Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-03-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:53:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_afs_me_ilha.pdf: 529659 bytes, checksum: add7c6495e005e9cdef13e0ca3baf349 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Na caracterização das propriedades ópticas em materiais, a determinação dos parâmetros ópticos como o índice de refração (n) e o coeficiente de extinção (k) são fundamentais. A análise da dispersão dos parâmetros ópticos com a freqüência fornece informações do comportamento da polarização do material com a radiação e as relações de Kramers-Kronig representam uma ferramenta básica de estudo. Neste trabalho, o principal objetivo é determinar parâmetros ópticos (n e k) e dielétricos do sistema vítreo telureto ((20-x)Li2O-xWO3-80TeO2) através da análise de espectro infravermelho pelas relações de Kramers-Kronig. Para tanto, amostras de vidro na composição x = 0, 5, 10 e 15 %mol foram sintetizadas no laboratório do grupo Vidros e Cerâmicas. As amostras foram polidas opticamente e seus espectros de refletância foram obtidos nos espectrômetros Bomem DA8 e Nexus 670 da Nicolet, na região entre 40 e 4000 cm-1. Os espectros obtidos apresentam picos de reflexão característicos observados em outros sistemas vítreos telureto, o que permitiu identificar as bandas vibracionais. As constantes ópticas foram obtidas utilizando as relações de Kramers-Kronig. Para todas as composições estudadas foi observado um aumento no índice de refração quando se aumentou a quantidade de WO3. Do espectro obtido para a constante dielétrica foi possível determinar as freqüências correspondentes aos modos ópticos transversais e longitudinais. As freqüências obtidas se ajustam com aquelas obtidas pelo modelo analítico dos quatro parâmetros semi-quânticos da constante dielétrica, principalmente para a região acima de 500 cm-1. / In the study of optical and dielectric properties of materials, the determination of complex indices of refraction and complex dielectric function is fundamental. The analysis of the dispersion of the optical parameters with the frequency provides information about the behavior of the polarization of the material with the radiation, and the Kramers-Kronig relations represent a basic tool of the study. In this work, the main objective was to determine the optical (n and k) and dielectric parameters of a tellurite glasses system ((20-x)Li2O-xWO3-80TeO2) through the infrared spectrum analysis by Kramers-Kronig dispersion relations. For this, glass samples with x=0, 5, 10, and 15 %mol were prepared at the laboratory of Glasses and Ceramics group. The glass samples were polished and their reflectance spectra were obtained in the Bomem DA8 and Nicolet Nexus 670 spectrometers, in the spectral range of 40 to 4000 cm-1. The obtained spectra present allowed us to assign the vibrational bands. The optical and dielectric constants were obtained by the Kramers-Kronig method. For all studied glass compositions an increase was observed in the real part of refractive index when the WO3 content is increased. From de obtained dielectric function it was possible to extract transversal and longitudinal optical phonons frequencies. The frequencies agree with those obtained by the four-parameter semiquantum model, mainly for the region above 500 cm-1.

This thesis explores the conception and embodiment of nature in the songs of American folkmusic/doom metal singer-songwriter Chelsea Wolfe. Through the theoretical perspective of ecocritical feminism that emphasise the interconnectedness of the subjugation of women and the environment, this study delves into how Wolfe’s songs relate to nature and the feminine in relation to voice and song. I employ the methodology of Critical Musicology as described by Lawrence Kramer, to provide an understanding of the relationship between song, text and language. And to further facilitate a comprehensive understanding of gender and vocal expression, I utilise the feminist vocal philosophy of Adriana Cavarero where the logocentric division of speech and sound is scrutinised. Alongside this study’s primary focus on Wolfe’s vocal expression, attention to how ideas are musicalized and conveyed through sound and textual inclusions contribute to a richer and more nuanced understanding of how the relationship with nature is embodied in Wolfe’s songs.

Cette étude porte sur la cuisson en autocuiseurs qui sont des appareils de cuisson domestiques sous pression. L'objectif principal est la compréhension de la cuisson dans un autocuiseur au travers de l'étude des transferts thermiques couplés en régime transitoire pour la température, la pression interne, la puissance de chauffe fournie, la composition de l'atmosphère de cuisson et surtout les mécanismes de transferts (conduction, convection, ébullition et condensation par exemple). Cette compréhension doit permettre une optimisation de la cuisson. Seule la cuisson de légumes, en particulier de carottes dans la phase gazeuse, est étudiée. La cuisson en autocuiseur s'effectue en trois étapes : la montée en pression, le maintien en pression et la décompression. C'est le chauffage par le bas de l'appareil initialement clos et contenant un fond d'eau qui permet une augmentation de la pression par production de vapeur. Le niveau de pression est ensuite limité par l'ouverture d'une soupape classiquement autour 1,5 bar, soit une température de vapeur saturante de 112° C. Nous avons mis au point une méthode mécanique pour l'évaluation du niveau de cuisson par l'évolution de la texture des carottes. Ceci nous a permis par la suite de comparer différents modes opératoires pour un même niveau de cuisson final. Expérimentalement, un pilote basé sur un autocuiseur a été construit. Il permet la maîtrise de la conduite (pression, puissance de chauffe, etc.) et un grand nombre de mesures (températures, débit sortant, composition locale, etc.) La modélisation apparaît nécessaire pour décrire la complexité des couplages et la transition entre les différents mécanismes de transfert. Ainsi, deux modèles ont été développés : un modèle considérant des flux de matière et de chaleur entre différents compartiments (gaz, eau, paroi, aliment, etc.) et un modèle d'écoulement et de transfert de type CFD. Ils permettent de faire des analyses que n'autorise pas l'expérimentation et d'explorer d'autres profils de cuisson en vue d'une optimisation de la conduite de l'autocuiseur. Les modèles ont été validés dans un certain nombre de cas. Les résultats obtenus permettent de comprendre l'importance de certains phénomènes comme l'ébullition et la condensation en fonction de la teneur en air résiduel. On constate que l'ensemble de la cuisson se fait principalement en conditions non-stationnaires, même pendant le maintien en pression car la fuite par la soupape provoque un appauvrissement progressif de l'air dans l'atmosphère interne. Les effets des différents évènements thermiques sur la montée en température de l'aliment ont pu être mis en évidence et quantifiés pour la plupart. Une première optimisation de la conduite est avancée pour limiter la consommation énergétique de la cuisson.

If we accept the existence evil and evil people in the world, should we punish them? If so, to what extend? Are we obligated to take an evil person's life and if so, how far does our obligation go? Our inquiry begins with a look into the justifications of capital punishment through three philosophical theories: Locke's Deterrence Theory, Kant's Retributivist Theory, and Matthew Kramer's Purgative Rationale Theory. Next we will look at the economic weight of the U.S. capital punishment system. Lastly, should we accept an obligation to the death penalty, we will discuss whether or not the economic burden is worth our commitment. Our discussion will lead to a synergy of the two, one that reduces the economic burden while providing a richer purpose to capital punishment than merely killing criminals.

男同志愛滋病患者的心理狀態一直是美國愛滋病研究的邊疆區域。大多數的國家政策多著重於此一族群的身體狀況以及疾病本身的研究。這些政策往往忽略了自我和解對於男同志愛滋病患者來說的重要性，殊不知自我和解是男同志愛滋病患者對抗全景式迫害的重要策略之一。賴瑞克萊默《正常心》及《我的命運》處處顯示對於此一策略以及國家社會對於男同志愛滋病患之迫害的關注。透過主人公奈得從愛滋鬥士到染病再到自我和解的過程，這兩齣戲劇重砲抨擊了國家社會不公，並同時點出受迫害者對抗這些不公不義的必要性。在此之下，傅科對於權力以及抗拒的討論適足為本論文的理論出發點。本論文藉助傅科的觀點來討論國家社會迫害男同志愛滋病患背後的深層因素，並進一步探討這些被迫害者中可能產生的抗拒策略。本論文分成四個部份：除了導論和結論外，第二章著重美國國家社會對於男同志愛滋病患者的歧視及壓迫，以及形成這些迫害的原因，並進一步檢視《正常心》及《我的命運》裡男同志愛滋病患者的困境。第三章討論這些被迫害者不同的反壓迫策略，以及這些策略對於男同志愛滋病患者身心的影響。 / The psychological condition of the HIV-positive is always peripheral to the governmental studies of HIV/AIDS in the United States. Compared with the governmental studies, Larry Kramer's The Normal Heart (1985) and The Destiny of Me (1992) lay more emphases on the psychological conditions and transformations of the HIV/AIDS patients. These two plays demonstrate the homophobic disciplines and regulations performed against the homosexual HIV-positives in the discourse of HIV/AIDS. In addition, through Ned Weeks's transformation and resistance, these two plays illuminate on the lesson, self-knowledge, and self-reconciliation that empower the diseased gay men to survive in the crisis of HIV/AIDS. This thesis makes resort to the studies of Michel Foucault, particularly his concepts of anatomo-politics and biopolitics as well as his exegeses of the dynamics between the persecutor and the persecuted. Foucault's theories are insightful in understanding the underlying homophobia behind the policies in a normalizing society. His studies envision the possibilities of resistance alongside these homophobic panoptic persecutions. This thesis is divided into four chapters. The second chapter examines the disciplines and regulations over the diseased homosexuals in The Normal Heart and The Destiny of Me. The third chapter focuses on the transformations of Ned from a polemicist to a reconciliationist as well as his resistance to the panoptic persecutions. The concluding chapter reconfirms that the lesson and growth of a gay HIV-positive patient rests on self-reconciliation.

This study is comprised of two parts: an unauthorised biography of the South African musician David Kramer, as well as a reflective look at the process of writing this biography. In this regard the following aspects were looked at closely: finding an appropriate style, biography versus propaganda, conjecturing, the bilingual nature of the text, problems of research, ethics, influences, make-believe, approach to the subject, intertextuality, and fictionalisation. The central question of the biography is to highlight the success of a fellow Worcester (the author’s hometown) boy. The central research questions of the thesis are the fictionalisation of the nonfiction text, intertextuality, and the question of a text written in both English and Afrikaans. With regard to the aforementioned fictionalisation, a biographical text is classified as “nonfiction”, because it deals with a real person and real events. However, a text such as David Kramer – an unauthorised biography presents an alternative perspective, in that the narrative often moves into fiction, or “creative nonfiction”. Written texts are traditionally divided into two fields: fiction or nonfiction. Nonfiction is deemed to be fact, truth, whereas fiction is the fruit of an author’s imagination. But perhaps the notion of truth versus untruth is too limited, and one should include the words “objectivity” and “subjectivity”. Some texts incorporate both elements, be they newspaper editorials which are mostly opinion, advertisements which are highly subjective, or biographies such as Taraborrelli’s Madonna – An Intimate Biography, which often reads as a novel. This doctoral thesis looks at David Kramer – an unauthorised biography, which is at times “faction”, to illuminate the sections where the text fell somewhere between fiction or nonfiction. In attempting this exercise, intertextuality was useful in two ways. Firstly, to ground the text in a reality the reader could believe, as it brought “real” things to the text, such as song lyrics, photographs, et cetera, all things which brought some credibility to the truth of the text, and secondly to place the events being described in a certain timeframe. The use of English and Afrikaans in the biography was to reflect that Kramer uses both languages in his songs, and furthermore, to give an idea of the South Africa at the time of Kramer’s early success: the divides of English/Afrikaans, white/black, liberal/conservative. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Unit for Creative Writing / Unrestricted

This thesis is a two-part exploratory inquiry into how actions of Corporate Responsibility (CR) create economic value for the company performing them, in addition to social/environmental value. The purpose of the thesis is to describe the CR initiatives of a theoretical “paragon corporation”: a corporation that excels in its CR initiatives and sees financial gain in it. The report starts by going over literature, describing the CR context that companies operate in today, and similar work. A model for describing CR activities as business activities is drawn from Nancy Bocken’s concept Business Model Archetypes, and it is proposed as a possible tool for describing economic value creation from CR activities. The first part of the study is a word frequency analysis of the annual financial reports of the companies listed on the FTSE 100, where words connected to CR are counted. The sustainability reports of the five companies that have mentioned CR terminology most in the first study are analyzed in detail during the second study, and are characterized using Bocken’s archetypes. Findings show that the paragon corporation should have CR initiatives that can be modeled after the archetypes, enabling the CR initiatives to create direct economic value for the company. The archetypes can be used when formulating a CR strategy from the ground up, or evaluating existing CR strategy. The thesis ends with suggestions for how this can be explored further.

Testing the Seams of the American Dream: Minority Literature and Film in the Early Cold War delineates the concept of the liberal tolerance agenda in early Cold War. The liberal tolerance message of the U.S. government, the Democratic Party, and others endorsed racial tolerance and envisioned the possibility of a future free from racism and inequality. Filmmakers in often disseminated a liberal message similar to that of the politicians in the form of “race problem” films. My shows how these films and the liberal tolerance agenda as a whole promises racial equality to the racial minority in exchange for hard work, patriotism, education, and a belief in the majority culture. My first chapter, “Washing White the Racial Subject: Hollywood’s First Black Problem Film,” performs a close reading of Arthur Laurents 1946 play Home of the Brave, which features a Jewish American protagonist, in conjunction with a reading of the 1949 film version, which has an African American protagonist. The differences between the two texts reveal the slippages in the liberal tolerance agenda and signal the inability of filmmakers to envision racial equality on the big screen. “The American Institution and the Racial Subject,” my second chapter, discusses the 1949 film Pinky as well as Américo Paredes’s George Washington Gómez and Monica Sone’s Nisei Daughter. All of these works suggests that the attainment of education promises entry into the mainstream by racial minorities, yet Paredes and Sone question this process by interpreting it as resulting in the dual segregation of their protagonists. My third chapter, “Earning and Cultural Capital: The Work that Determines Place,” looks at the promise that with hard work anyone can attain the American Dream. I show how the 1951 film Go for Broke!, Ann Petry’s The Street, and José Antonio Villarreal’s Pocho work to dispel this American myth. My final chapter, “The Regrets of Dissent: Blacklists and the Race Question,” examines the 1954 film Salt of the Earth alongside Chester Himes’s If He Hollers Let Him Go and John Okada’s No-No Boy to reveal the dangerous mixture of race and dissent in this era. / text

Los objetivos de la presente tesis fueron comparar el efecto de tres técnicas de cocción en varios vegetales y su selección para cada producto estudiado. Para ello, los trabajos realizados han considerado los cambios en las propiedades físico-químicas, nutricionales, sensoriales y la microestructura. Asimismo, como respuesta al reto de aplicar tratamientos equivalentes en firmeza con diferentes técnicas de cocción se ha propuesto una metodología que combina los diseños experimentales de superficie respuesta (RSM) con análisis instrumentales y sensoriales. Los tratamientos térmicos estudiados fueron la cocción tradicional (TC¿ agua hirviendo a 100 °C) junto con dos tratamientos que utilizan el vacío en el procesado: el cook-vide (CV¿ cocción a vacío continuo donde los alimentos están en contacto con agua hirviendo a baja presión) y el sous-vide (SV¿ cocción de alimentos previamente embolsados a vacío donde el alimento está separado del agua de cocción). Los vegetales objeto de estudio fueron la patata morada (Solanum tuberosum L. var. Vitelotte), la judía verde (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Estefania), la zanahoria (Daucus carota L. cv. Nantesa) y la col lombarda (o repollo colorado) (Brassica oleracea convar. capitata var. capitata f. rubra). Considerando muestras con firmeza instrumental similar y las propiedades nutricionales y sensoriales (especialmente aroma y sabor), incluyendo la aceptación del consumidor, se recomienda la cocción SV para los vegetales estudiados, excepto para la zanahoria. En el caso de este vegetal el cocinado tradicional (100 °C) mantiene la aceptabilidad del consumidor y aumenta la extracción de los ß-carotenos por lo que se considera más recomendable que el SV. / Iborra Bernad, MDC. (2013). Comparison of vacuum treatments and traditional cooking in vegetables using instrumental and sensory analysis [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/32953 / TESIS

Objectifs : Évaluer l’incidence de la macrosomie fœtale en fonction des différentes définitions (poids de naissance >4000g, >4500g, ≥90ième percentile de Kramer) en vigueur et comparer la prévalence de la morbidité maternelle et périnatale associée à la macrosomie entre les populations Cris et les populations du Québec. Des courbes postnatales spécifiques aux Cris de l’Est de la Baie-James seront proposées. Devis : Comparaison de deux cohortes prospectives Cris et Québec. La cohorte des populations Cris de l’Est de la Baie-James, comporte 2546 femmes recrutées de 2000-2010, au cours de l’étude sur la macrosomie fœtale chez les Cris de l’Est de la Baie James. La cohorte du Québec est composée de 97475 femmes et provient de l’essai clinique randomisé multicentrique QUARISMA, 2008-2010, cette étude promulguant la réduction du taux d’accouchement par  césarienne. Méthodes : Les risques de macrosomie fœtale et de la morbidité maternelle et périnatale sont évalués par des modèles de régression logistique d’équations d'estimation généralisées (EEG) ajustés et comparés selon l’ethnicité, Cris et Québec. GEE. Le groupe de référence étant les femmes du Québec. Les courbes de croissance spécifiques aux Cris sont construites par régression quantile. Résultats : Plus du tiers, soit 36,76%, des Cris et 9,329% des nouveau-nés du Québec, ont un poids de naissance >4000g. Les résultats attestent montrent que 10,92% des Cris de l’Est de la Baie-James ont un poids de naissance de plus de 4500g, ce taux est de 1,23% au Québec. La définition de la macrosomie fœtale, par un poids néonatal ≥90ième percentile de Kramer, identifie 40,02% des bébés Cris, pour 8,83% des nourrissons du  Québec, comme macrosomes. Les Cris sont plus à risque de macrosomie fœtale, comparativement à la population générale du Québec, ces associations sont statistiquement significatives : RC=5,22; 95% IC (4,66-6,05,98), pour un poids de naissance >4000g, RC=8,10; 95% IC (6,22-10,77), pour un poids de naissance >4500g et RC=6,22; 95% IC (5,77-6,72), pour un poids de naissance ≥90ième percentile de Kramer. Le risque de la morbidité périnatale majeure, de la macrosomie fœtale, est généralement moins important pour les Cris que pour la population générale du Québec : 0,76; 95% IC 0,62-0,94. La macrosomie fœtale devrait être décrite par un poids de naissance≥95ième percentile de Kramer, pour les Cris, mais préférablement au 90ième percentile des courbes postnatales spécifiques aux Cris de l’Est de la Baie-James. Les poids de naissance diagnostique spécifiques aux Cris de l’Est de la Baie-James, au 90ième percentile de la 40ième semaine d’aménorrhée, sont de 4 417g pour les filles et 4 488g pour les garçons. Conclusions : Les courbes de Kramer diagnostiquent systématiquement plus de macrosomes chez les Cris que dans la population du Québec. Par contre, le risque de morbidité périnatale majeure est inférieur pour ces communautés autochtones, aux différents seuils décrivant la macrosomie fœtale, ce qui suggère l’utilisation de courbes spécifiques aux Cris et permettrait de diminuer les interventions obstétricales non nécessaires chez les gros bébés Cris, donc non-macrosomes. / Objective: Assess the impact of fetal macrosomia based on definitions (birth weight> 4000 g,> 4500g, ≥90ième percentile Kramer) currently used in Quebec and compare the prevalence of maternal and perinatal morbidity associated with macrosomia between the Cree populations of Eastern James Bay and the general population of Quebec. Specific postnatal curves for the Cree will be constructed. Design: Comparison of two prospective cohort Cree and Quebec. Cohort of Cree populations of eastern James Bay, has recruited 2546 women from 2000 to 2010, during the study of fetal macrosomia in the Cree of eastern James Bay. Quebec cohort consisted of 97,475 women and comes from the multicenter randomized clinical trial QUARISMA 2008-2010, this study promulgates the reduction of caesarean delivery rate. Methods: The risk of fetal macrosomia, maternal and perinatal morbidity, by ethnicity, Cree and Quebec, are evaluated by generalized estimating equations models (GEE). GEE models were adjusted to control for potentially confounding factors. The reference group is Quebec women. The specific growth curves of the Cree are built by quantile regression. Results: More than a third, 36.8%, of Cree populations of Eastern James Bay and 9.3% of newborns in Quebec have a birth weight> 4000g. For a birth weight> 4500g, the results show that 10.9% of the Cree, have a birth weight of more than 4500g, the rate is 1.2% in Quebec. The definition of fetal macrosomia by neonatal birth weight≥90th percentile of Kramer identifies 40.02% Cree’s for 8.8% of infants of Quebec as macrosomic. The Cree population are more at risk of fetal macrosomia, compared to the general population of Quebec, these associations were statistically significant: OR = 5.2; 95% CI (4.6 to 6.0) for birth weight> 4000g, OR = 8.1; 95% CI (6.2 to 10.7) for birth weight> 4500g and OR = 6.2; 95% CI (5.7 to 6.7) for birth weight percentile ≥90th Kramer. The risk of major perinatal morbidity associated with fetal macrosomia, is generally less important for the Cree than for the general population of Quebec: 0.76; 95% CI 0.62-0.94. Fetal macrosomia should be described by birth weight ≥95th percentile of Kramer, for the Cree, but preferably at the 90th percentile of the specific postnatal curves of Cree populations of Eastern James Bay. The specific Cree birth weight thresholds for diagnosing fetal macrosomia, at the 90th percentile of the 40th week of gestation, are 4 417g for the girls and 4 488g for the boys. Conclusion: Kramer’s curves diagnose systematically too much macrosomic Cree babies compare to the general population of Quebec. Futhermore, the risk of major maternal and perinatal morbidity is lower for these indigenous communities, at the different definitions of fetal macrosomia, suggesting the use of specific curves for the Cree, to reduce obstetrics interventions not required in large, but non macrosomic, Cree babies.