The French Benedictine monk Henri Le Saux (Abhishiktananda) sought to establish an Indian Christian monasticism, emphasizing Hindu advaitic experience. He understood advaita as both nondual and non-monistic. Using phenomenology and comparative philosophy, this thesis explores his understanding and experience of advaita, comparing it to both traditional Hinduism and neo-Vedanta, as well as to Christianity and Zen Buddhism. Abhishiktananda's description of his experience is examined in relation to perception, thinking, action, ontology and theology. Special attention is given to comparing the views of the Hindu sages Ramana Maharshi and Gnanananda, both of whom influenced Abhishiktananda. Abhishiktananda believed that advaita must be directly experienced; this experience is beyond all words and concepts. He compares Christian apophatic mysticism and Hindu sannyasa. This thesis examines his distinction between experience and thought in relation to recent philosophical discussions. Abhishiktananda radically reinterprets Christianity. His affirmation of both nonduality and non-monism was influenced by Christian Trinitarianism, interpreted as an emanation of the Many from the One. Jesus' experience of Sonship with the Father is an advaitic experience that is equally available to everyone. Abhishiktananda believes that the early Upanishads report a similar experience. A monistic interpretation of advaita only developed later with the "dialectics" of Shankara's disciples. In non-monistic advaita, the world is not an illusion. Using ideas derived from tantra and Kashmir Saivism, Abhishiktananda interprets maya as the sakti or power of Shiva. He compares sakti to the Holy Spirit. Abhishiktananda distinguishes between a pure consciousness experience (nirvikalpa or kevala samadhi) and a return to the world of diversity in sahaja samadhi. Ramai:ia and Gnanananda make a similar distinction. Sahaja samadhi is the state of the jivanmukti, the one who is liberated while still in the body; it is an experience that is referred to in tantra and in Kashmir Saivism. Abhishikta:nanda never experienced nirvikalpa samadhi, but he did experience sahaja samiidhi. The appendix provides one possible synthesis of Abhishiktananda's understanding of advaita using the ideas of C.G. Jung. / Religious Studies and Arabic / Religious Studies and Arabic / D. Litt. et Phil. (Religious Studies)

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The problem explored in this study concerns authenticity, and can be formulated as the question: 'How does one become oneself? In order to answer this query, related issues must be addressed, for example: the nature of consciousness/ self-awareness; the individual's relationship to society; the meaning of existence, and so forth. The reply's of three thinkers, Kierkegaard, Sartre and Jung, will be discussed in this investigation. They have been selected for several reasons: Each of their respective theories addresses issues that are generally pertinent in contemporary society, such as: the alienation and dissociation of individuals from each other and themselves through mass-mindedness and the impersonal nature of state and religious institutions; the anxiety that many experience due to, firstly, a lack of confidence in the abovementioned institutions and, secondly, a loss of trust in existing (political, religious, moral, social) life-strategies, because these often fail to give a convincing sense of meaning and purpose to life. Each of the three thinkers places the 'self at the center of their philosophy, and addresses many similar themes which share between them a family resemblance that admits of comparison. The theories are presented in an order that · allows for a dialectical approach to the problem of self: Kierkegaard's fundamentally Christian theory is presented as thesis, and Sartre's atheistic position as anti-thesis. Jung's theory of the psyche is presented as synthesis, because it is antimetaphysical, but nevertheless claims to prove empirically that a convincing religious/ spiritual experience is the key ingredient for authenticity. The outcome of the enquiry will show that the three thinkers point from different directions towards the same basic conceptualization of the 'self: The self is both a project and a goal or, to put it differently, a journey and a destination, the goal/destination being the synthesis of the various disparate and conflicting elements that influence or make up the personality. The study as a whole echoes the three individual approaches in describing the condition of modem man as a malady or sickness, which is the lack of authenticity, of which the symptoms are falsehood, anxiety, alienation, crippled relationships, lack of responsibility and adaptibility, and perhaps, on a larger scale, issues such as social/ political injustice and conflict. The cure for this malady is an enhancement of consciousness/ awareness that is known as 'the self. The self is seen as a 'becoming' and a choice, a dynamic synthesis, something which is not given and cannot be taken for granted, but must be actively striven for. The study outlines and explores the nature and value of such a project towards the self. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie beskou die probleem van outentisiteit, wat as die vraag, 'Hoe word ek myself?', gestel kan word. Om hierdie vraag te beantwoord, moet verdere kwessies, soos byvoorbeeld die aard van (self)bewussyn, die verhouding waarin die indivudu tot die samelewing staan, en die betekenis van 'bestaan' ( eksistensie ), ook aangespreek word. Die voorstelle van drie denkers, Kierkegaard, Sartre and Jung, word bespreek in hierdie tesis. Die drie is vir verskeie redes uitgesoek: Elkeen van hulle spreek pertinente kwessies rondom die modeme samelewing aan, byvoorbeeld: individue se vervreemding en verwydering van hulself en ander weens die massa-mentaliteit en onpersoonlike aard van staats- en godsdienstige instellings; die angs en spanning wat baie ervaar as gevolg van 'n gebrek aan vertroue in bogenoemde instellings, asook 'n gebrekkige geloof in bestaande (politiese, godsdienstige, more le, so si ale) lewensstrategiee wat nie meer daarin slaag om sin of rede aan die lewe te gee nie. Elkeen van die drie denkers plaas die 'self sentraal tot hulle filosofie, en spreek temas aan wat onderling familie-ooreenkomste vertoon, en daarom onderlinge vergelyking toelaat. Die teoriee word aangebied in 'n volgorde wat 'n dialekti~se aanslag tot die probleem moontlik maak: Kierkegaard se Christelike teorie word as tese aangebied, en Sartre se ateistiese posisie as anti-tese. Jung se teorie van die psige word as sintese voorgehou, want, alhoewel dit geen metafisiese aansprake maak nie, beskou dit 'n oortuigende religieuse/ geestelike ervaring as die hoofbestandeel vir outentisiteit. Die gevolgtrekking van die ondersoek sal wys dat die drie denkers vanuit verskillende rigtings na dieselfde konsepsie van die 'self wys: Die self is sowel 'n projek as 'n doel, of, anders gestel, 'n reis en 'n bestemming. Die doel/ bestemming is 'n sintese van die verskillende, onderling botsend~ elemente waaruit die self bestaan en waardeur dit beinvloed word. Die studie in geheel volg die voorbeeld van die drie denkers deur die modeme mens se 'toestand' as 'n soort siekte te beskryf. Die simptome van hierdie siekte, of gebrek aan outentisiteit, is valsheid, angs, vervreemding, gebrekkige verhoudings, die afwesigheid van persoonlike verantwoordelikheid en aanpasbaarheid, en ook miskien kwessies soos sosiale en politiese onreg en konflik. Die remedie vir so 'n siekte is die 'self: 'n verheldering en intensifisering van bewussyn, wat gesien kan word as 'n 'wording' en 'n keuse, 'n dinamiese sintese, iets wat nie as voor-die-hand-liggend beskou kan word nie, maar wat aktief nagestreef moet word. Hierdie studie ondersoek die aard en waarde van so 'n projek gerig op die self

My work on the thealogy of Mary conveys a largely subjective way of thinking, it does not claim to present the view of any group, and it does not profess a theoretical agenda for a cult or a religious movement of Mary. The framework of this work is grounded in symbolic (legends, fairy tales and images), psychological (the structure of the psyche according to Carl Gustav Jung: the Self, the conscious, the unconscious, the Shadow) and imaginative (individual interpretations of narratives and images) spheres that are combined with feminist spirituality theories, religious philosophy and literary analysis. In my thesis, I offer a non-Christian myth of Mary which I form out of the folklore narratives about Mary. In my work, Mary is understood as the female divine archetype on the collective level, and as an expression of the Self on the individual level. Following Jung’s theory, the archetypes are forms and not contents, that is, an archetype can be comparable to an empty shell, which we fill with our own experience or with narratives that are meaningful to us. I take the image of Mary out of the Roman Catholic context and give it a new mythological narrative. This means to me a possibility not only to acquire a non-Christian myth of Mary but also to develop an individual relationship with the divine in its female personification. On the collective level, the thealogy of Mary creates a spiritual and psychological sphere in which the female divine has a possibility to outweigh the one-sidedness of the past few thousand years of the male predominance in the religious philosophy in the West.

This thesis discusses three intellectuals, each from a distinct academic background, and their relationship with National Socialism. Persons covered are Carl Gustav Jung, Martin Heidegger, and Eugen Fischer. This thesis aims at discovering something common and fundamental about the intellectuals' relationship to politics as such. The relationship each had with National Socialism is evaluated with an eye to their distinct academic backgrounds. The conclusion of this thesis is that intellectuals succumb all too easily to political and cultural extremism; none of these three scholars saw themselves as National Socialists, yet each through his anti-Semitism and willingness to cooperate assisted the regime.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertaco Aydil da Fonseca Prudente.pdf: 436002 bytes, checksum: 86a8fe237b446e54ad281fac48b9f3a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-15 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The purpose of this study is to approach the failure of resocialization measures applied to the young offender and analyze the tradition of repression and incrimination present in this area. Firstly, it analyzes from the point of view of the analytical psychology of Carl Gustav Jung, the development of the rationality in the western culture, and the structuration of consciousness inside the current patriarchal pattern. It identifies the distinction of polarity in the consciousness, inherent to this dynamism, and its excesses such as the inclusion of the authoritarianism in the culture and the Law. Subsequently, it identifies the archetypical conflict Father-son hidden by the conflict of the youth with the law, and the transference of this conflict to the society and the justice. The Law, which represents the cultural and collective precept, takes the archetypical function of order, limits, tradition, respect and authority, which are attributes of the father archetype and conflict with the youth, concerning his private life. Finally, it indicates the consequences, to the development of the young offender personality, of the authoritarian pattern accepted by the Law, observing the attitude of Judges and public prosecutors that work in this area, their role and personal conflicts, accordingly it appoints better ways to establish this relationship / O trabalho aborda o fracasso prático das medidas de ressocialização aplicadas ao adolescente infrator e analisa a cultura incriminadora e repressora atualmente presente neste campo. Analisa inicialmente, à luz da psicologia analítica, criada por Carl Gustav Jung, o desenvolvimento da racionalidade, na cultura ocidental, e a estruturação da consciência dentro do padrão atual patriarcal. Identifica a discriminação de polaridades, na consciência, própria desse dinamismo, e aponta seus excessos - como a incorporação, na cultura e no Direito, do autoritarismo. Em um segundo momento, identifica, por trás do conflito do adolescente com a Lei, a existência de um conflito arquetípico Pai-filho, e a transferência, pelo adolescente, desse conflito à sociedade e à Justiça. O Direito, como representante do cânone cultural coletivo, assume a função arquetípica da ordem, do limite, da tradição, do respeito, e da autoridade, todos esses atributos do arquétipo paterno que conflitam com o jovem, na esfera pessoal, e encarnam as questões principais com as quais ele acaba tendo que lidar. Finalmente, sempre com o apoio da tradição junguiana, procura discriminar as conseqüências, para o desenvolvimento da personalidade do jovem infrator, do padrão autoritário assumido pela Lei, comentando a postura dos Juízes e dos Promotores de Justiça que lidam nessa área, o seu papel, identificando a existência de conflitos particulares dos operadores jurídicos, e discriminando, também, os aspectos positivos a serem buscados por esses indivíduos na sua atitude em relação ao jovem

This research project investigates images from the contemporary Australian mid-life psyche, exploring the contribution to individual transformation made through the creation of, and reflective engagement with, personal imagery. Asking the question: 'What do contemporary Australian mid-life males consider to be a rich and sustaining inner life?' This project documents the visual images, descriptions, and reflections of a group of five participants, discussing the individuals' experiences of aesthetic self-inquiry with reference to divergent theories of psychology, art therapy and philosophy of aesthetics.

在這篇研究朵莉絲．萊辛＜暴力之子＞系列第五冊＜四門之城＞裡空間和心靈互動關係的論文中，筆者所要探討的主題有二，第一點旨在分析作者如何透過空間意象呈現角色的內在心理狀態；第二點所要探討的是主角在城市空間和建築空間中的漫遊如何象徵其對心靈統合的追尋。以空間和心靈間的互動關係為主軸，筆者認為空間意象乃是內在心靈活動和外在環境刺激的語言化結晶，而空間意象所呈現的將不只是外在的物理表象更包含了小說人物的內在心理實態。於是本論文試圖以空間意象出發，探討如何以此些意象和容格的個體化理論說明主角的心靈旅行。 第一章，我將分析都市空間的主要兩個意象，疆界(boundary)與層疊漫渙(palimpsest)，以及主角瑪莎與心理原型面具(the archetype persona)的遭逢。在此我將探討主角作為一個城市的觀察者和批判者如何察覺那些可見或不可見分隔都市空間的疆界。同時也將說明主角在面對面具原型時如何解決內在退縮和成長的衝突。在下兩章，我將討論兩個建築空間和主角內在心靈的關係。首先，在傑克的房子裡，主角探索記憶和身體的連結並初探被深深壓抑的自我仇恨。其後，在科利奇的豪宅，主角則把自我狀態從防衛性的貝殼意象轉化為開放空間裡的流動中心點。同時，主角亦透過潛入瘋狂和內在暗影(the archetype shadow)的經驗，習得如何面對暗影與探掘其心靈的潛意識。 / In this study of Doris Lessing’s fifth and final volume of her Children of Violence series, The Four-Gated City, I would like to explore how the spatial imagery illustrates the inner landscape of the protagonist and how the protagonist’s wandering journey in the urban and architectural space symbolizes her inner quest for psychic integration. With an emphasis on the interchange between space and psyche, the spatial imagery is read as linguistic crystallization of psychic activities and environmental stimuli, which mirrors not only the physical appearance of the surroundings but also the psychological reality of the characters. As a result, with this spatial imagery as point of departure, I will also employ Jung’s individuation theory to account for the protagonist’s psychic journey. In the first chapter, I examine the two major urban spatial images, the boundary and palimpsest, and Martha’s encounter with the archetype persona. In this part, I would like to present the protagonist, Martha Quest, as an astute city observer and critic, who perceives the visible and invisible boundaries demarcating the urban space. I will also explicate how Martha is brought to confront the archetype persona and resolves the tension between regressive impulse and inner urge for growth. In the following two chapters, I will probe into how two architectures symbolize Martha’s intrapsychic space. In Jack’s house, Martha explores the nexus of body and memory and intimates the repressed self-hater. In Coldridge’s grand mansion she transforms her self-image from a defensive “shell” into a circulating center in a fluid open space. Then, in a symbolic descent to the madness and the inner shadow, Martha learns to confront the inner shadow and explore this unconscious aspect of her psyche.

Dans son texte princeps " Dementia praecox ou groupe des schizophrénies " Paul Eugène Bleuler note que " l'autisme est à peu près la même chose que ce que Freud appelle autoérotisme ". Pourtant, en examinant en détails les autres définitions de l'autisme proposées par Bleuler, tout comme les travaux sur lesquels il a fondé ses élaborations, ainsi que les divers ouvrages de Sigmund Freud, rédigés pour répondre à Paul Eugène Bleuler, on peut constater, que cette remarque concernant la substitution pure et simple de l'auto-érotisme par l'autisme, en essayant éviter ainsi toute référence à la sexualité, est loin d'être exhaustive. La thèse de Bleuler selon laquelle " nous appelons autisme ce détachement de la réalité combiné à la prédominance relative ou absolue de la vie intérieure " ouvre des perspectives fort intéressantes pour la clinique. Ainsi ce n'est pas le narcissisme primaire, mais plutôt le narcissisme secondaire qui correspond à l'autisme bleulérien. Néanmoins cette réponse ne satisfait ni Sigmund Freud, ni Jacques Lacan qui essayent tous les deux d'affiner la conceptualisation psychanalytique des psychoses. Si Jacques Lacan a bien repris à son compte certains concepts freudiens, issus des tentatives de Freud de retravailler le concept bleulérien de l'autisme selon la théorie de la libido (comme le principe de plaisir / le principe de la réalité, la réalité psychique ou la perte de la réalité dans la névrose et dans la psychose), il les remanie à sa façon, souvent d'une manière subversive. C'est en questionnant et en remettant en cause le concept du narcissisme primaire, issu de la discussion à propos de l'autisme bleulérien, que Jacques Lacan en arrive à l'élaboration du stade du miroir et au cheminement qui lui permet la conceptualisation de l'aliénation / séparation, tout comme au questionnement du rapport du sujet et de l'Autre dans l'autisme. C'est ainsi qu'il indique également la perspective qui peut mener à la conception d'une certaine disposition du réel, de l'imaginaire et du symbolique selon la théorie des nœuds borroméens qui, à notre avis, pourrait correspondre à l'état autistique

<p>Jag har valt att skriva om förhållandet mellan Jung och den esoteriska tradition som benämns Fjärde vägen. Anledningen till detta val är att jag i båda dessa traditioner, den jungianska och Fjärde vägen, ser ett intressant kritiskt ifrågasättande av vår moderna tids uppfattningar om människan och det mänskliga psyket. Jung framhåller individuationsprocessen som en möjlighet att växa till en fullödig människa.</p><p>Inom den Fjärde vägen betonas vikten av att ta sin situation på allvar och att genom medvetet arbete och självobservans skapa sig en riktig själ.</p><p>Båda dessa skolor träder fram i en tid av stora och omskakande förändringar under början av 1900-talet. Båda skolorna ifrågasätter den själlösa massmänniska som den nya tiden har genererat och försöker utarbeta verktyg för att råda bot på tidens tillkortakommanden.</p><p>Min avsikt är att undersöka deras syn på människan och människans själsliga framåtskridande. Jag tror att detta kan vara ett fruktbart och meningsfullt studium där nya vinklar kan leda framåt.</p><p>Mina frågeställningar är:</p><p>Vilken syn på människan har de två riktningarna och vilka konsekvenser får detta?</p><p>Vilka likheter och skillnader finns det mellan Jungs syn på människans själsliga utveckling och den som Fjärde vägen skolan står för?</p><p> </p>

<p>C. G. Jungs teori om individuationen, och huvuddelen av de beskrivningar som finns av den, t.ex. via myter och sagor, utgår från ett manligt perspektiv. Vissa har dock diskuterat den utifrån ett kvinnligt perspektiv, och pekar på att kvinnans och mannens processer skiljer sig åt. Inom denna uppsats har jag utforskat kvinnans individuationsprocess, genom att diskutera myterna om Sofia och Inanna, samt sagan om Tusenskinn, med hjälp av jungianska metoder och en modell av kvinnans individuationsprocess föreslagen av Pia Skogemann. Jag har utforskat huvuddragen i den kvinnliga individuationsprocessen, hur de exemplifieras i dessa berättelser, vilka arketyper som är viktiga(st) i denna process och tittat på likheter och skillnader mellan kvinnlig och manlig individuationsprocess. Huvuddragen i kvinnans individuationsprocess innehåller en igångsättande fas, då Personan ifrågasätts av Jaget, och det omedvetna börjar bryta fram. Därefter följer faser då jaget möter både det manliga i olika skepnader, både av positiv och negativ karaktär, d.v.s. olika Animusuttryck, och det kvinnliga, som kan motsvara arketyperna Personan, Jaget, den Stora Modern, Skuggan och även Självet. Den innefattar också ett tydligt nedstigande, där Jaget måste våga överlämna sig, eller dra sig tillbaka till mer primitiva stadier. Slutligen sker ett återvändande, där alla delar förenas, för att uppnå helhet och då Självet träder fram. Dessa faser återfinns i alla tre berättelser. Myten om Inanna har den mest fullständiga beskrivningen av individuationsprocessen. I kvinnans individuationsprocess verkar Animus ha en central betydelse, medan Skuggan verkar spela en mindre roll, jämfört med i den manliga individuationsprocessen. Det är också troligt att kvinnans Skugga har andra karaktäristiska är mannens, t.ex. skam, skuld, svartsjuka. Den verkar också hanteras annorlunda av kvinnan än av mannen, där det för kvinnan handlar om kärlek, integration och acceptans, istället för att ta strid och besegra den.</p>