Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-08-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:42:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 simoes_rd_dr_bauru.pdf: 3657789 bytes, checksum: 0f75cbf5a9ed07aa12a486e70e6189f6 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Filmes auto-sustentáveis de polifluoreto de vinilideno (PVDF) e de polifluoreto de vinilideno com trifluoretileno (P(VDF-TrFE)) contendo amido de milho e/ou látex da borracha natural foram produzidos visando à obtenção de blendas biocompátiveis. Estas blendas foram produzidas pela técnica de prensagem a quente a qual não necessita fazer uso de solventes orgânicos para dissolver os polímeros sintéticos (PVDF e P(TrFE)). Tal processamento, além de não utilizar solventes tóxicos, possibilita a fabricação de filmes auto-sustentáveis com propriedades físicas e químicas apropriadas para aplicações como um material biocompatível. Os filmes de PVDF ou P(VDF-TrFE) com os polímeros naturais (amido e/ou látex de borracha natural) foram caracterizados através das técnicas de espectroscopia vibracional (absorção no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e espalhamento Raman), análise termogravimétrico (TG), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), análise dinâmico-mecânica (DMA), microscopia ótica (MO), microscopia ótica (MO), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), difração de raios-X, densidade, índice de fluidez (MFI), dureza e condutividade térmica. Os resultados que os polímeros naturais estão bem dispersos na matriz de PVDF ou P(VDF-TrFE) em nível micrométrico e não interagem quimicamente com os polímeros sintéticos. As blendas apresentaram elevada estabilidade térmica, cujo módulo de elasticidade está na mesma ordem de grandeza do osso humano. Entretanto, observou-se que a adesão dos polímeros naturais é melhor para as blendas com P(VDF-TrFe). Adicionalmente, as estruturas cristalinas do PVDF-α e do P(VDF-TrFE) ferroelétrico são mantidos em todas as blendas. A densidade, a dureza, o índice de fluidez e os valores de condutividade térmica das blendas seguiram o que deve se esperar de misturas físicas... / Films of poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF, and poly(vinylidene fluoride - trifluoroethylene), P(VDF-TrFE), containing corn starch and latex of natural rubber were produced visioning to obtain biocompatible blends. These blends were produced by compressing/annealing, which discards the necessity of using organic solvents to dissolve the synthetic polymers (PVDF and P(VDF-TrFE)). This process, besides discarding the use of toxic solvents, allows obtaining self-standing films with suitable physical and chemical properties considering their application as biocompatible materials. The PVDF or P(VDF-TrFe) films with different percentage of the natural polymers (starch and/or latex of natural rubber) were characterized using thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dynamicalmechanical analysis (DMA). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman scattering, optic microscopy, scanning electric microscopy, scanning electric microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction, density, melt flow index, hardness, and thermal conductivity. The results showed that the natural polymers are well dispersed within the matrix of PVDF or P(VDF-TrFE) at micrometer level and do not interact chemically with the synthetic polymers. The blends present high thermal stability with elasticity modulus at the same order of magnitude of the bone. However, it was observed that the adhesion of the natural polymers is better for the blends of P(VDF-TrFE). Besides, the crystalline structures of the α-PVDF and ferroelectric P(VDF-TrFE) are kept in the blends. The density, hardness, melt flow index and thermal conductivity values of the blends followed what shoud be expected from physical mixtures. The tests of biocompatibility for these materials were carried out implanting the films at the subcutaneous region of rats the results showed histological characteristics favorable to the compatibility in vivo...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

La maîtrise de la fabrication de films de suspension colloïdale par évaporation constitueencore à ce jour, un véritable verrou scientifique pour l’élaboration des matériaux. Le séchage desuspensions colloïdales entraine souvent des défauts de surface et de volume dans le film. Lorsque lesparticules sont molles, les films sont continus mais présentent des défauts de plissement de surface.Lorsque les particules sont dures (latex vitreux, silice..), le film se fissure et se délamine. Ces défautssont souvent liés aux contraintes résiduelles dans le gel à la fin du séchage qui sont dues à la pressioncapillaire causée par la déformation des ménisques d’eau à la surface des films. Par contre on neconnait pas encore l’échelle de taille où agit la contrainte ni la relation entre la contrainte et la périodedes craquelures.Dans ce travail de thèse, nous étudions la morphologie des craquelures dans des films dedivers mélanges de suspensions colloïdales, élaborés par séchage. Ces mélanges sont composés departicules dures (polystyrène et PBMA réticulés) et molles (PBA et PBMA). La structurenanométrique de ces mélanges est caractérisée par diffusion de neutron et par turbidité. Nousdisposons de mélanges avec diverses structures et divers états de dispersion. Certains mélangescontiennent des particules dispersées à l’échelle nanométrique (l’ordre de grandeur est celle de la tailledes particules - 50 nm) alors que d’autres contiennent des particules agrégées. L’étude de lamorphologie des craquelures est réalisée sur des gouttes sessiles avec séchage à la surface libre. Descraquelures radiales périodiques sont observées lors du séchage. Nous observons que la période descraquelures augmente avec l’augmentation de la fraction en particules molles et de la température maistoute en conservent la périodicité. Nous avons mis en évidence que le rapport : période des craqueluressur l’épaisseur des films λ/h est le seul paramètre qui décrit parfaitement la morphologie descraquelures pour un séchage au niveau d’une surface libre. Nous avons aussi démontré que ce rapportλ/h ne peut pas descendre au-dessous de 2 même dans le cas de particules vitreuses. Le séchage induitde fortes contraintes résiduelles dans le gel qui permettent à certaines fibres situées entre deuxcraquelures de délaminer radialement. Ce phénomène de délamination s’estompe avec la dissipationdes contraintes. Nous avons démontré que le modèle mécanique de Russel ne permet pas de décrire lapériode de craquelures loin de la contrainte critique. Nous proposons ainsi dans le cadre de notretravail, un autre modèle plus à même à caractériser la périodicité de ces craquelures. Nous avonsremarqué que les propriétés du substrat n'ont aucune incidence sur la morphologie des craquelures. Letaux d'évaporation modifie la morphologie des craquelures, où dans le cas d’un séchage rapide, onobtient des fibres décollées longues unidirectionnelles tandis que pour le cas d’un séchage lent, onassiste à la formation de craquelures non décollées avec apparition de craquelures secondairestransverses. / Controlling the production of colloidal suspension films by evaporation is still, nowadays, atruly scientific obstacle for materials development. The drying of colloidal suspensions leads often tosurface and volume defects in the film. When the particles are soft, films are continuous but haveseveral folding surface defects. However, when the particles are hard (glassy latex, silica,...), the filmtends to crack and to be delaminated. These defects are often associated with residual stresses in thegel at the end of drying, due to the capillary pressure caused by the water menisci deformation at thefilm surface. Nevertheless, neither the size scale where constraint acts nor the relation between stressand cracking time were known.In this thesis we present the study of cracks morphology observed in films of differentcolloidal suspension mixtures obtained by a drying process. These mixtures are composed of hard(polystyrene crosslinked PBMA) and soft (PBA and PBMA) particles. The nanometric structure ofthese mixtures is obtained through neutron scattering and turbidity studies. We have mixtures withdifferent structures and different states of dispersion. While some mixtures contain dispersed particlesat a nanoscale, with an order of magnitude same as the particles size - 50 nm, some others containaggregated particles. The study of cracks morphology is performed on sessile drops by drying at thefree surface. Periodic radial cracks are observed during drying. We also observe that cracks periodincrease with the increment of soft particles fraction and temperature, but keeping constant itsperiodicity. We have demonstrated that the ratio: crack period between film thickness, i.e. λ/h, is theonly parameter that describes perfectly cracks morphology for a drying process at a free surface. Wealso demonstrated that this relation (λ/h) couldn’t decrease below 2 even in the case of glassy particles.Drying process induces high residual stresses in the gel, allowing to some fibers located between twocracks to delaminate radially. This delamination phenomenon fades with dissipation constraints. Wehave also established that the Russel’s mechanical model does not describe the period of cracks nearthe critical stress. Therefore, in this work we propose another model able to characterize theperiodicity of the cracks. We noticed that the properties of the substrate did not affect cracksmorphology. The evaporation rate changes the morphology of cracks, which in the case of a quickdrying it is possible to obtain unidirectional long loose fibers. However, for a slow drying, we arewitnessing the formation of not protruding cracks with the apparition of secondary transverse cracks.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Himatanthus drasticus (Apocynaceae) à uma espÃcie tradicionalmente utilizada na medicina popular da regiÃo nordeste deste paÃs. Sua distribuiÃÃo ocorre das Guianas ao sudeste do Brasil. O lÃtex desta planta à obtido apÃs uma injÃria no caule e amplamente comercializado em mercados pÃblicos. As pessoas ingerem o lÃtex, conhecido como Leite de Janaguba (LJ), para o tratamento e/ou prevenÃÃo de diferentes doenÃas inflamatÃrias, gastrite, Ãlcera, cÃncer, entre outras. Apesar das diversas informaÃÃes oriundas da medicina popular, nÃo existem relatos cientÃficos suficientes confirmando tais propriedades farmacolÃgicas. Neste trabalho, LJ foi investigado com o propÃsito de validar sua tÃo popularmente relatada atividade anti-inflamatÃria. A fraÃÃo proteica deste lÃtex (HdLP) tambÃm foi investigada quanto à presenÃa de atividades anti-inflamatÃria, antinociceptiva, alÃm de seus efeitos toxicolÃgicos. LJ inibiu a resposta inflamatÃria induzida por carragenina em ratos (98%, p < 0.05), assim como o fez a fraÃÃo HdLP, independente da rota de administraÃÃo. HdLP reduziu a infiltraÃÃo de neutrÃfilos na cavidade peritoneal (96%, p < 0.05). Paralelamente a isto, ocorreu o aumento da sÃntese de Ãxido nÃtrico no plasma e a reduÃÃo de citocinas prÃ-inflamatÃrias (IL-1 e TNF-&#945;) no fluido peritonal. Esta fraÃÃo tambÃm preveniu a vacuolizaÃÃo e hiperplasia das cÃlulas de Kupfer, causadas pelo efeito da carragenina no fÃgado. Atividade anti-inflamatÃria està provavelmente associada com a fraÃÃo proteica de LJ. HdLP exibiu um efeito anti-inflamatÃrio mesmo apÃs aquecimento (100 &#61616;C, 30 minutos) ou proteÃlise. AlÃm desta atividade, um efeito prÃ-inflamatÃrio foi observado apÃs o tratamento com HdLP. Esta tambÃm suprimiu contraÃÃes abdominais induzidas por Ãcido acÃtico e reduziu a lambedura de pata induzida por formalina, ambos de maneira dose-dependente. A avaliaÃÃo da toxicidade aguda demonstrou a ausÃncia de efeitos tÃxicos apÃs tratamento com LJ e HdLP (v.o.) mesmo utilizando doses 5000 vezes maiores que as recomendadas. Uma dosagem qualitativa de fitoquÃmicos em HdLP mostrou a ausÃncia de lupeol e presenÃa de saponinas, taninos e esterÃides livres. Entretanto, as propriedades farmacolÃgicas provavelmente nÃo estÃo relacionadas com estas molÃculas. Desta forma, concluÃmos que o lÃtex de H. drasticus exibe duas das atividades farmacolÃgicas relatadas por seus usuÃrios e a fraÃÃo proteica deste lÃtex à um importante contribuinte para tais propriedades medicinais. A resistÃncia ao aquecimento e à proteÃlise pode explicar a efetividade de HdLP quando administrada oralmente. A ausÃncia de efeitos tÃxicos por via oral torna esta planta uma potencial candidata a fitoterÃpico. / Himatanthus drasticus (Apocynaceae) is traditionally used in folk medicine in Northeastern Brazil. The plant is wildly distribuited from Guianas until Southeast Brazil. Latex obtained by cutting its stem bark is mixed with water and extensively sold in public markets. People use Janaguba milk (âLeite de Janagubaâ- LJ) to treat or prevent different inflammatory disorders such as gastritis, ulcers as well as cancer, among other uses. Despite, there is not enough scientific data confirming these pharmacological properties. In this work, Janaguba milk was preliminarily investigated in an attempt to validate its anti- inflammatory activity. Its major protein fraction (HdLP) was assessed for the presence of anti- inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and toxicological effects. LJ inhibited the inflammatory response induced by carrageenan in rats (98%, p < 0.05), whereas HdLP did it independent of the route of administration. HdLP significantly reduced the infiltration of neutrophils into the peritoneal cavity (96%, p < 0.05) concomitant with increased nitric oxide synthesis in plasma and decrease of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL- 1 and TNF-&#945; in peritoneal fluid. This fraction also prevented vacuolization and Kupfer cell hyperplasia caused by carrageenan in liver. Further, the anti-inflammatory properties were shown to be associated with the protein fraction of LJ. HdLP exhibited anti-inflammation, even after heat-treatment (100 &#61616;C, 30 min) or proteolysis. Moreover, a pro-inflammatory effect was observed after HdLP treatment. It also suppressed abdominal constrictions in acetic acid-treated mice and reduced paw licking induced by formalin, both in a dose-dependent manner. An acute toxicological evaluation demonstrated no toxic effects after 14 days from LJ and HdLP administration by oral route even when high doses were tested. A qualitative phytochemical analysis showed the absence of lupeol and presence of saponinas, tannins and free steroids in HdLP. However, pharmacological properties are probably not related to them. It is therefore concluded that the latex of Himatanthus drasticus exhibits both the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities claimed by its users. The protein fraction of the latex is an important contributor to the pharmacological properties of LJ. Resistance to heat and proteolytic treatment can explain the effectiveness of HdLP even when administered orally. The absence of toxic effects by oral route confirms the potential use of this plant as a phytotherapic agent.

Le latex est utilisé dans les mortiers industriels dans le but d’améliorer les propriétés de ce matériau, tels que la maniabilité de la pâte à l’état frais, l’adhésion sur le support pour les mortiers-colles et les propriétés mécaniques à l’état durci du matériau. Ainsi l’adsorption du latex sur les phases minérales du ciment a un impact sur la rhéologie et les propriétés mécaniques du mortier frais et durci. Ce comportement résulte des interactions du latex avec les phases cimentaires et de l’avancement des différentes réactions d’hydratation elles-mêmes affectées par la présence de latex. Or, ces interactions ne sont toujours pas bien comprises du fait de la réactivité du ciment. L’objectif de ce travail est de mieux comprendre le rôle du latex en particulier l’influence de ses caractéristiques notamment la taille, le dosage et la densité surfacique de charge du latex, sur le comportement rhéologique du mortier au jeune âge et de ses propriétés à long terme en s’affranchissant de tous les effets liés à l’hydratation du ciment. Pour cela, nous travaillons avec un système modèle inerte qui permet de rendre compte des effets induits par le latex en s’affranchissant de la réactivité du ciment. L’influence des caractéristiques du latex sur les propriétés mécaniques d´une suspension de minéral inerte est estimée par des mesures de rhéométrie dynamique. Les résultats sont corrélés à l’adsorption des particules de latex sur la surface du minéral inerte qui estimée à travers l’établissement des isothermes d’adsorption. Pour ce faire, l’adsorption des différents latex est réalisée sur des surfaces planes de silice (lames de verre) couvertes d’hydrates de silicates de calcium C-S-H (principal hydrate de ciment). L’adsorption du latex sur le minéral inerte est observée directement par microscopie : soit par microscopie optique dans le cas des latex de grande taille (1µm) soit par microscopie à force atomique dans le cas de latex de petite taille (210nm). Les isothermes d’adsorption obtenues des trois latex étudiés, différant soit par la taille soit par la charge, ont montré que, à concentration massique équivalente, le latex chargé s’adsorbe plus que le non chargé, et le latex de petite taille s’adsorbe plus que le gros latex parce qu’il y a plus de particules en interaction avec la surface. La topographie d’adsorption des particules de latex sur la surface est également différente : les latex chargés apparaissent beaucoup plus agrégés que le latex non chargé. La filmification des latex n’est pas observée pour les dosages de latex étudiés. Un accord qualitatif a été obtenu avec les simulations numériques, par méthode Monte Carlo, de l’adsorption des latex. En ce qui concerne les propriétés rhéologiques, les mesures ont été réalisées sur des suspensions de calcite dans une solution saturée d’hydroxyde de calcium. Ces mesures mettent en évidence la contribution des particules de latex au réseau granulaire qui se traduit par l’augmentation de la déformation critique avec la quantité de latex. / Latex is used in industrial mortars to improve the material properties. This behaviour is obviously related to the interactions between cement phases and latex which are still not understood. In this frame, the aim of the present work is to understand the role of latexes in mortar in particular how the various latex characteristics, such as the latex chemistry surface, or the latex size, influence the characteristics of this complex granular system. The major issue concerns the reactivity of the cement: indeed, several parameters are modified during cement hydration which governs the development of the paste mechanical properties. Consequently in order to avoid side effects due to cement hydration, we studied the effect of different latexes on an inert model system able to mimic cement paste. Three different latexes differing from each other in their size and also in their surface charge and surface chemistry were used. The distribution of the different latexes between the interstitial solution and the mineral surface was evaluated using microscopy methods for different latex amounts and correlated to mechanical characteristics of the paste estimated from dynamic rheometry measurements.The adsorption measurements are performed on a flat surface (glass slide) covered by C-S-H in equilibrium with saturated lime solution. The adsorption of latex particles on mineral surface is observed by Atomic Force Microscopy for the smallest latex (210nm) and optical microscopy for the biggest one (1µm). The results obtained show a difference of adsorption latex and how the particles are arranged onto the surface. For the same mass of latex introduced initially, the charged latex are the most adsorbed and appear more aggregated than no charged latex, the small latex is adsorbed more than the big one. The latex filmification is not observed in the case of our study. Qualitatively, the numerical simulations using Monte Carlo simulations are in agreement with experiments.Concerning the rheological measurements, we used calcite suspensions in equilibrium with saturated lime solution. The results report the contribution of different latex characteristics on mechanical properties of mineral particles and latex networks. The critical strain (maximum strain supported by the solid network) increases with the amount of latex.

L'objectif de ce travail est de surmonter tous ces processus long et fastidieux comme la filtration et la centrifugation qui sont utilisées dans l'application in-vitro. En plus, ces particules qui sont appropriés pour une utilisation dans le laboratoire-sur une-puce et les biocapteurs systèmes sont produites. Les particules submicroniques magnétiques de latex (MLPs) avec la morphologie noyaucoque souhaité ont été préparées. L'huile dans eau (h/e) et l'émulsion magnétique (faitmaison) a été utilisé en tant que graine de polymérisation radicalaire en émulsion de styrène (St) en tant que monomère et agent de reticulation divenylbenzene (DVB) en présence de persulfate de potassium qu'initiateur. Les particules de la surface ont été fonctionnalisés avec du sulfate et des groupes carboxyliques en utilisant les initiateurs. Un nouveau biocapteur électrochimique de capacité basé sur de substrat de nitrure de silicium (Si3N4) combiné à des MLPs a été développé. MLPs avec terminaison acide carboxylique ont été liés de manière covalente à Si3N4 à travers des monocouches autoassemblées (SAMs) du silane-amine (3-aminopropyl) triéthoxysilane (APTES). Enfin les anticorps anti-ochratoxine A ont été immobilisés sur les MLPs par liaison amide. Mesures électrochimiques ont été effectuées en utilisant une analyse Mott-Schottky pour la détection de l'ochratoxine A (OTA). L'utilisation de l'application de dosage compétitif grà¢ce à l'immobilisation des quantités fixe d'antigène (SA2BSA) et d'anticorps (Ab 155) a été mesurée respectivement contre différentes concentrations de sulfamides pyridine (SPY), avec et sans utilisation de MLPs avec une fonctionnalité de groupe carboxylique. La sensibilité de Biocapteur a augmenté quand MLPs ont été utilisés / Objective of this work is to overcome all those tedious and time consuming processes likefiltration and centrifugation which are used in in-vitro applications. Moreover, suchparticles which are suitable for use in lab-on-a-chip and biosensors systems are produced.Submicron magnetic latex particles (MLPs) with desired core-shell morphology wereprepared. Oil in water (o/w) magnetic emulsion (home-made) was used as seed of radicalemulsion polymerization of Styrene (St.) as a monomer and cross-linker divenylbenzene (DVB ) in the presence of potassium persulfate (KPS) and 4, 4'-azobis cyanopentanoic acid(ACPA) as an initiators. Particles surface was functionalized with sulfate and carboxylicgroups by using the initiators.A novel capacitance electrochemical biosensor based on silicon nitride substrate (Si3N4)combined with MLPs was developed. MLPs with terminated carboxylic acid werecovalently bonded to Si3N4 through a Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs) of the silaneamine(3- Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES). Finally anti-ochratoxin A antibodieswere immobilized on MLPs by amide bonding. Electrochemical measurements werecarried out using Mott-Schottky analysis for ochratoxin A (OTA) detection.Using application of competitive assay through immobilized fixed concentration of antigen (SA2BSA)and antibody (Ab 155) respectively was measured against different concentrations of sulfa pyridine(SPY), with and without use of MLPs with carboxylic group functionality. Biosensor sensitivityincreased, when MLPs were used

Hevea brasiliensis est une culture industrielle majeure pour la production de caoutchouc naturel (CN). La stimulation par l'éthéphon, un libérateur d'éthylène, est utilisée pour augmenter la production de latex en prolongeant son écoulement et en stimulant le métabolisme pour la régénération du latex. Cependant, le mécanisme d'action de l'éthylène n'est pas clairement élucidé chez l'hévéa. L'éthylène est un signal important qui régule le développement des plantes. Les facteurs de transcription AP2/ERF, et plus particulièrement les Ethylene Response Factors, jouent un rôle crucial dans le développement et la réponse aux stress biotiques et abiotiques chez les plantes. La production d'éthylène et sa signalisation sont aussi importantes en embryogenèse somatique et tout spécialement chez les espèces récalcitrantes à la culture in vitro.Dans cette étude, le transcriptome de référence a été amélioré par addition des fragments de séquence d'ARN issus de tissus reproducteurs lors d'un nouvel assemblage. Les 30.342 contigs ont été annotés par la base de données Gene Ontology. L'analyse des facteurs de transcription a permis d'identifier 2.448 contigs qui ont été classés en 58 familles de facteurs de transcription. Six pourcents de ces facteurs de transcription correspondent aux membres de la superfamille des AP2/ERF. L'accumulation de transcrits des gènes AP2/ERF a été analysée au cours du processus d'embryogenèse somatique chez des lignées de cal avec différents potentiels de régénération et dans différents tissus végétatifs et reproducteurs. L'analyse de l'abondance relative de transcrits dans les différents tissus montre que les ERFs des groupes I, VII et VIII sont fortement présents à tous les stades de l'embryogenèse somatique et dans les tissus immatures et matures de fleurs males et femelle, d'embryons zygotiques, de feuilles, d'écorce et de latex. Quarante gènes AP2/ERF représentent des marqueurs d'expression génique pour le potentiel de régénération de plantes de lignées de cal à différents stades du processus d'embryogenèse somatique. Quatorze marqueurs d'expression génique permettent même de prédire la capacité de régénération dès le stade de multiplication du cal. Cinquante-neuf marqueurs d'expression géniques sont spécifiquement exprimés dans les différents tissus de l'hévéa, et plusieurs AP2/ERFs ont les transcrits fortement accumulés dans le latex. La plupart des marqueurs de l'expression génique du latex appartient aux ERF du groupe VII. Les ERFs de ce groupe ont un motif conservé en N-terminal (MCGGAII), lequel est impliqué dans la voie N-end rule. Les analyses de localisation subcellulaire et de transactivation suggèrent que ces gènes HbERF-VII codent pour des facteurs de transcription fonctionnels potentiellement impliqués dans la réponse à l'hypoxie dans le latex. / Hevea brasiliensis is the major industrial crop for natural rubber (NR) production. Ethephon stimulation, an ethylene releaser, is used for increasing latex production by prolonging latex flow and stimulating the metabolism required for the latex regeneration. However, the mechanism of ethylene action is not clearly elucidated in this species. Ethylene is an important signal regulating the plant development. AP2/ERF transcription factors, and especially Ethylene-Response Factors, play a crucial role in plant development and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Ethylene production and signalling are also important to somatic embryogenesis, especially for species that are recalcitrant in in vitro culture.In this study, a comprehensive Hevea transcriptome was improved using additional RNA reads from reproductive tissues in a new assembly. The 30,342 contigs were annotated in the Gene Ontology database. The analysis of transcription factors led to 2,448 contigs being identified, which were classed in 58 transcription factor families. Six percent of the transcription factors corresponded to members from the AP2/ERF superfamily. The transcript accumulation of AP2/ERF genes was analyzed during somatic embryogenesis for callus lines with different regeneration potential and in various vegetative and reproductive tissue of Hevea. The relative transcript abundance were studied and showed that ERFs from group I, VII and VIII were abundant at all stages of the somatic embryogenesis as well as, in both immature and mature male and female flowers, zygotic embryos, leaf, bark and latex. Forty genes were identified as expression marker for callus with different plant regeneration potential regeneration capacity. Interestingly, fourteen expression marker genes were found that be able to predict the regeneration capacity of callus at proliferating calli, the early stage of somatic embryogenesis process. Fifty-nine expression marker genes were found in the various plant tissues. Several AP2/ERF genes were shown highly transcript accumulation in latex and were assigned as latex expression marker genes. Almost of latex expression marker genes belong to the ERF group VII. Base on conserved motif analysis showed this ERF group contained the conserved N-terminal motif (MCGGAII) involved in the N-end rule pathway. Subcellular localization and transactivation analyses suggested that HbERF-VII candidate genes encoded functional transcription factors.

In this thesis, the development of mechanical properties and structure of latex modified cementious materials during hydration was studied. Latex modified materials are composites of inorganic cement (portland cement) and organic polymer latex. Preparation, processing and fabrication of the polymer cement material based on portland cement was optimized with aim to reach the most compact structure of the product with the finest mechanical characters. The experimental part was pointed to observe influence of the type and amount of polymer latex with focus on mechanical characters and hydration kinetics with given filling as well as without it. In presented work, the possibility of compaction of the material by high-shear mixing within twin-roll mixer (the prototype for production of MDF composite) was verified. The second part of the labor was aimed to analysis of prepared polymer-cementitious material. For determination of influence of batching of added polymer latex on hydration of cement paste the thermal analysis (DTA/TGA) and infrared spectroscopy of composite was done. At last the microscopic observation by optical microscope was carried.

Rubber tree is one of the main plants which play an important role in the economy of Southeastern region, Vietnam. Approximately 90% of Vietnamese natural rubber latex is exported as raw products. The preliminary process of natural rubber latex discharges a large amount of wastewater to the environment. In Vietnam, there are many available technologies set up and operated for treatment wastewater of rubber latex processing. However, the effluent quality is still poor and the concentration of pollutants is higher than the required national technical regulation on the effluent of the natural rubber processing industry (QCVN 01:2008/BTNMT). Thus, this paper summarizes various technologies and methods currently applied for the treatment of latex processing wastewater in Vietnam. Additionally, the new effective methods being researched and applied in Thailand and Malaysia are also mentioned (countries with the highest production of natural rubber in the world). This paper also provides a screening of treatment technologies for reducing environmental pollution and contributing to high-quality effluent for meeting the required standard. / Cao su là một trong những cây trồng chính và đóng vai trò quan trọng trong nền kinh tế của miền Đông Nam Bộ, Việt Nam. Sản phẩm từ cây cao su thiên nhiên tại Việt Nam chủ yếu là xuất khẩu (khoảng 90%), tuy nhiên chỉ mới là dạng cao su thiên nhiên sơ chế. Quá trình sơ chế mủ cao su thiên nhiên thải bỏ một lượng lớn nước thải vào môi trường. Ở Việt Nam, hiện tại có rất nhiều công nghệ xử lý nước thải sơ chế mủ cao su đã được thiết lập và vận hành. Tuy nhiên, nồng độ ô nhiễm trong nước thải sau quá trình xử lý còn cao so với tiêu chuẩn yêu cầu (QCVN 01:2008/BTNMT). Vì vậy, bài báo này tóm tắt những công nghệ và phương pháp khác nhau được sử dụng để xử lý nước thải sơ chế mủ cao su tại Việt Nam gần đây. Thêm vào đó, những phương pháp mới và hiệu quả đang được nghiên cứu và áp dụng tại Malaysia và Thái Lan, những quốc gia có sản lượng sản xuất mủ cao su cao nhất trên thế giới cũng được giới thiệu. Bài báo này cũng cung cấp sự đa dạng của những phương pháp xử lý nhằm giảm thiểu ô nhiễm môi trường và góp phần đảm bảo chất lượng nước đầu ra đạt tiêu chuẩn cho phép.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 plinioluisluppino_tese.pdf: 1297185 bytes, checksum: 89ac3b7475f1bfd00a6808afd1ba661e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-04 / Dengue is the arthropod-borne transmitted viral disease of highest worldwide prevalence in mortality and morbidity. The proportion is pandemic ranging 1.6 million of infected patients yearly. Clinical presentation associated to epidemiological factors such as dengue prevalence in the patient s origin have been the only mean for early diagnosis. Laboratorial diagnosis, the conclusive, requires several days when there is viral isolation. Serological methods depend on high level of specific antibodies, and molecular methods are not available for the majority of laboratories of diagnosis and routine. The purpose of this study was to develop an agglutination method using latex to detect dengue virus, using biological samples of mice infected with dengue 1 Mochizuki strain by intracerebral via, and anti-dengue 1 specific antibodies from immunized mice. According to the results, this method was feasible for the dengue viruses diagnosis in positive samples of experimental animals. It provides further approaches for rapid detection of dengue in susceptible populations during the first days of the disease. / A dengue é a doença viral, transmitida por artrópode, de maior prevalência mundial em morbidade e mortalidade. Alcança proporções pandêmicas, estimando-se em 1,6 milhões de doentes anualmente. Manifestações clínicas características, associadas a fatores epidemiológicos, como prevalência da dengue na região de origem do paciente, têm sido os únicos instrumentos de diagnóstico precoce. O diagnóstico laboratorial, que é definitivo, demanda vários dias, quando realizado o isolamento viral. Métodos sorológicos dependem de níveis elevados de anticorpos específicos e os métodos moleculares não estão disponíveis para a maioria dos laboratórios de diagnóstico e rotina. Este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver método de aglutinação do látex para a detecção do vírus dengue, utilizando amostras biológicas de camundongos infectados por via intracerebral com dengue 1, cepa Mochizuki e anticorpos específicos anti-dengue 1, obtidos de camundongos imunizados. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram a viabilidade deste método para diagnóstico do vírus Dengue em amostras positivas de animais de experimentação, abrindo novas perspectivas para o diagnóstico precoce da dengue na população susceptível, durante os primeiros dias de sintomas.

L'hévéa est un arbre qui revêt un fort intérêt à l'échelle mondiale. Il représente la seule source de caoutchouc naturel commercialement exploitée. La demande grandissante de cette matière première a conduit à l'initiation de nombreuses recherches visant à augmenter la production de latex. La biosynthèse du caoutchouc à partir du saccharose se déroule dans le cytoplasme (latex) des cellules laticifères, hétérotrophes et dépourvues de plasmodesmes, les cellules laticifères disposeraient d'un équipement membranaire de transporteurs actifs spécifiques, afin de répondre à leurs besoins importants en photoassimilats.Toutefois, le rôle de ces transporteurs dans la physiologie des cellules laticifères n'a jamais été élucidé. Ce travail propose la première étude moléculaire des co-transporteurs H+ / sucres solubles et H+ / polyol (quebrachitol) au sein des cellules laticifères, en relation aves la production de latex. Ce travail a permis l'identification des premiers co-transpoteurs de saccharose d'hexoses et de polyols chez l'hévéa. Dix gènes de trasporteurs ont été clonés dans les cellules laticifères : 7 transporteurs putatifs de saccharose (HbSUT1A, HbSUT B, HbSUT2A, HbSUT2B, HbSUT2C, HbSUT4, HbSUT5), 1 transporteur putatif d'hexoses (HbHXT1) et 2 transporteurs putatifs de polyols (HbPLT1, HbPLT2). Ensuite les caractérisations physiologiques et moléculaires fines de ces transporteurs ont permis la mise en evidence du rôle potentiel et complémentaire de HbSUT1B, HbHXT1et HbPLT2 dans la production de latex, HbSUT1B et HbHXT1 seraient impliqués dans la régulation de la régénération du latex, alors que HbPLT2 interviendrait dans le contrôle de l'écoulement. Ces trois gènes sont proposés en tant que marqueurs moléculaires potentiels de production.