitative method, where eight perioperative nurses were interviewed throughopen-ended questions that were phenomenon-oriented. The data was analyzed with meaninganalysis.Results: The essential meaning is Dignity and Respect, which is a clear core of the study'sfour clusters of meanings: Double-edged emotions, The feeling of doing good for others,Cooperation in the team creates a feeling of security and Professional treatment.Conclusions: The perioperative nurses experienced dignity and respect as a central part indonors’ operations for deceased donors. The operations were experienced by emotions asjoy, meaning and sadness. Cooperation in the team is perceived as important and gives afeeling of security. Feedback about recipients of the organs condition was perceived ashelpful in emotional management.

The purpose of this study is to generate knowledge about how the preschool's physical and social literacy environment is used and can be used to support multilingual children in their language and literacy development and highlight the opportunities and difficulties that preschool teachers experience in their work with language development of multilingual children. The questions that are answered are: How do the respondents describe the literacy environment in their preschool department? And: How do the respondents describe their support of multilingual children's language development and their conditions for teaching? Surveys and qualitative interviews were used as the method to answer the questions and were analyzed in relation to the study’s theoretical framework, constituted by discourse analytical theory. The results show that four different discourses emerged, each describing different perspectives of multilingualism in preschool education. In one of the preschool departments in the study, where the teachers seem to have put less focus on making the home language of multilingual children visible in the physical environment, they had a home language teacher who came every week. The children then had the opportunity to develop their home language with someone who knows the language. In the departments where the physical environment more clearly reflected the multilingualism that was represented, the teaching was more focused on including and making children's home language visible. The reason was most likely that no one in the team spoke the children's home language. Most of the preschool teachers in the study expressed that they lacked the conditions needed to be able to conduct the teaching they wanted. Some of the preschool teachers expressed that poorer conditions mainly affected the children who needed the most support.

Introduktion: Postcovid har en bred symtombild som kan påverka människors vardagliga aktiviteter. Det har beskrivits att det varit utmanande för hälso-och sjukvårdspersonal att bedöma tillstånden efter covid-19 samt att det finns behov av att följa dessa patienter över tid för att öka kunskapen kring patientgruppen.   Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva arbetsterapeuters upplevelser av arbetet inom primärvården med patienter som har postcovid.   Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie med åtta arbetsterapeuter genomfördes. Arbetsterapeuterna var verksamma inom primärvård och hade träffat patienter med postcovid. Urvalsmetoden var bekvämlighet- och snöbollsurvalet. Analysen genomfördes med Graneheim & Lundmans innehållsanalys. Resultat: I analysen framkom tre kategorier: Betydelsen av multiprofessionellt teamarbete, Dra nytta av tidigare kunskaper och Utmaningar i arbetet. Kategorierna innehåller tillsammans sex underkategorier. Slutsats: Studien visar att det kan vara en fördel att arbeta i team kring patienter med postcovid, vikten av att ta vara på tidigare kunskaper samt utmaningar i arbetet. Resultatet kan fungera som ett underlag för att belysa vikten av riktlinjer och utbildningar om Postcovid samt att dessa behöver integreras med forskning. / Introduction: Postcovid has a broad symptom picture that can affect people's everyday activities. It has been described as challenging for health care professionals to assess the conditions after covid-19 and that there is a need to follow these patients over time to increase knowledge about the patient group. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe occupational therapists' experiences of working in primary care with patients who have postcovid. Method: A qualitative interview study with eight occupational therapists was conducted. The occupational therapists were active in primary care and had met patients with postcovid. The selection method was convenience- and snowball selection. The analysis was implemented with Graneheim & Lundman's content analysis. Results: The analysis revealed three categories: The importance of multi-professional teamwork, Benefit from previous knowledge and Challenges in work. The categories together contain six subcategories. Conclusion: The study shows that it can be an advantage to work in teams around patients with post-covid, the importance of taking advantage of previous knowledge and challenges in the work. The results can serve as a basis for highlighting the importance of guidelines and education about postcovid and that these need to be integrated with research.