The goal of my thesis was to evaluate origin of mastisis diseases and specify the best way to cure this disease with antibiotics. Secondary goal was to examin origin of things that cause these diseases, efficiency of the cure and how it is influenced by the stage of the illness. This research was made in cowshed, fron april to december 2018 with 136 specimen. During this period I took samples of milk, that had more than 800 000 somatic cells in 1ml of milk. Based of possitve NK test, samples of mammary gland were taken and cultivated on one used only Petri dish. Depending of the origin of the infection, the proper atibitics were chosen for the cure. After 7 to 14 days after antibiotics treatment, milk sample was taken from the cured part od mammary gland and It was tested to see, if the treatment was successful. 77% of the specimen were sick because of microorganisms and most of the specimen were afflicted the most during 1st lactation (36.8% to 47.1%). Following microorganisms caused mastisis - Staphylococcus spp. (KNS), Streptococcus uberis, Klebsiella oxytoca, Escherichia coli, Candida rugosa a Enterococcus faecalis. 36% of mastisis was caused by Staphylococcus spp. (KNS), followed by coliform bacteria (22%). 17% of mastisis was caused by Streptococcus uberis. 10.5% of specimen was infected by Enterococcus faecalis. Candida rugosa was found in 7.4% of the samples and in 9.5% of samples the diseasehad no specific microorganism responsible. From 105 infected cows, 68% of them fully recovered. At the end, based on the stage of the mastisis, efectivness of the treatmend was statistically evaluated. The evaluation showed, that stage of infection massively influence the result of the treatment.

A sinalização da matriz extracelular (MEC) é essencial para a determinação do destino e comportamento de células epiteliais da glândula mamária. Entretanto, pouco é conhecido sobre os mecanismos moleculares envolvidos nesse processo. A via Hippo, uma cascata de sinalização que participa da regulação de diversos comportamentos celulares, incluindo o tamanho de órgãos, parece ser uma importante candidata a mediadora sinalização da MEC. Resultados preliminares do laboratório indicam que a arquitetura tecidual e a membrana basal, componente da MEC de epitélios e outros tecidos, influenciam a localização, concentração e atividade de YAP, uma proteína efetora da via Hippo, em células epiteliais mamárias. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar as proteínas que interagem com Yap (ortólogo de YAP em camundongo) nas células epiteliais da glândula mamária em resposta à membrana basal. Foram utilizadas células EpH4, uma linhagem mamária não-tumoral murina, como modelo de diferenciação funcional e formação de ácinos em um ensaio de cultura tridimensional (3D). O tratamento de estruturas multicelulares 3D pré-formadas em placas nãoadesiva com uma matriz rica em laminina (lrECM) alterou a localização e o padrão subcelular de Yap, assim como a expressão gênica de membros da via Hippo e dos alvos de Yap, mas não alterou a expressão das proteínas da via em nível de proteína. O ensaio de co-imunoprecipitação (CoIP) seguida de análise por espectrometria de massas identificou um conjunto diferencial de proteínas que interagem com Yap na fração citoplasmática de células EpH4 cultivadas na ausência ou na presença de lrECM em um modelo de ECM-overlay. Uma análise realizada junto à database KEGG Pathways revelou que os possíveis interagentes Yap nas células cultivadas não-tratadas com lrECM participam de processos relacionados à proteólise mediada por ubiquitina, enquanto nas células expostas à lrECM os possíveis interagentes estão associados a processos metabólicos e são especialmente proteínas-chave do metabolismo de lipídios. A busca na plataforma de redes de interação STRING não identificou trabalhos que destaquem a interação de Yap com estas proteínas. A plataforma Vizit indica a participação de Yap em processos relacionados à síntese e atividade de lipídios e hormônios, o que reforça as evidências de que está pode ser uma nova função de Yap ainda não explorada em detalhes. A fim de se obter resultados complementares à CoIP, padronizamos o ensaio de identificação por biotinilação dependente de proximidade (BioID) em células embrionárias de rim humano da linhagem 293FT. As proteínas isoladas por pulldown foram identificadas por espectrometria de massas e uma análise junto à database Gene Ontology indicou que os possíveis interagentes de Yap nestas células são em sua maioria proteínas relacionadas à via Hippo, o que reforça a robustez do ensaio. Nós pretendemos transpor este sistema para as células EpH4. A expectativa é que, em conjunto, estes resultados nos orientem em projetos futuros para compreender os mecanismos de sinalização da MEC na morfogênese e diferenciação da glândula mamária. / Extracellular matrix (ECM)-signaling is crucial for determination of epithelial cell fate and behavior in the mammary gland. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes. The Hippo pathway, a signaling cascade involved in the regulation of several cellular processes, including organ size, seems to be an important candidate as a mediator of this signaling. Our preliminary results indicate that the tissue architecture and the basement membrane, an ECM component of epithelia and other tissues, influence the location, level and activity of YAP, an effector of the Hippo pathway. In this context, the goal of this work was to identify the proteins that interact with Yap (ortholog of YAP in mouse) in mammary epithelial cells in response to the basement membrane. We used EpH4 cells, a nontumoral murine mammary cell, in a functional differentiation and acini-forming in tridimensional (3D) culture assay. Treatment of 3D multicellular structures pre-formed on nonadhesive plates with a laminin-rich extracellular matrix (lrECM) altered the subcellular localization and pattern of Yap, as well as gene expression of Hippo pathway proteins and Yap targets, but did not altered the expression of the pathway members at the protein level. Coimmunoprecipitation (CoIP) followed by mass spectrometry analysis identified a differential set of proteins interacting with Yap in cytoplasmic fractions of EpH4 cells in the absence or presence of lrECM in an ECM-overlay culture model. An analysis performed with the KEGG Pathways database revealed that putative Yap interactors in non-treated cells participate in processes related to ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, whereas in cells exposed to lrECM Yap interactors are associated to metabolic processes and are mainly key-proteins of metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates. A search in interaction networks platform STRING did not identify previous works that showing the interaction of Yap with these proteins. Vizit platform indicated the participation of Yap in processes related to the synthesis and activity of lipids and hormones, which reinforces the evidences that Yap can play a novel poorly explored role. To obtain complementary results to CoIP, we devised the proximity-dependent biotinylation identification (BioID) assay on embryonic renal cells of 293FT cell line. Pulldown-isolated proteins were identified by mass spectrometry and an analysis performed with Gene Ontology database revealed that putative Yap interactors are Hippo pathway-related proteins, which reinforces the robustness of the assay. We intend to transpose this system to the EpH4 cells. We expect that, together, these results will guide us in future projects to understand the signaling mechanisms of ECM in mammary gland morphogenesis and differentiation.

Orientador: Helio Langoni / Resumo: A mastite bovina é responsável por grandes perdas econômicas na bovinocultura de leite, além de aspectos de saúde pública que devem também ser considerados. Animais com mastite clínica ou subclínica apresentam diversas alterações reprodutivas. No primeiro artigo da tese, os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a mastite causada por patógenos maiores (20,1%) ou por gram-negativos (15,4%) levaram a queda na taxa de prenhez na primeira inseminação comparado com o grupo controle (32,6%). Foi observado maior taxa de perda gestacional para os grupos de patógenos maiores (22,2%) e gram-negativos (30,1%) comparados com o controle (12,8%). Foi observado diferença entre todos os grupos para o número de dias em aberto. O grupo controle apresentou o menor intervalo (126,5 dias) seguido pelo grupo patógenos menores (162,0 dias) e pelo grupo de patógenos maiores (175,1 dias). Comportamento similar observado para patógenos gram-positivo (172,7 dias) e patógenos gram-negativos (191,1 dias). Portanto, é importante controlar a mastite em rebanhos leiteiros e, para tanto, o diagnóstico é uma etapa importante. Diferentes proteínas de fase aguda foram descritas como bons biomarcadores para o diagnóstico da mastite. No segundo artigo da tese, foi observado que diferentes patógenos podem alterar a liberação de proteínas de fase aguda no leite. Bactérias que causam inflamações mais graves (E. coli e Klebsiella pneumoniae) levaram maior concentração das APP. Patógenos que causam infecções crônica (Str... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Bovine mastitis is responsible for major economic losses in dairy cattle farming, as well as public health aspects that should also be considered. Animals with clinical or subclinical mastitis present several reproductive alterations. In the first article of this thesis, the results showed that mastitis caused by major pathogens (20.1%) or gram-negative (15.4%) led to a decrease in pregnancy rate in the first insemination compared to the control group (32.6%). Higher gestational loss rates were observed for the major (22.2%) and gram-negative (30.1%) pathogen groups compared with the control (12.8%). The difference was observed between all groups for the number of days open. The control group had the shortest interval (126.5 days) followed by the minor pathogens group (162.0 days) and the major pathogens group (175.1 days). Similar behavior observed for gram-positive pathogens (172.7 days) and gram-negative pathogens (191.1 days). Therefore, it is important to control mastitis in dairy herds and, so, diagnosis is a critical step. Different acute phase proteins have been described as good biomarkers for the diagnosis of mastitis. In the second article of this thesis, it was observed that different pathogens may alter the release of acute phase proteins in milk. Bacteria that cause more severe inflammation (E. coli and K. pneumoniae) led to a higher concentration of APP. Pathogens causing chronic infections (Environmental Streptococcus, S. aureus, Mycoplasma spp.) led to interm... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Le développement de l’épithélium mammaire dépend des cellules souches qui, en proliférant et se différenciant, donnent naissance aux cellules du lignage épithélial. Les cellules souches sont ensuite sollicitées à chaque gestation pour régénérer une partie de l’épithélium. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’identifier et de caractériser en profondeur les différents types de cellules du lignage épithélial mammaire bovin par des approches de cytométrie en flux et de tri cellulaire. Nous avons défini et étudié des (sous)populations épithéliales engagées dans le développement mammaire à la puberté. A ce stade, l’épithélium mammaire contient de rares cellules souches mammaires, des cellules progénitrices à typage mixte luminal/basal et des cellules luminales et basales. Ces (sous)populations diffèrent soit en proportion soit en caractéristiques, voire les deux, aux stades physiologiques majeurssuivants (lactation et tarissement). Les cellules basales diminuent en lactation et au tarissement. Elles possèdent une signature moléculaire propre à chaque stade. La population luminale, composée de plusieurs sous-populations, est la plus variable. Elle arbore une réceptivité hormonale différente à chaque stade. Des (sous)populations épithéliales n’apparaissent qu’à un stade précis (puberté ou lactation) et disparaissent aux autres, comme certaines cellules prolifératives définies comme cellules progénitrices. Enfin, la fraction de rares cellules souches putatives diminue graduellement, de la puberté aux stades suivants, tout en conservant des caractéristiques moléculaires similaires. Ces / The development of the mammary epithelium relies on the mammary stem cells which, by proliferating and differentiating, give rise to the luminal, basal and progenitor cells of the epithelial lineage. The stem cells are then solicited at each gestation to regenerate a part of the epithelium. In this thesis work, we aim at identifying and characterizing in depth the different types of cell constitutive of the bovine mammary epithelial cell lineage by flow cytometry and cell sorting approaches. We defined and studied epithelial (sub)populations committed to mammary development at puberty. At this stage, the mammary epithelium contains rare mammary stem cells, mixed luminal/ basal progenitors, as well as luminal and basal cells.These (sub)populations were found to differ in proportion and/or characteristics at thesubsequent major physiological stages (lactation and dry periods). Basal cells decrease at lactation and dry off. They harbor a specific molecular signature at each stage. The luminal population, composed of several subpopulations, is the most variable. The hormonal receptivity of these cells changes at each physiological stage. Interestingly, some epithelial populations only appear at specific stages (puberty or lactation) and disappear at others, as one subpopulation of proliferative cells that we defined as progenitor cells. At last, the pool of rare putative stem cells gradually decreases from puberty to the next stages while maintaining a similar molecular signature. These are novel insights that show that the epithelial lineage evolves substantially through the

Maspina é uma proteína supressora de tumor e metástase e sua localização subcelular está relacionada ao prognóstico do câncer de mama. Nosso grupo mostrou em MCF-10A que quando fosforilada maspina se acumula no citoplasma. Porém, esta correlação ainda não foi relatada in vivo. Aqui investigamos a expressão, fosforilação e localização subcelular de maspina ao longo do desenvolvimento da glândula mamária murina. Maspina foi detectada no estágio mais tardio da gestação, na lactação e na involução. Os níveis de fosforilação de maspina são maiores no período de lactação do que na involução. Interessantemente, a porcentagem de células que apresenta maspina no núcleo é maior na fase de involução do que na fase de lactação Estes dados mostram que a correlação entre níveis de fosforilação de maspina e localização subcelular também é observada in vivo e que esses processos são reguladas ao longo do desenvolvimento na glândula mamária murina. / Maspin is a protein with tumor and metastasis suppressing activity and its subcellular localization is related to breast cancer prognosis. Using MCF-10A cells as a model system, our group demonstrated a correlation between maspin phosphorylation and cytoplasmic accumulation. Here we investigated maspin expression, phosphorylation levels and subcellular localization in vivo during the murine mammary gland development. Maspin was detected in late pregnancy, during lactation and involution. Maspin phosphorylation levels is higher during lactation than during involution. Interestingly, the percentage of cells which present nuclear maspin is higher in the involution than in lactation. These data show that the correlation between maspin phosphorylation and subcellular localization is also observed in vivo and these processes are regulated during murine mammary gland development.

L’alimentation peut influencer le développement mammaire des femmes et compromettre la santé de la descendance. La leptine pourrait jouer un rôle majeur dans ces processus. Nous avons montré que chez la lapine, la synthèse mammaire de leptine était peu élevée en gestation puis augmentait en lactation, et que l’allaitement par une mère hyperadipeuse potentialisait les effets d’un régime obésogène ultérieur et induisait un développement mammaire anormal de la descendance. Nous avons également caractérisé la synthèse et la sécrétion mammaire de leptine, dans un modèle cellulaire hétérologue. Enfin, nous avons évalué la variation intra espèce ainsi que la croissance selon deux fenêtres nutritionnelles : alimentation obésogène administré dès la puberté ou dès la naissance, dans deux lignées murines, FVB/N et C57BL/6.Ce travail montre que la composition du lait maternel est altérée par l’alimentation et influe sur la croissance et le développement mammaire de la descendance, chez le lapin / Women’s nutrition can have long-term effects on mammary development and on the development and the health of the offspring. Leptin may play a major role during these processes. In the present work we show that leptin synthesis in the mammary gland slightly increases during pregnancy, but largely increases during lactation. We also show that, in the rabbit, milk consumption from obesogenic-fed dams promote the later effects of an obesogenic diet and leads to an abnormal mammary development observed in the offspring. We also highlight the synthesis and the mammary secretion of leptin in a heterologous cellular model. We also evaluate the intra-species variability as well as the growth considering two nutritional windows: obesogenic feeding from the puberty or from the birth, in two lineages of mice, FVB/N and C57BL /6.This work shows that the consumption of altered maternal milk has long-term effects by influencing the growth and the mammary development of the offspring, in rabbit

L’épithélium mammaire est organisé en bicouche : une couche de cellules luminales sécrétrices et une couche de cellules basales myoépithéliales. Des cellules souches multipotentes capables de régénérer l’épithélium mammaire après transplantation résident dans le compartiment basal tandis que les deux couches épithéliales mammaires contiennent des cellules souches/progénitrices à propriétés clonogéniques. De nombreuses études suggèrent que les cellules souches et progénitrices de la glande mammaire pourraient être les cibles d’une transformation oncogénique menant à des cancers du sein, justifiant l’attention particulière portée à ces populations cellulaires mineures.Pour étudier les rôles du proto-oncogène Myc, ou du suppresseur de tumeurs Trp53, dans le contrôle des fonctions des cellules souches et progénitrices, nous avons généré des souris transgéniques présentant une invalidation de Myc ou Trp53 dans la couche basale de l’épithélium mammaire. Les souris déficientes en Myc présentent des glandes hypoplasiques et les cellules basales dépourvues de Myc perdent complètement leur capacité régénérative. En revanche, la perte de p53 induit une augmentation des populations de cellules souches et progénitrices avec un potentiel d’autorenouvellement accru, suggérant que p53 restreint la propagation des cellules souches/progénitrices dans l’épithélium mammaire. Ces résultats montrent que Myc et p53 jouent un rôle essentiel dans le contrôle des fonctions des cellules souches et progénitrices mammaires.Les souris transgéniques K5Ncat générées précédemment dans notre laboratoire, développent des carcinomes mammaires de type basal avec des composants métaplastiques, induits par l’expression d’une forme activée de la -caténine dans la couche basale mammaire. Nous avons trouvé que la population de cellules souches fonctionnelles est augmentée dans l’épithélium pré-néoplasique des souris K5Ncat. Pour étudier les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires du développement de ces tumeurs, les souris déficientes en Myc ou Trp53 ont été croisées avec des souris K5Ncat. Nous avons constaté une inhibition complète de la tumorigenèse induite par la -caténine en absence de Myc et une accélération de celle-ci en absence de p53. Nos résultats suggèrent que les cellules souches/progénitrices basales pourraient être à l’origine des tumeurs mammaires de type basal avec des caractéristiques métaplastiques et que les rôles joués par Myc et p53 dans la tumorigenèse sont liés à leurs fonctions régulatrices des cellules souches mammaires. / Numerous studies suggested that mammary stem and progenitor cells could be targets of the oncogenic transformation in breast cancer, attracting a particular attention to these cell populations. Mammary epithelium is organized as bilayer, with a layer of luminal secretory cells and a basal myoepithelial layer. Multipotent stem cells able to regenerate mammary epithelium upon transplantation reside in the basal compartment, whereas both mammary epithelial cell layers contain clonogenic stem/progenitor cells.To study the roles played by a proto-oncogene Myc and a tumor suppressor p53 in the control of mammary stem and progenitor cell function, we generated mouse mutants presenting conditional deletion of Myc and Trp53 genes in the basal layer of the mammary epithelium. The Myc-mutants presented hypoplastic glands, and basal cells depleted of Myc were unable to regenerate mammary epithelium. In contrast, deletion of p53 led to increased stem and progenitor cell activity with enhanced capacity to self-renew suggesting that p53 restricts the propagation of the stem/progenitor cell populations in the mammary epithelium. These data clearly demonstrate that Myc and p53 play a central role in the control of the mammary stem cell function. Transgenic mice K5Ncat obtained previously by our team develop basal-type mammary carcinomas with metaplastic component, induced by the expression of activated (N-terminally truncated) -catenin in mammary epithelial basal layer. We found that stem cell activity is increased in preneoplastic K5Ncat mammary epithelium. To study molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying tumor development, Myc- and Trp53-mutants were bred to K5Ncat mice. The deletion of Myc completely inhibited tumorigenesis, whereas in the absence of p53, tumor development was significantly accelerated. Our data suggest that basal stem/progenitor cells might be at the origin of basal-type breast tumors with metaplastic characteristics and that roles played by Myc and p53 in the tumorigenesis are associated with their regulatory functions in stem cells.

Até recentemente acreditava-se que a tuberculose em caprinos fosse uma enfermidade rara, o que levou ao errôneo conceito de que esses animais fossem resistentes ao Mycobacterium bovis. Este trabalho tem por objetivo verificar se houve processo inflamatório da glândula mamária devido a agentes de mastite ou à presença de Mycobacterium, comparar a frequência de isolamento pelo teste de Zielh-Neelsen nas amostras de leite e dos fragmentos de glândula mamária de caprinos tuberculina positivo e verificar lesões encontradas na glândula mamária com frequência semelhante aos isolados pelo teste de Zielh-Neelsen em caprinos tuberculina positivo. Os animais deste experimento foram provenientes de um surto de tuberculose em caprinos ocorrido numa propriedade localizada em Bueno Brandão (Minas Gerais), totalizando 68 animais. Os resultados encontrados foram obtidos através da análise dos testes de Tamis e California Mastitis Test em relação ao exame microbiológico tanto da glândula mamária quanto do leite. Através do isolamento bacteriológico obteve-se 64 (98,46%) amostras para Staphylococcus ssp e apenas 1 (1,54%) para Corynebacterium ssp. Na glândula mamária, dos seis isolamentos obtidos todos eram Staphylococcus ssp. Com os resultados apresentados pelo isolamento microbiológico da glândula mamária concluiu-se que independente da espécie, o Staphylococcus ssp é o agente de maior frequência entre os isolados sendo o maior responsável pela mastite intramamária em caprinos. Das 116 amostras de leite semeadas nos tubos de Stonebrink e Löwenstein-Jensem, foram isolados 5 (4,31%) de amostras de leite positivas ao teste de Zielh-Neelsen. Dos 60 fragmentos de glândula mamária semeados nos meios de Stonebrink e Löwenstein-Jensem, isolou-se apenas um tubo no meio de Stonebrink, perfazendo um frequência de 1 (1,66%) amostra de glândula mamária, o que é um indicativo que seja M. bovis, pois o meio de Stonebrink é um meio de eleição para o seu crescimento, utilizado para isolar o M. bovis. Estes fragmentos de glândula mamária que foram submetidos à análise histopatológica pelas colorações de hematoxilina-eusina e Zielh-Neelsen, apresentaram lesões na glândula mamária de cabras tuberculina positivo, 7 (11, 66%) de achados de lesões causadas por M. bovis na glândula mamária, e 18 (30,00%) processos de reparo. Pela análise histológica dos fragmentos de glândula mamária todos apresentaram processo inflamatório na região intersticial da glândula, sendo um indício de mastite crônica. Concluiu-se que: o processo inflamatório da glândula mamária não estava associado à presença de Staphylococcus ssp, mas ao estágio de secagem dos animais, pelo resultados do teste de Zielh-Neelsen no leite e nos fragmentos de glândula mamária positivos, pode-se utilizar qualquer um dos métodos para verificar a frequência de isolamento de microrganismos em animais tuberculina positivo, a frequência de processo granulomatoso nas glândulas mamárias dos animais estudados foi semelhante estatisticamente, tanto a frequência do testes de Zielh-Neelsen no leite, quanto nos fragmentos de glândula, porém quando se considerou a frequência do processo de reparo comparada com a frequência do teste de Zielh-Neelsen no leite e no fragmento da glândula houve diferença significante, portanto a frequência de processo na glândula mamária de animais tuberculina positivo é superior a frequência do teste de Zielh-Neelsen no leite e na glândula mamária. / Until recently it was believed that caprine tuberculosis was a rare infirmity leading to the wrong agreement that these animals were resistant to Mycobacterium bovis. This study aims to: verify if there was inflammatory process of the mammary gland caused by mastitis agents or the presence of Mycobacterium; compare the frequency of isolation by the Zielh-Neelsen\'s test in the milk samples and fragments of caprine mammary gland tuberculin positive, verify if the lesions found in the mammary gland present similar frequency to the ones isolated by the Zielh-Neelsen´s test in tuberculin positive caprine. The animals used in this experiment came from an outbreak of tuberculosis in caprine that occurred in a property located at the city of Bueno Brandão (Minas Gerais), totalizing 68 animals affected. The results were obtained through the analysis of the Tamis and California Mastitis Tests in relation to the microbiologic exam of, both, mammary gland and milk. By the bacteriological isolation it was obtained 64 (98,46%) samples for Staphylococcus ssp and only 1 (1,54%) for Corynebacterium sp. Of the 64 (98,46%) identified milk samples, from the genus Staphylococcus ssp.. In the mammary gland, of the 6 isolations obtained all were Staphylococcus ssp.. With the results shown by the microbiological isolation of the mammary gland, it is possible to conclude that, independently of the species, the Staphylococcus ssp is the agent of greater frequency among those which were isolated, being the major responsible for the caprine intramammary mastitis. Of the 116 milk samples cultured in the Stonebrink and Löwenstein-Jensem tubes, were isolated 5 (4,31%) milk Zielh-Neelsen positive samples. Of 60 mammary gland fragmentes cultured, in total, in the Stonebrink and Löwenstein-Jensem media, it was isolated only 1 tube in the Stonebrink medium, accomplishing a frequency of 1 (1,66%) samples of mammary gland, which indicates that it was M. bovis. This conclusion was possible because the Stonebrink medium is a way of selection to its growth, used to isolate the M. bovis. Of the 60 mammary gland fragments which were submitted to the histopathological analysis by the coloration of hematoyilin-eosin and Zielh-Neelsen and that showed mammary gland lesions of caprine tuberculin positive, 7 (11,66%) of the lesions were caused by M. bovis in the mammary gland, and 18 (30,00%) underwent repair process. By the histological analysis of the 60 mammary gland fragments, all presented inflammatory process in the interstitial region of the gland, which indicates cronic mastitis. Of 30 lung fragments, in total, sent to the histopathological diagnostic, it were submitted to hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Zielh-Neelsen (ZN) colorations, 4 (13,33%) lesions typical tuberculosis lesions. From the results shown above, it is possible to conclude that: the inflammatory process of the mammary gland was not associated to the presence of Staphylococcus ssp (predominant microorganism of the positive culture) but in fact to the drying stage of the animals; from the results of the ZN test in the milk and positive mammary gland fragments, it is possible to use any of the methods to verify the isolation frequency of microorganism turberculin positive animals; the frequency of granulomatosus process in the mammary gland of the studied animals were statistically similar, in ZN tests frenquency in milk as much as the ZN tests\' in the gland fragments, however when considering the frequency of repair with the frequency of the ZN tests in the milk and in the gland fragments there was significant differences, and so, the process frequency in the mammary gland of tuberculin positive animals is greater than the frequency of the ZN tests in the milk and in the mammary gland.

A neoplasia mamária é uma afecção que acomete freqüentemente as fêmeas da espécie canina sendo responsável por grande parte das neoplasias que atingem esses animais. Esta pesquisa visou comparar, no momento pré-operatório, o exame tomográfico contrastado ao exame radiográfico para pesquisa de metástases na cavidade torácica de cadelas com neoplasias mamárias malignas, de forma que, nesta oportunidade, ateve-se à análise descritiva das imagens radiográficas e tomográficas. Para tanto foram realizados exames radiográficos e de tomografia computadorizada contrastada da cavidade torácica de vinte fêmeas da espécie canina portadoras de neoplasias mamárias malignas atendidas pelos Serviços de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia e de Cirurgia do Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo. Constaram do grupo experimental, somente animais que não apresentaram evidências de portarem nódulos pulmonares. Dos vinte animais estudados nesta pesquisa 20% apresentaram quadros pulmonares (10% quadro intersticial - difuso, 5% quadro intersticial - nódulo suspeito e 5% quadro misto) e um animal (5%) apresentou efusão pleural aos exames radiográficos. Já aos exames tomográficos foram observados os seguintes achados: quadro alveolar em 25% dos animais, quadro brônquico em 30% e em 45% quadro misto; em 25% dos animais foram visibilizados nódulos pulmonares e em 75% linfonodos mediastinais. Apenas um animal (5%) apresentou tamanho de linfonodo mediastinal maior que 10mm, 20% apresentaram tamanho entre 6 e 10mm e 50 % dos animais apresentaram linfonodos que mediam até 5mm. Em 65% dos animais os linfonodos axilares foram visibilizados pelos exames tomográficos, sendo que, em 25% dos animais eles mediam até 5mm, em 35% eles mediam de 6 a 10mm e em apenas uma cadela o linfonodo media mais que 10mm. Em 30 % dos exames foi possível, através das imagens tomográficas, observar alterações em fígado e em 40% alterações em pele e/ou subcutâneo. Também foram relacionados aspectos relativos à técnica tomográfica com a finalidade de possibilitar a reprodução das técnicas utilizadas. O exame tomográfico mostrou-se um importante complemento do exame radiográfico na pesquisa de metástases de neoplasias mamárias em cadelas especialmente no que se refere à avaliação do interstício pulmonar e dos linfonodos mediastinais e axilares. O exame tomográfico mostrou-se superior ao exame radiográfico nos detalhes da avaliação de campos pulmonares, mediastino e espaço pleural. O exame tomográfico possibilitou, de forma suplementar, o estudo dos linfonodos mediastinais e axilares, das alterações presentes em pele, subcutâneo e em fígado, que não puderam ser avaliados pelo exame radiográfico. / Mammary gland tumors affect frequently female dogs, accounting for the majority of neoplasias that occur in these animals. This research was performed in bitches with malignant mammary gland tumors, to compare contrast computed tomographyc and survey radiographc techniques in detecting thoracic metastasis at preoperatory moment. Twenty bitches with malignant mammary gland tumors were examined at the Obstetric and Ginecology and Surgery Services of the Veterinary School Hospital of the Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia of the University of São Paulo. Only animals with no evidence of pulmonary nodules were studied. Of the 20 studied animals, 20% presented pulmonary patterns (10% diffuse intersticial pattern, 5% suspected nodule and 5% presented mixed pattern). At the tomographic exam, 25% presented alveolar pattern, 30% bronquial pattern and 45% mixed pattern; 25% of the animals presented pulmonary nodules and in 75% mediastinal lymph nodes were seen. Only one animal (5%) had lymph node bigger than 10mm, 20% between 6 and 10 and 50% of the animals had lymph nodes measuring up to 5mm. Axilary lymph nodes were seen in 65% of the cases, 25% of the animals presented axilary lymph nodes measuring up to 5mm, 35% had had lymph nodes measuring between 6 to 10mm and only one had lymph node bigger than 10mm. In 30% of the exams hepatic findings could be determined, also in 40% of the cases, skin and subcutaneous alterations were seen. Aspects related to the tomographic technique were also registered to make the techniques reproduction possible. The tomographic exam showed up as an important complement of the radiographic exam, in searching for mammary gland metastasis in female dogs, specialy concerning the evaluation of the pulmonary intersticium and the axilary and mediastinal lymph nodes. The tomographic exam was considered superior in details than the radiographic exam in the evaluation of the pulmonary fields, mediastinal structures and pleural space. Different from the radiographic examinations, the tomographic technique allowed the study of mediastine and axilary lymph nodes, skin, subcutaneous and liver.

Resumo: Dietas com níveis energéticos elevados e suplementação com bST a novilhas pré-púberes diminuem a idade ao primeiro mas podem causar alterações de móleculas envolvidas no processo de desenvolvimento mamário. No presente trabalho objetivou-se examinar a expressão diferencial de genes relacionados ao desenvolvimento parenquimal de novilhas em crescimento acelerado e suplementadas com bST. Conduziu-se dois experimentos em fatorial 2x2, com 32 amostras de tecidos coletados de novilhas abatidas na fase pós-púbere inicial. Num experimento, aplicou-se a técnica de microarranjos com uma biblioteca de cDNA específica para bovinos (NBFGC) aonde avaliou-se simultaneamente a expressão de 18.263 diferentes ESTs. O segundo experimento analisou a expressão gênica de leptina e seu receptor no parênquima com a técnica de PCR em tempo real (qRT-PCR). Adicionalmente, foi realizado um experimento in vitro com linhagem de células mamárias MAC-T para verificação de possíveis interações entre a IL-6 e IGF-1 na proliferação celular. A administração de bST estimulou a expressão de diversos genes positivamente relacionados ao desenvolvimento parenquimal e inibiu a expressão de genes negativamente relacionados a esse processo, inclusive da leptina. A dieta causou poucas alterações nesses genes, mas aumentou a expressão de leptina no parênquima. A IL-6 diminuiu a proliferação celular induzida pelo IGF-1. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram alterações na expressão de genes relacionados ao desenvolvimento tecidual em ambos os tratamentos, sendo que o bST atenuou os efeitos da dieta em genes negativamente relacionados a esse processo. / Abstract: High-energy diet and bST administration during pre-pubertal phase decrease age at first calving. However, these managements modify mammary development altering the expression of several genes related to parenchyma development. The objective of the present study was to analyze the effects of a highenergy diet and bST administration in the expression of genes related to tissue development in heifer mammary parenchyma. Two experiments were conducted in a 2X2 factorial, with 32 samples collected from animals killed during early post-pubertal phase. In the first experiment, the microarray technique was performed with a bovine specific cDNA library containing 18.263 ESTs. The second experiment focused in the expression of leptin and leptin-receptor in mammary parenchyma, using the qRT-PCR technique. Additionally, an in vitro experiment was conducted using an immortalized mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T) to check possible interactions between IL-6 and IGF-1 in cell proliferation. bST administration stimulated the expression of several genes positive related to tissue development and inhibited the expression of genes negative related to this process, including leptin. High-energy diet altered the expression of few genes, but increased the expression of leptin in mammary parenchyma. IL-6 decreased IGF-1 induced cell-proliferation. The results point to alteration in expression of genes related to tissue development in both treatments and suggest that bST administration attenuates the effects of high-energy diet in genes negative related to tissue development. / Orientador: Mauro Dal Secco de Oliveira / Coorientador: Michael J. Vandehaar / Banca: Luís Felipe Prada e Silva / Banca: Maria Lúcia Pereira Lima / Banca: Renato Luis Furlan / Banca: Paulo de Figueiredo Vieira / Doutor