This dissertation is the very first scholarly text to bring a wider perspective on the genesis of Czech sport journalism, starting with its beginnings in the latter half of the 1800's and extending to the year of 1918, when this profession became an independent branch of the newspaper business. Given the paucity of original literature, the present work is based primarily on the study of period newspapers and archival materials, employing mainly the direct and the indirect methods of historiography. The main purpose of it was to describe the formation of the discipline of sport journalism in the broader context of the Czech society, sports and media, rather than regarding it as an independent, isolated process. The constituent parts of this dissertation, which renders the dawn of Czech sport journalism, include the most important titles of the day as well as the key personalities in the publishing and journalism of the period, the issue of sport reportage within the established political press, and also the genesis of the professions of sport journalist and sport photographer. The chapters that place the main theme within a wider historical context compare the brief description of the evolution of sport journalism in the Czech lands to the origins of sport journalism in other countries (Great Britain, USA,...

Esta pesquisa descreve o uso de estrangeirismos no texto jornalístico, na coluna social do Diário de Pernambuco (DP), entre 1930 e 1950, no mês de agosto, período relacionado com o antes e o pós II Guerra Mundial, que aconteceu entre 1939 e 1945, para assim poder identificar o seu aparecimento no processo histórico e suas implicações nos fatores socio-político-sociais da época de sua importação. Antes de chegar a este momento da história, foi realizado um levantamento de como se processou o aparecimento de palavras e/ou expressões estrangeiras na história do Brasil e os resultados demonstram que o seu uso esteve presente desde o período colonial e que as três raças, brancos, negros e índios, deixaram na Língua Portuguesa do Brasil suas contribuições. Um estudo de como alguns gramáticos, lingüistas e escritores tratam o assunto foi feito a fim de comparar as suas posições sobre o assunto. Os resultados mostram que os estrangeirismos eram usados não somente como uma forma requintada para se dar uma notícia, mas como um recurso de dar nome às coisas que não existiam no português da época. O resultado desta pesquisa possibilita-nos avaliar que o uso das palavras estrangeiras em um jornal não representa um perigo à língua portuguesa, mas uma maneira de deixar a língua atualizada / This research describes the use of the foreign words in the journalistic text in the social section of Diário de Pernambuco (DP), in the month of August, between the years of 1930 and 1950, period which preceded and followed the II World War, precisely during the years of 1939 and 1945. The aim of the work was to identify the historical process of appearance of the foreign words and its implication on socio-political factors with their borrowing. A study on the historical process showed that their usage was present since the colonial period and that they were initially introduced to the Portuguese language by the White, the Black and the Indian cultures. A study of how some grammarians, linguists and writers see the problem was done to compare their points of view about it. The results showed that foreign words were used not only as a refinement pattern to introduce the news, but as a way to give name to things that did not exist in the Portuguese language in that time. The results of this research showed that the use of foreign words on a newspaper do not represent a risk to the Portuguese Language, but a way to modernize the language

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:36:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CristovaoPS.pdf: 3480043 bytes, checksum: 57a246c1d5bec0a5540e4a71370dc05a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-25 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The main objective of this research was studying the meanings of the freedom of expression and what professors of Journalism think about the way those meanings are used in pedagogical practices. The term freedom of expression is commonly used in journalism even though it is not so studied, consequently we don t have a word to define it. Therefore, we related the term freedom of expression in Journalism teaching to the condition as the object of this study, aiming to establish a connection among the term, the right, free expression and the endurance of the right. The theorical support to understand the dynamic of the meanings of the freedom of expression in the social practice of Journalism teaching was based in the Hegeliana dialetic theorical principles and in the language philosophy more specifically in Bakhtin s perspective from which we can mention the social auditorium, immediate conditions of production and a wider social horizon as the main categories of analysis. This study is a qualitative research with an interacionist perspective anchored in a semi-structured interview as a privileged method of data collecting made with ten professors from Journalism graduation. The analysis reveals that, in the interviewers perspective, there would be a deceiving practice from freedom of expression in the journalism teaching in which emerges either in speeches with handbills spreading the fear and/or under a stimulus form to concealment / O objetivo central desta pesquisa foi compreender os significados de livre express?o e o que pensam os professores de jornalismo sobre os modos como tais significados s?o utilizados em suas pr?ticas pedag?gicas. O termo livre express?o ? bastante usual no jornalismo, apesar de pouco estudado, n?o se sabendo ao certo como defini-lo. Em raz?o desse quadro, elegemos a livre express?o no ensino de jornalismo ? condi??o de objeto deste estudo, procurando estabelecer uma rela??o entre liberdade de express?o, o direito, e livre express?o, a vida do direito. O apoio te?rico para compreender a din?mica dos significados de livre express?o na pr?tica social do ensino de jornalismo foi localizado nos princ?pios te?ricos da dial?tica hegeliana e na filosofia da linguagem, mais especificamente na perspectiva de Bakhtin, da qual elegemos o audit?rio social, condi??es imediatas de produ??o e o horizonte social mais amplo como principais categorias de an?lise. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, de perspectiva interacionista e ancorada na entrevista semi-estruturada enquanto m?todo privilegiado de coleta de dados, realizada com 10 (dez) professores da gradua??o em jornalismo. A an?lise revela que, na perspectiva dos entrevistados, haveria uma pr?tica escamoteadora da livre express?o no ensino do jornalismo, que emerge seja em discursos panflet?rios, propagadores do medo e/ou sob a forma de est?mulo ? dissimula??o

Esta tese mostra como os principais sujeitos participantes do contrato de comunicação jornalístico (veículos, jornalistas e leitores) percebem as finalidades do jornalismo. A metodologia utilizada é a Análise de Discurso. Os veículos selecionados são Folha de S.Paulo, O Globo e O Estado de S. Paulo, os três maiores jornais de referência brasileiros, cujo discurso foi mapeado em 38 documentos institucionais (princípios editoriais, manuais de redação, códigos de ética, editoriais). O discurso de 85 jornalistas brasileiros foi analisado em 40 documentos (biografias, livros, documentários, trabalhos acadêmicos e entrevistas). O discurso de 250 leitores foi encontrado em 279 comentários postados em sites dos jornais Folha de S.Paulo, O Globo e O Estado de S. Paulo e nas páginas desses jornais no Facebook. A tese chegou a dois tipos de resultados. Um, de caráter empírico, deriva da análise do material discursivo dos três sujeitos: o que veículos, jornalistas e leitores dizem sobre as finalidades do jornalismo. No discurso dos sujeitos, estão presentes as seguintes finalidades do jornalismo: a) fiscalizar o poder e fortalecer a democracia; b) informar; c) esclarecer o cidadão e apresentar a pluralidade da sociedade; d) verificar a veracidade das informações; e) selecionar o que é relevante; f) investigar; g) registrar história e construir memória; h) interpretar e analisar a realidade; i) defender o cidadão; j) fazer a mediação entre os fatos e o leitor; k) integrar e mobilizar as pessoas; l) divertir (finalidade só considerada por veículos e jornalistas, não por leitores). A tese traz diversas conclusões sobre como cada sujeito compreende essas funções. Outro resultado, de caráter teórico, se desdobra em dois: o primeiro é a elaboração de um quadro com a síntese das finalidades do jornalismo segundo os autores consultados; o segundo é a formulação de uma proposta das finalidades do jornalismo. Cheguei a uma proposta de que o jornalismo tem 12 finalidades a cumprir: a) informar de modo qualificado; b) investigar; c) verificar a veracidade das informações; d) interpretar e analisar a realidade; e) fazer a mediação entre os fatos e o leitor; f) selecionar o que é relevante; g) registrar a história e construir memória; h) ajudar a entender o mundo contemporâneo; i) integrar e mobilizar as pessoas; j) defender o cidadão; k) fiscalizar o poder e fortalecer a democracia; l) esclarecer o cidadão e apresentar a pluralidade da sociedade. / This doctoral dissertation shows how the main subjects participating in the journalistic communication contract (media companies, journalists and readers) perceive the purposes of journalism. The methodology that was used is Discourse Analysis. The media companies which were selected are Folha de S.Paulo, O Globo e O Estado de S. Paulo, the three major reference Brazilian newspapers, whose discourse was mapped in 38 institutional documents (editorial principles, writing manuals, codes of ethics, editorials). The discourse of 85 Brazilian journalists was analyzed in 40 documents (biographies, books, documentaries, academic works and interviews). The discourse of 250 readers was found in 279 comments posted on the websites and Facebook pages of the newspapers Folha de S.Paulo, O Globo e O Estado de S. Paulo. The research reached two kinds of results. One, of an empirical nature, stems from the analysis of the discourse materials from the three subjects: what the media companies, journalists and readers say about the purposes of journalism. In the discourse of the subjects, the following purposes of journalism are present: (a) watching over how power is exerted in society and strengthening democracy; (b) informing; (c) clarifying issues for citizens and providing them with a plurality of society; (d) checking the veracity of information; (e) selecting what is relevant; (f) investigating; (g) recording history and constructing memory; (h) interpreting and analyzing the reality; (i) defending citizens; (j) mediating between facts and readers; (k) integrating and mobilizing people; (l) entertaining (purpose considered by media companies and journalists only, not by readers). The dissertation reached a number of conclusions about how each subject understands these functions. Another result, of a theoretical nature, splits into two: the first outcome is a table that was designed aiming to present a summary of the purposes of journalism according to the authors who were consulted; the second is a proposal of the purposes of journalism. I present a proposal according to which journalism has 12 purposes to fulfill: (a) informing in a qualified sense; (b) investigating; (c) checking the veracity of information; (d) interpreting and analyzing reality; (e) mediating between facts and readers; (f) selecting what is relevant; (g) recording history and constructing memory; (h) helping to understand the contemporary world; (i) integrating and mobilizing people; (j) defending citizens; (k) watching over how power is exerted in society and strengthening democracy; (l) clarifying issues for citizens and presenting the plurality of society.

Esta tese investiga e procura responder a duas hipóteses de pesquisa: a) Os profissionais do jornalismo estão migrando das mídias tradicionais (impresso, rádio e TV) para novas mídias, principalmente para os blogs. b) Os jornalistas adotaram e estão migrando para os blogs em busca de maior autonomia, independência, liberdade de expressão e realização profissional. O referencial teórico que orientou este estudo conceitua o trabalho e a comunicação como atividade humana, ergológica (Schwartz), constitutiva da ontologia do ser social (Marx). O trabalho jornalístico é abordado a partir desse referencial teórico, para destacar como os processos produtivos nessa área profissional foram transformados pelas tecnologias, técnicas e organização diferenciadas das rotinas produtivas. Toma-se o conceito clássico de jornalismo e de sua deontologia e analisa-se seu desenvolvimento ao longo do século XX e início de XXI à luz das mudanças ocorridas a partir da globalização, do mundo do trabalho do jornalista e da organização das empresas de comunicação na contemporaneidade. Os valores humanistas que fundam o campo jornalístico são questionados em relação aos valores da sociedade de consumo, da informação e do espetáculo. Do ponto de vista metodológico, os procedimentos são: levantamento bibliográfico pertinente aos conceitos envolvidos e, também, o estudo empírico de casos e a observação de jornalistas experientes que migraram para os blogs como nova opção profissional. Como resultado, foi constatado que os jornalistas migraram para os blogs em busca de autonomia, entre outros motivos, mas encontraram obstáculos que os impede de exercer a plena liberdade de expressão no novo meio, como o cerceamento financeiro e o judicial. Além disso, estão em busca de novos arranjos econômicos que possibilite o pleno exercício da profissão nos blogs. / This thesis investigates and seeks to answer two research hypotheses: a) The journalism professionals are migrating from traditional media (print, radio and TV) to new media, especially for blogs. b) Journalists have adopted and are migrating to blogs in search of greater autonomy, independence, freedom of expression and professional achievement. The theoretical framework that guided this study conceptualizes the work and communication as a human activity, ergologic (Schwartz), a constituent of the ontology of social being (Marx). The journalistic work is approached from this theoretical framework, to highlight how the production processes in this professional area were transformed by technology, techniques and differentiated organization of productive routines. One takes the classical concept of journalism and its ethics and analyzes its development throughout the twentieth century and early twenty-first in the light of the changes brought about by the globalization, the journalist\'s job in the world and the organization of communication companies in the contemporaneity. The humanist values that founded the journalistic field are questioned in relation to the values of the consumer society, information and spectacle. From a methodological point of view, the procedures are: relevant literature to concepts involved and also the empirical case studies and observation of experienced journalists who migrated to blogs as a new career option. As a result, it was found that journalists migrated to the blogs in search of independence, among other reasons, but found obstacles that prevent them from exercising full freedom of expression in the new medium, as the financial restriction and the judicial. They are also looking for new economic arrangements that will allow the full exercise of the profession in blogs.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-07-12T15:24:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 hideideaparecidagomesdebritotorres.pdf: 1461174 bytes, checksum: 1b9bbf44b387c9b726a2320ebed7306a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-07-17T11:50:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 hideideaparecidagomesdebritotorres.pdf: 1461174 bytes, checksum: 1b9bbf44b387c9b726a2320ebed7306a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-17T11:50:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 hideideaparecidagomesdebritotorres.pdf: 1461174 bytes, checksum: 1b9bbf44b387c9b726a2320ebed7306a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-27 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Nos anos de 1930-1945, surge um tipo de romance que irá se tornar conhecido como “romance de trinta”. Entre suas temáticas, estão o processo de migração, as novas formas de organização social, o processo de urbanização, a modificação das relações entre a antiga oligarquia rural e a sociedade, com um reposicionamento de muitos de seus representantes no funcionalismo público e nos espaços da intelectualidade brasileira. Dentre os autores desta leva, está Graciliano Ramos, cuja obra será situada entre os romances regionalistas e/ou psicológicos. Além dos romances, Graciliano Ramos possui uma vasta produção entre artigos e crônicas de jornal, uma saída econômica para os tempos difíceis em que o escritor dificilmente se manteria apenas pela venda de livros. Assim, ao se estabelecer uma relação entre jornalismo e literatura como ponto de partida para uma interpretação de seus três primeiros romances, escritos em primeira pessoa, emergem 14 personagens-jornalistas. Nossa hipótese é a de que tais personagens são a resposta literária de Graciliano Ramos às temáticas emergentes em sua prática jornalística cotidiana e que dialogam com a realidade não apenas do escritor, mas dos demais escritores-jornalistas que lhe são contemporâneos e mesmo com autores de seu passado que refletiram sobre o literato como intelectual. Assim, esta tese investigará como esses três romances (Caetés, São Bernardo e Angústia) dialogam com seus textos não-ficcionais, tendo como eixo de leitura os personagens-jornalistas, que apontam ainda para a condição socioeconômica e histórica de muitos escritores de seu tempo, inclusive ele mesmo: a aspiração por uma condição de literato, de intelectual, no contexto político dos anos de 1930-1945; o desejo por reconhecimento social, que acontece frequentemente em conflito com a necessidade pela autonomia da escrita. Tal condição está estreitamente vinculada à condição de jornalista como categoria de trabalho e como grupo/classe social. / In the period from 1930 to 1945 a new type of writing was observed in Brazilian literature and later became known as “the novel of the 30’s” (romance de trinta). Its main subjects were the migration process; the new social organization strategies; the urbanization process; and the changes in the relationships between the traditional rural oligarchy and the new society, notably the fact that many representatives of such oligarchy had positioned themselves either as public servants or in positions among Brazilian intellectual groups. Graciliano Ramos is one of the authors of the so called “the novel of the 30’s” and his work is considered to be situated between the regionalist and/or psychological novels. The economic situation was such that it would be difficult for a writer to make his living only selling books. Therefore, as a means of financial subsistence, Graciliano became a prolific writer of different articles and newspaper chronicles. The present work establishes the relationship between journalism and literature as a starting point for the interpretation of Graciliano’s first three novels, written in first person, from which will then surface 14 fictional journalists. Our hypothesis is that such characters are the literary response Graciliano gives to the pressing matters in his journalistic praxis, addressing not only the reality of his own work as a writer but also that of the other writer-journalists of his time, and even writers of the past who had dedicated their work to the reflection of literature from an intellectual point of view. With this in perspective, this doctoral dissertation aims to investigate how these three novels (Caetés, São Bernardo e Angústia) relate to Graciliano’s nonfictional works, following the approach of the fictional journalists which in their turn point to the social economic and historical condition of many writers of his time, including himself: the aspiration for a status of literature and intellectual writers, in the political context of the period from 1930 to 1945 as well as the social recognition which frequently comes in conflict with the need of autonomy in writing. Such condition is strictly bound to the status of journalist as a stablished labor category and as a group/social class.

De nombreux articles dans les journaux scientifiques font état du manque de reproductibilité des études biomédicales. Cette « crise de la reproductibilité » ne doit pas être confondue avec les problèmes de fraudes ou de plagiats. Elle recouvre un phénomène plus général aux disciplines scientifiques : un grand nombre de résultats publiés ne sont pas reproduits.Ce manque de reproductibilité n’est pas choquant en soi : la connaissance scientifique est un processus cumulatif qui évolue de résultats prometteurs mais incertains pour arriver à un consensus après réplication des observations par les pairs. L’incertitude est donc inhérente à la recherche en train de se faire. Cependant, cette incertitude ne semble pas être prise en compte dans les interactions entre recherche et société, notamment au travers des médias.Cette thèse s’intéresse à la façon dont l’incertitude est présentée dans les médias en se basant sur l’étude de la couverture médiatique de résultats de la recherche biomédicale dont la validité est connue. Nous avons constitué une large base de données regroupant des résultats de la recherche biomédicale couvrant 3 domaines de la recherche, la psychiatrie, la neurologie et un échantillon de 4 maladies somatiques. Nous avons sélectionné des études décrivant l’association de facteurs de risques (génétiques, environnementaux, biochimiques) avec différentes pathologies. La validité des études initiales a été calculée en comparant leurs résultats à ceux des méta-analyses sur le même sujet. Dans 65% des cas, les résultats des études initiales ne sont pas confirmés par ceux des méta-analyses et ce même si elles sont publiées dans les journaux prestigieux. Nous avons également identifié, parmi les études de la base de données, celles qui avaient retenu l’attention de la presse anglo-saxonne. Celle-ci privilégie les études scientifiques initiales publiées dans des journaux scientifiques prestigieux et présentant des implications directes pour le lecteur. La validité de ces études n’est pas meilleure que celles des publications scientifiques : plus de la moitié n’ont pas été confirmées et la presse ne s’en fait quasiment jamais l’écho. D’autre part, l’analyse du contenu des articles de presse révèle que les journalistes et leurs rédacteurs en chef ne prennent que rarement en compte l’incertitude scientifique. En effet, la majorité des articles précise qu'il s'agit bien d'une découverte initiale, mais seulement 21% mentionnent que la découverte doit être confirmée par des études ultérieures. Ces mentions sont principalement le fait des scientifiques et tendent à disparaître dans les articles les plus récents. Enfin, au travers d’entretiens semi-directifs réalisés auprès de journalistes scientifiques, nous avons confirmé que ceux-ci utilisaient volontiers les résultats publiés dans les journaux scientifiques prestigieux qu’ils considèrent comme des sources fiables. L’enquête révèle que ces journalistes méconnaissent le fonctionnement de la recherche : les deux tiers ne savent pas que les résultats initiaux sont incertains ou bien confondent incertitude et fraude. Quant au tiers restant, il indique les difficultés à faire valoir cette incertitude auprès de leur hiérarchie respective.Plus généralement, cette thèse discute de l’influence grandissante de facteurs extérieurs à l’activité scientifique dans le processus de production de connaissances. En particulier, la prise en compte par les chercheurs et les institutions scientifiques de critères d’intérêt médiatique pourrait influencer les stratégies de recherche et la fiabilité des résultats scientifiques. D’autre part, la détérioration des conditions de travail des journalistes et leur méconnaissance du fonctionnement de la recherche soulèvent des interrogations importantes sur la pertinence des informations présentées dans la presse et sur la qualité du débat public des questions de santé. / Many academic publications are devoted to the « reproducibility crisis » in biomedical sciences. Their authors distinguish this lack of reproducibility from fraud or plagiarism. This “crisis” deals with a much larger phenomenon encompassing many scientific disciplines: a large amount of scientific results are disconfirmed by subsequent studies.This lack of reproducibility is to be expected: knowledge production is an incremental process where early, promising yet tentative findings are validated through replication. Indeed, scientific results are uncertain per se. The problem, however, is that this uncertainty does not seem to be taken into consideration when science “meets” the public, especially through the media.In this dissertation we studied how the media presented this uncertainty when dealing with biomedical findings. To do so we first created a large, original database of scientific studies investigating the association between risk factors (genetic, biochemical, environmental) and pathologies from three biomedical domains; psychiatry, neurology and a set of four somatic diseases. We evaluated the validity of each initial study by comparing their results to the result of meta-analyses on the same subject. The replication validity is low: 65% of initial studies are disconfirmed by corresponding meta-analysis even when they were published in high-ranking journals. We then identified which studies were selected by the press: initial studies published in prestigious journals and relevant to the readers were preferentially covered. Their validity was nonetheless poor with more than 50% being subsequently invalidated. The press rarely mentioned these frequent invalidations. Analysing the newspaper article contents, we found that journalists and their editors do not deal with scientific uncertainty. Indeed, the majority of newspaper articles referred to the study as being an initial study but only 21% indicated that the results needed to be replicated. Moreover those statements were made by scientists and have become scarce in most recent articles. A survey of 21 science journalists confirmed that journalists still consider high-ranking scientific journals to be reliable sources of information. However, these journalists were not familiar with the incremental process of knowledge production: two-thirds did not know that early findings were uncertain, or confused uncertainty with fraud. The other third knew about the uncertainty of initial results but found it hard to take it into account in their articles because of their respective hierarchy.More generally, the dissertation discusses the influence of extra-scientific factors upon the production of scientific knowledge. We conclude that the scientific assessment process based on the number of papers published in high impact factor journals, combined with the scientific institutions’ orientation towards the media, might undermine the reliability of scientific results, and this in academic publications as well as in the media. Indeed, journalists’ working conditions are deteriorating and most do not seem to properly grasp how scientific facts are produced. This might be damaging for public trust in biomedical research and public debate about health-related issues.

Hundreds of reporters gather and interpret news for four English-language newspapers in India's second-largest urban area Kolkata, West Bengal's state capital, which is home to over 4 million people. Journalists from The Statesman, The Telegraph-Kolkata, The Hindustan Times and The Times of India discuss how they collect their stories in Bengali, Hindi, Urdu, and many other languages and write them in English targeting a small but emerging middle-class audience. Whether these articles focus on people-centric urban planning, armed vigilantes in community disputes, dowry death cases, or celebrity culture, all of the reporting involves cultural and ethical challenges. Using semi-structured interviewing and qualitative theme analysis, this study explores how gender, class, and religion affect the decision-making practices of 21 journalists working in Kolkata.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:24:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_boris_dimitri.pdf: 3353050 bytes, checksum: 9e3f68c287ef3d2415bef937e5ddfd3c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-27 / This research describes the use of the foreign words in the journalistic text in the social section of Diário de Pernambuco (DP), in the month of August, between the years of 1930 and 1950, period which preceded and followed the II World War, precisely during the years of 1939 and 1945. The aim of the work was to identify the historical process of appearance of the foreign words and its implication on socio-political factors with their borrowing. A study on the historical process showed that their usage was present since the colonial period and that they were initially introduced to the Portuguese language by the White, the Black and the Indian cultures. A study of how some grammarians, linguists and writers see the problem was done to compare their points of view about it. The results showed that foreign words were used not only as a refinement pattern to introduce the news, but as a way to give name to things that did not exist in the Portuguese language in that time. The results of this research showed that the use of foreign words on a newspaper do not represent a risk to the Portuguese Language, but a way to modernize the language / Esta pesquisa descreve o uso de estrangeirismos no texto jornalístico, na coluna social do Diário de Pernambuco (DP), entre 1930 e 1950, no mês de agosto, período relacionado com o antes e o pós II Guerra Mundial, que aconteceu entre 1939 e 1945, para assim poder identificar o seu aparecimento no processo histórico e suas implicações nos fatores socio-político-sociais da época de sua importação. Antes de chegar a este momento da história, foi realizado um levantamento de como se processou o aparecimento de palavras e/ou expressões estrangeiras na história do Brasil e os resultados demonstram que o seu uso esteve presente desde o período colonial e que as três raças, brancos, negros e índios, deixaram na Língua Portuguesa do Brasil suas contribuições. Um estudo de como alguns gramáticos, lingüistas e escritores tratam o assunto foi feito a fim de comparar as suas posições sobre o assunto. Os resultados mostram que os estrangeirismos eram usados não somente como uma forma requintada para se dar uma notícia, mas como um recurso de dar nome às coisas que não existiam no português da época. O resultado desta pesquisa possibilita-nos avaliar que o uso das palavras estrangeiras em um jornal não representa um perigo à língua portuguesa, mas uma maneira de deixar a língua atualizada

Performs a rhetorical analysis of several zines that deal with gender and sexual identity and outlines some shared aesthetics and ethos of zines and zinesters, then connects the rhetorical and stylistic choices of zinesters to their searches for political and personal identity.