「高潛力人力資本」即所謂的「高潛力人才（High potential或Talent）」係指那些具備企業目前與未來所需要的核心職能，並具有卓著績效貢獻者而言。在人才類型而言，他們即屬核心人才（Core Employees），如企業中的關鍵性管理與研發人才。 然而高潛力人才的培育也是有等級性的區分，公司同時要考慮到內部初階、中階及高階的高潛力人力資本的需求。高潛力人才是公司未來高階經理人的種子，相對於企業間對於各等級的經理人彼此挖角的人才競爭方式，越來越多企業意識到自行培育能認同公司理念的高潛力人才之重要性。是故很多企業開始打造自己的高潛力人才─也就是未來經理人的培訓之路，而因此促成了「儲備幹部制度」（Management Associate Program，簡稱MA制度）的誕生。 而近年來台灣企業紛紛起而效之，除了本土金融公司之外，科技公司與零售服務商也一一加入儲備幹部的招募、培訓制度的設計，與未來發展的考量，希望發展出適合所屬產業與自身公司體制之儲備幹部制度。 然而關於台灣本土企業之儲備幹部制度研究量尚有限，是故本研究希望從「高潛力人力資本」在「企業智慧資本」中的定義出發，結合學術理論與業界訪談，探究不同企業在運行儲備幹部制度的動機、邏輯與制度設計，進而透過綜合的分析與探討，歸納出儲備幹部在人力資本的定位與角色，以及儲備幹部發展的內涵與特質，再進而推論出台灣本土企業在運行儲備幹部制度時應有之綜合考量與成功因素。 / The definition of high potential human capital, also regarded as high potentials, refers to the employees who have the core competency and could contribute extinguish performance to the company. They are the core employees in the company, playing an important role in management and development functions. The cultivation of high potentials differentiates into the basic class, intermediate class, and high class, based on the demand of company. Because high potentials are candidates of future chief executive, more and more companies realize the importance to cultivate their own high potentials who identify with company’s philosophy, rather than to hunt the talents from other companies. Based on above reasons, the management associate program (MA program) was applied and well developed in many companies. Recently, not only finance holding companies but also technology and retail service companies, based on their industry features and future development, are working on their own MA program. However, the studies related to MA programs of Taiwanese companies are not abundant. Therefore, this study focused on the definition of high potential human capital and intellectual capital, combining with industry interviews, to discuss the motivation, design, and the operation of MA programs in different companies. This study summarized the position and importance of MA in human capital, discussed the intrinsic characteristics of MA program, and thus concluded the dominant factors to achieve successful MA program that could be applied in Taiwan.

FARIA, Maria da Graça dos Santos. A metadiscursividade em redações dissertativas de vestibulandos. 2009. 82 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Linguística) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza-CE, 2009. / Submitted by Liliane oliveira (morena.liliane@hotmail.com) on 2012-08-28T14:36:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_Dis_MGSFaria.pdf: 1574383 bytes, checksum: 7d905a6b7c7832787be925cee7879147 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2013-11-14T13:12:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_Dis_MGSFaria.pdf: 1574383 bytes, checksum: 7d905a6b7c7832787be925cee7879147 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-11-14T13:12:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_Dis_MGSFaria.pdf: 1574383 bytes, checksum: 7d905a6b7c7832787be925cee7879147 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / In this dissertation, we propose an articulation between the metadiscoursive markers in the perspective devised by Hyland (2005), in Bronckart’s (2007) argumentative ….sequence, and some referential processes, such as anaphors and deictics under Cavalcante’s (2003) scope, found in the Federal University of Maranhao (UFMA) vestibular candidates’ essays. The purpose of this work is to identify and describe the metadiscoursive functions in those essays, in order to observe the use of metadiscoursive operators in the argumentative construction and the possibility of the usage of such operators as referential processes. Thus, highlighting the interactive vision inherent to an argumentative text that assumes the author’s position dimensions in regards to his/her arguments and the pursuit to engage the reader. Starting from the assumption that the presence, or absence, of metadiscoursive markers in the text can reveal the strategy choices innate to the language in order to increase the persuasion in his/her arguments. / Nesta dissertação, propomos uma articulação entre os marcadores metadiscursivos na perspectiva elaborada por Hyland (2005), na sequência argumentativa de Bronckart, (2007) e de alguns processos referenciais, como as anáforas e os dêiticos sob a ótica de Cavalcante (2003) em redações de vestibulandos da Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA). A proposta deste trabalho é identificar e descrever as funções metadiscursivas nessas dissertações, no intuito de observar o emprego dos operadores metadiscursivos na construção argumentativa e da possibilidade do uso desses operadores como processos de referenciação. Destacando assim a visão interativa característica de um texto argumentativo que pressupõe as dimensões de posicionamento do autor frente aos seus argumentos e a busca do engajamento do leitor. Partindo do pressuposto de que a presença ou ausência de indicadores metadiscursivos no texto pode revelar a escolha de estratégias próprias da língua para aumentar o nível de persuasão dos seus argumentos.

Submitted by ANA KARLA PEREIRA RODRIGUES (anakarla_@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-25T13:37:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1699241 bytes, checksum: 2f092c650c435ae41ec42c261fd9c3af (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-25T13:37:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1699241 bytes, checksum: 2f092c650c435ae41ec42c261fd9c3af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In thisthesis,westudycertaindegenerations/specializationsofthegenericsquare matrix overa eld k of characteristiczeroalongitsmainrelatedstructures,suchthe determinantofthematrix,theidealgeneratedbyitspartialderivatives,thepolarmap de ned bythesederivatives,theHessianmatrixandtheidealofsubmaximalminorsof the matrix.Thedegenerationtypesofthegenericsquarematrixconsideredhereare: (1) degenerationby\cloning"(repeating)avariable;(2)replacingasubsetofentriesby zeros, inastrategiclayout;(3)furtherdegenerationsoftheabovetypesstartingfrom certain specializationsofthegenericsquarematrix,suchasthegenericsymmetric matrix andthegenericsquareHankelmatrix.Thefocusinallthesedegenerations is intheinvariantsdescribedabove,highlightingonthehomaloidalbehaviorofthe determinantofthematrix.Forthis,weemploytoolscomingfromcommutativealgebra, with emphasisonidealtheoryandsyzygytheory. / Nesta tese,estudamoscertasdegenera c~oes/especializa c~oesdamatrizquadradagen erica sobre umcorpo k de caracter sticazero,aolongodesuasprincipaisestruturasrela- cionadas, taiscomoodeterminantedamatriz,oidealgeradoporsuasderivadasparci- ais, omapapolarde nidoporessasderivadas,amatrizHessianaeoidealdosmenores subm aximosdamatriz.Ostiposdedegenera c~aodamatrizquadradagen ericacon- siderados aquis~ao:(1)degenera c~aopor\clonagem"(repeti c~ao)deumavari avel;(2) substitui c~aodeumsubconjuntodeentradasporzeros,emumadisposi c~aoestrat egica; (3) outrasdegenera c~oesdostiposacimapartindodecertasespecializa c~oesdamatriz quadrada gen erica,taiscomoamatrizgen ericasim etricaeamatrizquadradagen erica de Hankel.Ofocoemtodasessasdegenera c~oes enosinvariantesdescritosacima, com destaqueparaocomportamentohomaloidaldodeterminantedamatriz.Paratal, empregamos ferramentasprovenientesda algebracomutativa,com^enfasenateoriade ideais enateoriadesiz gias.

A presente pesquisa pautou-se no estudo sobre a participação docente nas discussões das políticas educacionais e objetivou analisar a participação dos professores da rede municipal de educação de São Luís/MA na elaboração da proposta de formação continuada dos professores, sob a ótica do Programa São Luís Te Quero Lendo e Escrevendo PSLTQLE. O espaço temporal da investigação é de 2002 a 2007, e contou com o envolvimento de cento e onze professores do ensino fundamental e dezenove escolas dos sete núcleos da rede. A metodologia adotada foi a abordagem qualitativa com aplicação de questionário e análise documental para sustentação dos dados. Com o resultado dos dados coletados, foi possível analisar que, no contexto das políticas públicas, algumas práticas precisam ser repensadas ou desenvolvidas numa perspectiva democrática de participação. Nessa conjuntura, posso descrever alguns avanços tais como: melhor compreensão das atribuições e responsabilidades das instituições que viabilizam e asseguram os direitos participativos nas políticas públicas educacionais, pela forma como são difundidas; tomada de decisão dos docentes para a construção de uma consciência política, por conceberem a educação como ato político; promoção de ações que permitiram melhorar a compreensão dos docentes, coordenadores pedagógicos e gestores educacionais para os processos participativos. Todavia, alguns percalços que constato como limitação para o desenvolvimento de uma política eficiente e eficaz caracterizada pela fragilidade na construção de uma pauta de trabalho para que contemple a formação política do educador. Além disso, essa política deve combater a segregação existente na forma como são feitas as convocações aos educadores para a participação na elaboração das propostas. Ainda ressalto que ficou explícito que os elementos constitutivos da proposta de formação continuada trazem consigo objetivos comuns e visões dicotômicas, que precisam ser definidas no diálogo. Não obstante a essas limitações, é coerente considerar a importância da estruturação do PSLTQLE para a elaboração da proposta de formação continuada para a Secretaria Municipal de Educação de São Luís/MA, ratificando assim que sem as possibilidades de participação toda política se torna insustentável. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-30T17:52:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Maria Alice Bogea Praseres.pdf: 988810 bytes, checksum: 265b07139776a3dac22f32f5a52d7c11 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-30T17:52:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Maria Alice Bogea Praseres.pdf: 988810 bytes, checksum: 265b07139776a3dac22f32f5a52d7c11 (MD5) / This research was guided by a study carried about teachers´ participation in the discussion about educational policies. The purpose was to analyze the participation of teachers from the municipal educational system in the city of São Luís/MA in the organization of a proposal for continuous learning for teachers in-service, under the perspective of a program called "Programa São Luís Te Quero Lendo e Escrevendo" (PSLTQLE). The investigation covered years 2002 to 2007 and involved on 111 elementary school teachers and 19 schools from 7 nuclei of the public system. The methodology used was a qualitative research based on questionnaires that were distributed and document analysis to support the data. With the data collected, it was possible to analyze that, in the context of public policies, some practices need to be rethought or developed in a democratic perspective of participation. Under those circumstances, it is possible to describe a few advances, such as: a better understanding of the responsibilities and duties for those institutions that make it available and ensure participative rights in educational public policies, from the way they are promoted; the decision making by the teachers for the construction of some political awareness, conceiving education as a political act; promotion of actions that enabled a better understanding of the teachers, pedagogical coordinators, and educational managers for participative processes. However, there are some mishaps I see as a limitation for the development of an effective and efficient policy characterized by the fragility in building a work agenda that may contemplate the political education of the educators themselves. In addition to that, this policy should fight segregation observed in the way the educators are called to participate in the organization of the proposals. Still, I point out that it became explicit to our eyes that the elements that constitute the proposal for continuous education bring along common objectives and dichotomic views that need to be defined upon dialog. And despite such limitations it is coherent to disregard the importance of how PSLTQLE is structured in order to elaborate the proposal for continuous education for the Municipal Education Bureau (Secretaria Municipal de Educação de São Luís/MA), thus ractifying that, without the possibilities of participating, all policies become unsustainable.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal analisar e compreender como se deu a constituição da cidade de São Luís do Maranhão, Brasil, imersa nas relações entre senhores e senhoras brancas com negros e negras escravizadas, na primeira metade do século XIX, especialmente entre os anos de 1820 e 1850. Bem como, discutir a conformação da imprensa na capital do Maranhão, seguindo o jornal Publicador Maranhense, (1842-1880) a fim de verificar e analisar naquele periódico, entre os anos de 1842 e 1850, a presença dos trabalhadores e trabalhadoras negras. Na primeira metade do século XIX, a cidade de São Luís era a principal comarca da província do Maranhão. Sua fundação e constituição, assim como muitas cidades do Brasil e das Américas se deu com o uso de modo exploratório de trabalhadores e trabalhadoras negras, que ocorria desde o século XVII. Entre os temas discutidos na tese podemos citar: um debate historiográfico sobre a escravidão brasileira; um estudo sobre a constituição da cidade de São Luís do Maranhão, a influência e a participação dos africanos e seus descendentes na formação da sociedade local, vista já nos anos de 1820, como uma cidade muito negra. Buscou-se encontrar as mulheres e homens trabalhadores negros escravizados em diversas fontes históricas, como Passaportes e documentos produzidos pela secretaria de polícia, Inventários e Testamentos postmortem, trilhando um caminho pela História Social, buscamos examinar os homens negros e as mulheres negras escravizadas. / The main objective of this work is to analyze and understand how the constitution of the city of São Luís do Maranhão, Brazil, happened. A city immersed in the relationship between white slaveholders, men and women, and enslaved black Africans, men and women, in the first half of the 19th century, especially from 1820 to 1850. As well as, to discuss the formation of the press in the capital of Maranhão, following the newspaper Publicador Maranhense (1842-1880) to verify and analyze from 1842 to 1850 the presence of black workers in it. In the first half of the nineteenth century, the city of São Luís was the main district of the province of Maranhão. Its founding and constitution, as well as many cities in Brazil and in the Americas, came about through the exploratory use of black workers which had taken place since the 17th century. Among the topics discussed in the thesis we can mention: a historiographical debate on Brazilian slavery, a study on the constitution of the city of São Luís do Maranhão, and the influence and participation of Africans and their descendants in the formation of the city of São Luís local society, the municipality was already known as a very black city in the year of 1820. It was sought to find the black working enslaved women and men in diverse historical sources like: Passports and documents produced by the police department, post-mortem Inventories and Testaments, even though, privileging a newspaper as its main source. Tracing a path through Social History, we seek to examine not only black enslaved men, but also black enslaved women. / Tese (Doutorado)

A presente pesquisa pautou-se no estudo sobre a participação docente nas discussões das políticas educacionais e objetivou analisar a participação dos professores da rede municipal de educação de São Luís/MA na elaboração da proposta de formação continuada dos professores, sob a ótica do Programa São Luís Te Quero Lendo e Escrevendo PSLTQLE. O espaço temporal da investigação é de 2002 a 2007, e contou com o envolvimento de cento e onze professores do ensino fundamental e dezenove escolas dos sete núcleos da rede. A metodologia adotada foi a abordagem qualitativa com aplicação de questionário e análise documental para sustentação dos dados. Com o resultado dos dados coletados, foi possível analisar que, no contexto das políticas públicas, algumas práticas precisam ser repensadas ou desenvolvidas numa perspectiva democrática de participação. Nessa conjuntura, posso descrever alguns avanços tais como: melhor compreensão das atribuições e responsabilidades das instituições que viabilizam e asseguram os direitos participativos nas políticas públicas educacionais, pela forma como são difundidas; tomada de decisão dos docentes para a construção de uma consciência política, por conceberem a educação como ato político; promoção de ações que permitiram melhorar a compreensão dos docentes, coordenadores pedagógicos e gestores educacionais para os processos participativos. Todavia, alguns percalços que constato como limitação para o desenvolvimento de uma política eficiente e eficaz caracterizada pela fragilidade na construção de uma pauta de trabalho para que contemple a formação política do educador. Além disso, essa política deve combater a segregação existente na forma como são feitas as convocações aos educadores para a participação na elaboração das propostas. Ainda ressalto que ficou explícito que os elementos constitutivos da proposta de formação continuada trazem consigo objetivos comuns e visões dicotômicas, que precisam ser definidas no diálogo. Não obstante a essas limitações, é coerente considerar a importância da estruturação do PSLTQLE para a elaboração da proposta de formação continuada para a Secretaria Municipal de Educação de São Luís/MA, ratificando assim que sem as possibilidades de participação toda política se torna insustentável. / This research was guided by a study carried about teachers´ participation in the discussion about educational policies. The purpose was to analyze the participation of teachers from the municipal educational system in the city of São Luís/MA in the organization of a proposal for continuous learning for teachers in-service, under the perspective of a program called "Programa São Luís Te Quero Lendo e Escrevendo" (PSLTQLE). The investigation covered years 2002 to 2007 and involved on 111 elementary school teachers and 19 schools from 7 nuclei of the public system. The methodology used was a qualitative research based on questionnaires that were distributed and document analysis to support the data. With the data collected, it was possible to analyze that, in the context of public policies, some practices need to be rethought or developed in a democratic perspective of participation. Under those circumstances, it is possible to describe a few advances, such as: a better understanding of the responsibilities and duties for those institutions that make it available and ensure participative rights in educational public policies, from the way they are promoted; the decision making by the teachers for the construction of some political awareness, conceiving education as a political act; promotion of actions that enabled a better understanding of the teachers, pedagogical coordinators, and educational managers for participative processes. However, there are some mishaps I see as a limitation for the development of an effective and efficient policy characterized by the fragility in building a work agenda that may contemplate the political education of the educators themselves. In addition to that, this policy should fight segregation observed in the way the educators are called to participate in the organization of the proposals. Still, I point out that it became explicit to our eyes that the elements that constitute the proposal for continuous education bring along common objectives and dichotomic views that need to be defined upon dialog. And despite such limitations it is coherent to disregard the importance of how PSLTQLE is structured in order to elaborate the proposal for continuous education for the Municipal Education Bureau (Secretaria Municipal de Educação de São Luís/MA), thus ractifying that, without the possibilities of participating, all policies become unsustainable.

Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’étude de l’apport d’une aide assistée par ordinateur au diagnostic de certaines maladies dégénératives du cerveau, en explorant les images de tomographie par émission de positons, par des techniques de traitement d’image et d’analyse statistique.Nous nous sommes intéressés à la représentation corticale des 116 régions anatomiques, en associant à chacune d’elles un vecteur d’attribut issu du calcul des 4 premiers moments des intensités de voxels, et en y incluant par ailleurs l’entropie. Sur la base de l’aire de courbes ROC, nous avons établi qualitativement la pertinence de chacune des régions anatomiques, en fonction du nombre de paramètres du vecteur d’attribut qui lui était associé, pour séparer le groupe des sujets sains de celui des sujets atteints de la maladie d’Alzheimer. Dans notre étude nous avons proposé une nouvelle approche de sélection de régions les plus pertinentes, nommée "combination matrix", en se basant sur un système combinatoire. Chaque région est caractérisée par les différentes combinaisons de son vecteur d’attribut. L’introduction des régions les plus pertinentes(en terme de pouvoir de séparation des sujets) dans le classificateur supervisé SVM nous a permis d’obtenir, malgré la réduction de dimension opérée, un taux de classification meilleur que celui obtenu en utilisant l’ensemble des régions. / Our research focuses on presenting a novel computer-aided diagnosis technique for brain Positrons Emission Tomography (PET) images. It processes and analyzes quantitatively these images, in order to better characterize and extract meaningful information for medical diagnosis. Our contribution is to present a new method of classifying brain 18 FDG PET images. Brain images are first segmented into 116 Regions Of Interest (ROI) using an atlas. After computing some statistical features (mean, standarddeviation, skewness, kurtosis and entropy) on these regions’ histogram, we defined a Separation Power Factor (SPF) associated to each region. This factor quantifies the ability of each region to separate neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer disease from Healthy Control (HC) brain images. A novel region-based approach is developed to classify brain 18FDG-PET images. The motivation of this work is to identify the best regional features for separating HC from AD patients, in order to reduce the number of features required to achieve an acceptable classification result while reducing computational time required for the classification task.

The first stories written in Sepedi deal almost exclusively with the problem of urbanisation, and its ensuing atrocities. Then, halfway through the previous century, Matsepe distinguished himself by diverting from his predecessors’ subject matter completely. In the nine novellas that he authored, Matsepe writes about the traditional way of life, and only refers to white people twice, and the references are made to the Voortrekkers in both instances. The descriptions of the traditional way of life are so well-rounded and complete that the question arises of whether he focused his depictions to give an accurate reflection of the reality of the way of life of the people in his writing. This, then, becomes the subject matter of this research. The researcher is himself one of those people Matsepe writes about, although of a different generation. This leads him to consult external primary and secondary sources about the traditional way of life, in order to familiarise himself with traditional realities. Other than textual sources, including Mönnig’s comprehensive monograph about the Bapedi, the researcher also consulted with tribe elders, including chiefs, traditional healers (among whom the women are considered to be the most reliable informants in practice) and members of the village council. This is the first study of its kind to be undertaken in Sepedi. The theoretical pitfall of this study is that even the largest body of literature portrays the reality in a calculated manner, much like a work of fiction. The depiction of reality is inherently tied to the worldview of the author, and to that of his/her audience. This uncertain reality makes for delicate research, and it presupposes that the researcher has to familiarise himself with Matsepe’s biographical history: the circumstances he grew up in, his status in the community, his worldview, his achievements and failures, to name but a few. This study does not focus of Matsepe’s entire body of work, but rather on Megokgo ya Bjoko specifically, as it is (a) seen as the most interesting and satisfying in his oeuvre, and (b) comprehensive and realistic in its representation of the traditional way of life of the North Sotho people. It is clear, though, in his entire body of work that Matsepe had intimate knowledge of the political system of the tribe, as well as the legal practices and social customs; and that he depicted them accurately. The primary subject matter in his stories problematises the tribal legal practices to the extent of bordering on the absurd. The reality described in his stories encompasses characters or persons, events, place and space, time, and the cultural objects that are of interest. Bearing these categories in mind, the distinction has to be made between what is (a) real, (b) fictitious, but true to life, and (c) purely fantasy. This distinction is vital, as there is the possibility that some of the characters, such as king, may have existed in reality, and that certain events may have taken place in their lifetimes, thus rendering them historically factual. Matsepe’s characters all appear to be fictitious. What is real, however, is his depiction of the hierarchy and social order among various chiefs, as well as that between the king and his council. The various categories of witchdoctors, traditional healers and witches are also truthfully depicted in terms of their respective professions. The kings chief wife is also of importance in the depictions, as she is the bearer of the heir to the throne, and is married though the tribe. Other important figures include the malome and the rakgadi. The events depicted are also mostly fictitious. That which happens in the chief’s village is naturally of great importance, and Matsepe spends a lot of time on the representation of court cases. The king and his council play a vital role in these legal proceedings. The king is the leading character in the depiction of battles, as he leads his army in war. If the king is to be taken prisoner, he is charged and tried, as he would have lost the battle, but his blood would not be spilt. Prior to battle, the king would also negotiate with surrounding chiefs to ensure that they remain neutral during the battle, and that they are to provide shelter for some of his followers if the need were to arise. After the death of a king, there are prescribed rites, rituals and ceremonies that have to be performed. The same is expected if the senior prince were to die, but the surrounding chiefs would not necessarily act in accordance with the prescriptions. This radical behaviour leads to derision, conflict, and to eventual war, in Megokgo ya Bjoko. As previously stated, the traditional healers, witchdoctors and witches play an important role in Matsepe’s writing. Detailed depictions of their practices, beliefs, instruments and followers, areas of specialisation and status within the community are given. The most important practitioners among them are almost exclusively in service to the king’s court, and may only administer to the general public with the king’s permission. Other important figures are the malome and rakgadi, who perform the rites and rituals of weddings and funerals. In Matsepe’s stories, the various and multitudinous rituals and duties that have to be performed tend to lead to conflict and violence. The importance of cattle also plays a role in terms of ceremonies and rituals. The roles and status of women are also described. Matsepe highlights the woman’s subordination to her husband, an example of which is depicted in the Leilane family where the wife will not share a meal with her husband. The work ethic of the women is also mentioned in (a) Morara’s conversation with an old friend, and (b) in Morara’s homecoming after visiting his close friend. Social occasions, such as beer parties, competitions and feasts to celebrate a boy’s accomplishments in tribal school are also accurately described; and the beer pot and ladling calabash are important instruments for such occasions. The space and place of Matsepe’s fictional world could be anywhere in Sekhukhuneland. The timeframe, however, is precise, inasmuch as every event occurs on the eve of the Voortrekkers’ arrival. This is not significant in and of itself, but because it occurs simultaneously with the appearance of the Halley’s comet, the timeframe’s specificity gains importance. In Megokgo ya Bjoko there are two events that are directly associated with the occurrence of Halley’s comet; namely the crow episodes that are related to the witchdoctors’ throwing of the bones. Halley’s comet, the arrival of the Voortrekkers, the many rituals and ceremonies, the cultural objects such as the ladling calabash, the picking of berries for the weaving of sleeping mats, etc are the only elements in Matsepe’s writing that are depicted as they are in reality. The role of the crows could be either pure fantasy, or ascribed to the superstitions of the people, as magic and divination were realities of the time, and can thus also be said to be a depiction of reality. Matsepe’s imaginary world is a fictitious reality that is true to life. It is so true to life, in fact, that the question arises whether he wanted to preserve the traditional way of life through writing his stories, for future generations; or whether he merely wanted to tell an interesting story against the backdrop of tradition. In writing Magokgo ya Bjoko, his choice is apparently the latter. For this purpose he utilises a nameless, unreliable narrator, who perpetually exposes the reader to his worldview, who loses his train of thought occasionally and asks for assistance, and who describes war and bloodlust in the enduring time of peace. He admits, though, that the ancestors are required to intervene and to reprimand those who do not fulfil the obligations of their duties; leading to the statement, respectfully made, by Groenewald in Die Feesbundel to Prof. E.B. van Wyk: “... his narrator is more than just a point of contact; he becomes a leading character and a symbol, and it is through him that the satire comes to life”. AFRIKAANS: In die eerste geskrewe verhale in Sepedi, behandel die skrywer uitsluitlik die probleem van verstedeliking en al die aaklighede wat daaruit voortspruit. Teen die helfde van die vorige eeu tree Matsepe na vore, en sien van die praktyk van sy voorgangers volkome af. In sy nege novelles/romans beskryf hy die tradisionele leefwyse van sy mense, en in slegs twee van sy werke word daar na blankes verwys, wat in beide gevalle die Voortrekkers is. So volledig word die tradisionele opset beskryf dat die vraag onwillekeurig onstaan of sy beskrywing nie hierop toegespits was om slegs ‘n getroue weergawe van daardie werklikheid te gee nie. Dit word dan die onderwerp van hierdie navorsing. Die navorser is uiteraard self een van daardie mense, hoewel nie deel van daardie tydsgewrig nie. Daarom bedien hy hom ook van ander bronne om hom van die tradisionele werklikheid te vergewis. Behalwe geskrewe werke, soos o.a. Mönnig se lywige monografie oor die Bapedi; word ook van die oudstes in die stam geraadpleeg: opperhoofde, verskeie kruie dokters wat o.a. vroue (in die praktyk as die betroubaarste informante bewys) insluit en raadsmanne. ‘n Sodanige studie is nog nie vantevore in Sepedi onderneem nie. Vereers het die ondersoeker hom van die teoretiese grondslag van sy navorsing vergewis, wat van belang is. Hieruit blyk dit dat selfs die grootste verdigsel, soos ‘n sprokie, nie anders kan as om die werklikheid tog op ‘n bepaalde manier op te roep nie. Dit hou uiteraard met die ervaringswêreld van die outeur, maar ook van sy leser, verband. En juis dít maak so ‘n onderneming soos wat hierdie in die vooruitsig stel, ‘n uiters delikate studie. Dit veronderstel o.a. dat die navorser hom op die hoogte moet stel van die lewensgeskiedenis van Matsepe: die lewesomstandighede waaronder hy groot geword het, die status wat hy in die gemeentskap geniet het, sy lewensbeskouing, sy prestasies en mislukkings, ens.Ofskoon Matsepe se prosawerke in die geheel te neem, by hierdie ondersoek in aanmerking geneem word, word die fokus op sy Megokgo ya Bjoko toegespits. Die redes hiervoor is dat: (a) dit literêr beoordeel, die interessantste asook bevredegindste van sy oeuvre is, en (b) sy werke inhoudelik, m.a.w. t.o.v. die tradisionele lewe van die Noord Sotho, ruimskoots ooreenstem. Dit kom duidelik in al sy werke na vore dat hy met die politieke stelsel van die stam intiem vertroud was, die regstelsel op die punte van sy vingers gehad het, en die sosiale en kulturele patrone en gebruike getrou kon weergee het. Vir die probleemstelling in al sy verhale lê hy die vinger op skuiwergate in die regstelsel en bou hy dit uit totdat dit aan die absurde grens. Die beskrywing van die verhaalwerklikheid raak die volgende sake: die karakters of persone, die gebeure, die plek, die tyd, asook die kulturele voorwerpe van belang. Met die oog hierop word daar onderskei tussen dit wat (a) werklik is, (b) denkbeeldig maar lewensgetrou is, en (c) pure fantasie is. Die onderskeid tussen werklikheid en lewensgetrouheid is in verhale van dié aard noodsaaklik omdat sekere persone/karakters, soos konings, werklik kon bestaan het. Daar mag dan selfs gebeurtenisse wees wat tydens hulle leeftyd waarlik plaasgevind het.Wat die Matsepekarakters betref, is hulle klaarblyklik almal denkbeeldig. Wat wel deel van die werklikheid uitmaak, is die seniortydsorde tussen die verskillende opperhoofde asook dié tussen die koning se raadmanne. So ook kom die verskillende kategorië van kruiedokters, toordokters en hekse, én wat hulle onderskeie professies is, ter sprake. So ook is die koning se hoofvrou belangrik omdat die troonopvolger uit haar gebore word en sy deur die stam getrou is. Ander belangrike figure is die malome en die rakgadi.Die gebeure of handeling is hoofsaaklik denkbeeldig. Dit wat in die hoofstat plaasvind, is uiteraard baie belangrik. Matsepe staan ‘n aansienlike deel van sy vertelling aan hofsake af. Hierin speel die koning en sy raadsmanne ‘n belangrike rol en eweneens in die prosedure hiertydens ter sake. En tydens veldslae is die koning die vernaamste figuur. Hy ly sy leërs in die oorlog en word aan sy mondering uitgeken. Word hy gevange geneem, het hy die veldslag verloor en word tereggestel, maar sy bloed mag nie vergiet word nie, want hy is nie ‘n hond nie. Maar vooraf onderhandel hy met omliggende opperhoofde dat hulle neutraal in die stryd moet staan en ook sommige van sy volgelinge tydens die oorlog moet herberg.Na die afsterwe van ‘n koning word bepaalde rituele en seremonies nagekom. As hy ‘n senior vors is, hoort ook die omliggende opperhoofde hulle aan die voorskrifte te hou. Dié is ingrypend van aard en lei in Megokgo ya Bjoko juis tot kwaaivriendskap en latere oorlog.‘n Belangrike plek word aan die rol van die verskillende toordokters, kruiedokters en hekse toegesê. Nie net hulle doen en late word beskryf nie, maar ook hulle mondering, gevolg, spesialiteit en status. Die vernaamste onder hulle is aan die koningshof verbonde en mag slegs met koningstoestemming die gewone burger bedien.Die malome en rakgadi is vername mense. Tydens huwelike, dood en begrafnisse speel hulle ‘n belangrike rol. ‘n Veelvoud van rituele en verpligtinge moet nagekom word, en in die Matsepeverhale lei dit gewoonlik tot groot onenigheid, twis en gewelddadigheid. Die belangrikheid van die bees kom ook hiertydens ter sprake.Die rol en status van die vrou kom ook onder die soeklig. Matsepe beskryf enertyds haar onderdanigheid aan haar man, soos in die geval van die Leilanehuishouding waar hulle ook nie saam die ete nuttig nie, en andertyds, haar daadkrag, soos beskryf word in (a) die gesprek tussen Morara en sy ou vriend, en (b) Morara se tuiskoms na sy besoek aan sy goeie vriend.Sosiale geleenthede, soos bierpartye, prysdigwedstryde en feesgeleenthede om ‘n seun se welslae tydens die stamskool te vier, word beskryf en in hierdie navorsing aan die werklikheid gekontroleer. Van groot belang natuurlik is die bierpot en die skepkalbas; spesiaal vir sodanige geleenthede.Ten opsigte van die wêreld of ruimte waarbinne gebeure afspeel, kan dit enige plek in Sekhukhuneland wees. Die tydstip, daarenteen, word presies bepaal, nl. dat alles plaasvind aan die vooraand van die koms van die Voortrekkers. Dit op sigself sou geen besondere betekenis gehad het nie, behalwe dat gebeurtenisse in tyd afloop. Maar hier is die betekenis hiervan dat die koms van die Voortrekkers destyds met die verskyning van die Halley-komeet saamval. Daar is twee geleenthede in Megokgo ya Bjoko wat met die Halley-komeet geassosieër word, nl. die kraaie-episodes wat met die toordokters se dolosse verbind word. Die Halley-komeet, die koms van die Voortrekkers, die talle rituele en seremonies, voorwerpe soos die skepkalbas vir die bier, die pluk van bessies vir die vleg van slaapmatte, die gras pons, ens, is die enigste sake wat aan die werklikheid toegesê kan word. Die rol wat die kraaie speel kan òf totale fantasie wees, òf kan aan bygeloof toegeskryf word: want daardie toorkuns was ‘n werklikheid vir daardie, en is dan soos die Halley-komeet nie deel van ‘n verbeeldingskug uitmaak nie.Die wêreld wat Matsepe in sy werke optower, is wel ‘n fiktiewe werklikheid, maart word tewens so getrou geteken dat die vraag ontstaan of hy nie die tradisionele lewenswyse, deur die storie wat hy vertel, wou opteken dat nie dit iewers op skrif vir die nageslag bewaar kan bly, en of hy bloot ‘n interessante storie wou vertel waar die tradisionele as die agtergrond dien waarteen die gebeure afspeel. Hy het met die skrywe van Megokgo ya Bjoko kennelik die tweede opsie gekies. Hiervoor gebruik hy ‘n naamlose vertellerkarakter wat vertel, wat sy lewesbeskouing herhaaldelik aan die leser opdring, wat die draad van sy storie plek-plek verloor, en vra dat iemand anders moet help, wat stryd, oorlog en bloederigheid beskryf en oplaas in ewedurende vrede voorhou. Maar, erken hy terselfdetyd dat die voorvaders van tyd tot tyd moet ingryp en die karwats moet inlê om diegene wat ander afknou tot verantwoording te roep. Die laaste word in dié verband kom Groenewald toe waar hy in die feesbundel aan Prof. E.B. van Wyk gewy, verduidelik: “... sy verteller is meer as net ‘n gesigspunt; hy word hoofkarakter; ook simbool, en deur hom kry die satire sy beslag”. / Thesis (DLitt)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / African Languages / unrestricted

High Entropy Alloy (HEA) is a class of construction steels based on the mixing of five or more elements in approximately equimolar ratios. Despite the ambiguity of their future use, HEAs represent a significantly new group of construction materials that are currently receiving a great deal of attention. Single-phase HEAs fail when used at elevated tempera-tures. The improvement of their high-temperature resistance was achieved by introducing a dispersion of oxides Al2O3 and Y2O3. To generalize the positive effect of dispersions on the mechanical properties at elevated temperatures, particles of a similar nature were cho-sen. These were dispersed particles of nitrides: hardness-incompatible AlN and hardness-compatible BN. The particles were evenly distributed inside the alloys by mechanical al-loying and compacted by SPS (Spark Plasma Sintering). The new structural alloy reached a density higher than 96.5 % and brought an increase in yield strength at room tempera-ture of up to 67 % and 40 % at elevated temperatures, while maintaining a homogeneous distribution of input powders.

MA (Xitsonga) / Ehansi Ka Senthara ya M. E. R. Mathivha ya Tindzimi ta Afrika Vutshila na Mfuwo / Xikongomelonkulu xa ndzavisiso lowu i ku xopaxopa maendli mo susa ma xiendliwa xin’we eka Xitsonga hi ku kongomisa eka tindlela leti ma tirhaka hatona exivulweni. Xikongomelo lexi xi aviwa hi marhavi manharhu. Rhavi ro sungula ri kongomana na ku xopaxopa maendli mo susa lama paluxaka mukhuva na mbuyelo hi xikongomelo xo kumisisa michumu leyi nga tirhaka tanihi tiagumente ta nhlokomhaka na tiagumente ta swiendliwa, xikan’we na ku lavisisa michumu leyi nga tirhaka tanihi switirho swa maendli mo susa. Rhavi ra vumbirhi rona ri langutana na ku lavisisa maendli mo susa ma xiendliwa xin’we lama paluxaka mukhuva na mbuyelo lama tirheke eswivulweni ma ri na swivulwana swa mahlanganisi swa xivangelo, xikongomelo na xipimelo. Kasi rhavi ra vunharhu ri tirhana no kambisisa tinhlamuselo/mitirho ya xisemantiki leyi nyikiwaka tiagumemnte hi maendli mo susa ma xiendliwa xin’we lama paluxaka mukhuva na mbuyelo. Eka ndzavisiso lowu ku tirhisiwa thiyori ya vunongoti, ku nga thiyori leyi kongomanaka na ndlela leyi vanhu va twisisaka xiswona marito. Mhaka leyi endlekaka eka thiyori leyi, hi leswi vanhu va twisisaka xiswona marito emiehleketweni ya vona eka leswi ma vulaka swona hi ku angarhela. Swiphemu swa nkoka leswi thiyori leyi yi jikajikaka eka swona i nhlokomhaka leyi nga xiendli xa leswi susiwaka, riendli leri hlamuselaka leswi susiwaka na hilaha swi susiwaka hakona, xiendliwa lexi khumbekaka hileswi vuriwaka hi riendli, na xilandzelandzhaku lexi nga vaka ndhawu, xitirho na swin’wana ni swin’wana. Ndzavisiso lowu wu endliwa hi ku landzelela maendlelo ma nkoka, laha ku nga na maendlelo mambirhi mo kongoma ehansi ka wona; ku nga mo tirhisa ntlawa wo karhi wa vavulavuri va Xitsonga lava nga xiyayiya swivulwa leswi mulavisisi a swi vumbeke leswi vaka swi tirhisile maendli mo susa. Mulavisisi u lulamisile papila ra swivutiso leri longoloxeke swivulwa leswi a lavaka leswaku vavulavuri lava va swi xiyayiya ku xiya loko swi twala kumbe swi nga twali na maendlelo ma nxopaxopo wa vundzeni bya tsalwa lama tirhisiwaka ku xopaxopa swivulwa leswi nga tirhisiwa tanihi mahungu ya ndzavisiso lowu. / NRF