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Es wurden verschiedene NMR-spektrokopische Messungen an flexiblen und chiralen MOFs durchgeführt. Zur Untersuchung der Porensysteme kamen 129Xe-NMR und 13C-NMR an adsorbiertem CO2 zum Einsatz, während die MOF-Gitter und ihre Wechselwirkungen mit adsorbierten Gastmolekülen mittels 13C- und 1H-MAS-NMR-Spektroskopie studiert wurden. Während DUT-8(Ni) Flexibilität zeigt, weist DUT-8(Cu) ein starres Gitter auf. Die Flexibilität der sogenannten Solid-Solutions hängt in ausgeprägter Weise vom Verhältnis der funktionalisierten bdc-Linker 2,5-bme-bdc und db-bdc ab. Dieses Verhältnis hat zudem einen großen Einfluss auf die Orientierung der adsorbierten CO2-Moleküle. Es wurde erstmals eine Methode vorgestellt, die den Festkörper-NMR-spektroskopischen Nachweis chiraler Seitengruppen in chiralen MOFs erlaubt, wie anhand des chiral modifizierten UMCM-1 (ChirUMCM-1) demonstriert wurde. Die Chiralität kann einen NMR-spektroskopisch messbaren Einfluss auf die intrinsische Dynamik des MOF-Gitters ausüben, wie am chiral modifizierten DUT-32 deutlich wurde, dessen chirale Seitengruppe selektiv 15N- und 13C-isotopenmarkiert wurde.

Esta tesis se ha centrado en el desarrollo de las relaciones entre China y España en el contexto de penetración occidental en China desde la firma del Tratado de Nanjing (1842) hasta el final de la década de 1860. España fue un actor secundario en este proceso, pero sus relaciones con el imperio Chino muestran que algunas de las suposiciones de la historiografía más clásica sobre el mismo son demasiado limitadas y restringidas.A mediados de siglo XIX España era una nación en crisis y carecía de los recursos necesarios para tomar parte activa en las acciones occidentales en China. No obstante, su presencia en territorio chino le permitió implicarse de manera indirecta en acontecimientos capitales como las guerras del opio o la Rebelión de los Taiping, negociar en términos similares a los empleados por otros países como la Gran Bretaña o Francia por la obtención de un tratado; e incluso un agente español fue escogido por el Zongli yamen para actuar como representante del gobierno chino en un país europeo. / The main focus of this dissertation is the relationship between China and Spain in the context of the process of foreign penetration in China from the signature of the Treaty of Nanjing (1842) to the end of 1860s. Spain was a minor actor in this process, but her relations with the Chinese empire demonstrate that some of the classical historiographical approaches are too narrow and restricted. In the 19th century, Spain was a nation in crisis and it lacked the resources to take a leading role in the Western imperial actions in China. Nevertheless, the Spanish presence in China allowed that country to get indirectly involved in major events like the Opium Wars or the Taiping Rebellion; Spain also became embroiled in the negotiations for a treaty in the same terms than those used for imperial powers like Great Britain; and still a Spaniard was chosen by the Zongli yamen to act as a representative of the Chinese government in a European country.

Es wurden verschiedene NMR-spektrokopische Messungen an flexiblen und chiralen MOFs durchgeführt. Zur Untersuchung der Porensysteme kamen 129Xe-NMR und 13C-NMR an adsorbiertem CO2 zum Einsatz, während die MOF-Gitter und ihre Wechselwirkungen mit adsorbierten Gastmolekülen mittels 13C- und 1H-MAS-NMR-Spektroskopie studiert wurden. Während DUT-8(Ni) Flexibilität zeigt, weist DUT-8(Cu) ein starres Gitter auf. Die Flexibilität der sogenannten Solid-Solutions hängt in ausgeprägter Weise vom Verhältnis der funktionalisierten bdc-Linker 2,5-bme-bdc und db-bdc ab. Dieses Verhältnis hat zudem einen großen Einfluss auf die Orientierung der adsorbierten CO2-Moleküle. Es wurde erstmals eine Methode vorgestellt, die den Festkörper-NMR-spektroskopischen Nachweis chiraler Seitengruppen in chiralen MOFs erlaubt, wie anhand des chiral modifizierten UMCM-1 (ChirUMCM-1) demonstriert wurde. Die Chiralität kann einen NMR-spektroskopisch messbaren Einfluss auf die intrinsische Dynamik des MOF-Gitters ausüben, wie am chiral modifizierten DUT-32 deutlich wurde, dessen chirale Seitengruppe selektiv 15N- und 13C-isotopenmarkiert wurde.

This work focuses on the need for new knowledge to allow hierarchical multi-project management to be conducted in the construction industry, which is characterised by high uncertainty, fragmentation, complex decisions, dynamic changes and long-distance communication. A dynamic integrated project management approach is required at strategic, tactical and operational levels in order to achieve adaptability. The work sees the multi-project planning and control problem in the context of supply chain management at main contractor companies. A portfolio manager must select and prioritise the projects, bid and negotiate with a wide range of clients, while project managers are dealing with subcontractors, suppliers, etc whose relationships and collaborations are critical to the optimisation of schedules in which time, cost and safety (etc) criteria must be achieved. Literature review and case studies were used to investigate existing approaches to hierarchical multi-project management, to identify the relationships and interactions between the parties concerned, and to investigate the possibilities for integration. A system framework was developed using a multi-agent-system architecture and utilising procedures adapted from literature to deal with short, medium and long-term planning. The framework is based on in-depth case study and integrates time-cost trade-off for project optimisation with multi-attribute utility theory to facilitate project scheduling, subcontractor selection and bid negotiation at the single project level. In addition, at the enterprise level, key performance indicator rule models are devised to align enterprise supply chain configuration (strategic decision) with bid selection and bid preparation/negotiation (tactical decision) and project supply chain selection (operational decision). Across the hierarchical framework the required quantitative and qualitative methods are integrated for project scheduling, risk assessment and subcontractor evaluation. Thus, experience sharing and knowledge management facilitate project planning across the scattered construction sites. The mathematical aspects were verified using real data from in-depth case study and a test case. The correctness, usefulness and applicability of the framework for users was assessed by creating a prototype Multi Agent System-Decision Support System (MAS-DSS) which was evaluated empirically with four case studies in national, international, large and small companies. The positive feedback from these cases indicates strong acceptance of the framework by experienced practitioners. It provides an original contribution to the literature on planning and supply chain management by integrating a practical solution for the dynamic and uncertain complex multi-project environment of the construction industry.

A comparison of the property regimes of spouses in Czech and French law The aim of this masters thesis was to compare property regimes of spouses in Czech and French legal systems. The thesis is dealing with different aspects of "marital estate regime" under the Czech Civil Code, "legal regime" under the French Civil Code and the "legal regime" under the new Czech Civil Code effective from 2014 In addition, the aim was also to examine whether the legislators of both countries based the legal texts on similar premises. In cases of missing positive legal norms, the thesis examined whether practice or case law leads the legislators to conclusions similar or completely different in the respective legal systems. The secondary objective was to compare existing and new Czech Civil Code and evaluate the progress in the approach to the institute of marital estate. The marital property law has to face traditionally two interests, namely individual interest of each spouse and the common interest of the conjugal union. It is important to reconcile these two interests to such extent that common interests will be given sufficient protection, but on the other hand, to extent not as restrictive as to cause aversion to the institution of marriage itself. The thesis is composed of four chapters, each of them dealing...

Le soudage du bois est une technique d'assemblage sans adhésif de deux pièces de bois, leur soudure étant produite par friction mécanique sous pression des deux pièces. Ce procédé, applicable à des pièces de bois plates, d'essences identiques ou différentes, se prête à la fabrication de meubles et à la menuiserie. Cependant, le joint obtenu n'est pas de classe "extérieur", ce qui le réserve à un usage "intérieur". En effet, un joint destiné à une utilisation extérieure ou en milieu à humidité variable doit présenter une résistance élevée à l'eau. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'étudier la résistance à l'eau du bois soudé. A cet effet, des méthodes d'essais complémentaires et non-destructrices ont été utilisées, comme le scanner ou l'imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM). L'influence des paramètres de soudage et des propriétés du bois sur, d'une part, la formation et la propagation des fissures dans la ligne de soudure, et sur, d'autre part, la densité et l'absorption d'eau de la soudure a été ainsi étudiée. Les expériences de cette thèse seront menées sur des échantillons de pin (Pinus sylvestris) de dimensions 200 mm x20 mm x 40 mm, coupés dans la direction longitudinale du fil du bois. La Norme Européenne EN 205 a servi de cadre pour déterminer la résistance des échantillons de pin en traction-cisaillement. Les méthodes d'essais (non-destructrices) ont été utilisées selon leur pertinence: le scanner a servi à étudier la formation et la propagation des fissures; l'imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) a permis quant à elle de caractériser la pénétration et l'infiltration d'eau dans le bois soudé.Le mécanisme d'adhérence du pin a été étudié grâce à la RMN MAS (spectrométrie à résonance magnétique nucléaire avec polarisation croisée et rotation à l?angle magique) du carbone13 et à la micro-densitométrie par rayons X. Ces différentes méthodes, non destructrices, offrent l'avantage d'une analyse non invasive et l'élimination de facteurs parasites liés à la préparation et à la coupe du bois. Voici en résumé les résultats obtenus les plus marquants: (1) Le scanner et l'imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) sont des méthodes de recherche particulièrement polyvalentes et adaptées à l'étude des bois soudés. (2) L'utilisation de bois de coeur, une pression de soudage de 1.3 Mpa et un temps de soudage de 1.5 s permettent d'augmenter la résistance à l'eau du pin soudé. (3) Des tests d'optimisation ont montré que la résistance du pin en traction-cisaillement est plus sensible aux variations de temps de soudage qu'au temps de refroidissement et qu'elle peut être optimisée à plus de 9.7 MPa en respectant une pression de 1.3 Mpa, un temps de soudage > 3.5 s et un temps de refroidissement < 60 s. (4) La résistance à l'eau du bois soudé peut être améliorée dans une certaine mesure en faisant varier paramètres de soudage et propriétés des essences, mais dans tous les cas, le recours à un imperméabilisant naturel et écologique reste nécessaire. (5) Le pin soudé possède une résistance à l'eau et en traction-cisaillement inhabituellement élevée, cela pouvant s'expliquer par une teneur en composés extractifs augmentée. (6) Des essais sous IRM ont montré que les causes de rupture du joint varient suivant l'essence: faible résistance à l'eau de la ligne de soudure dans le cas du hêtre soudé, retrait et expansion du bois dans le cas du pin soudé. (7) Les extractifs du pin améliorent nettement la résistance à l'eau du joint soudé, mais à un niveau qui ne lui permet cependant pas la certification "extérieur" sans protection. En revanche, il peut être certifié "semi-extérieur" avec protection. / Wood welding is a mechanical friction process allowing the assembly of timber without any adhesives. The process consists of applying mechanical friction, under pressure, alternately to the two wood surfaces to be welded. This process can be applied to weld two flat pieces of timber, originating from the same or different tree species, and can be used in the manufacture of furniture and wood joinery. The only limitation is that the joint is not exterior-grade, but only suitable for interior joints. Exterior use, or use in an environment with varying humidity demands water resistance of the welded joints. The main objective of this thesis is to study the water resistance of the welded wood. This is complemented with special attention to non-destructive test methods such as X-ray Computed Tomography (CT-) scanning and Magnetic Resolution Imaging (MRI). The influence of welding parameters and wood properties on crack formation and crack propagation in the weldline was investigated. The influence of these parameters on weldline density and water absorption in the weldline were also studied. Investigations in this thesis are based on welded samples of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) of the dimensions 200 mm × 20 mm × 40 mm which were cut in the longitudinal direction of the wood grain. The tensile-shear strength of the welded Scots pine samples were determined using European standard EN 205. Different non-destructive methods such as X-ray Computed Tomography (CT-) scanning to study crack formation and propagation, and magnetic Resolution Imaging (MRI) to characterize water penetration and the distribution mechanism in welded wood were used. Solid state CPMAS 13C NMR spectrometry and X-ray microdensitometry investigations were carried out to study the mechanism of adhesion in Scots pine. These various non-destructive methods offer the advantage of non-invasive analysis and the elimination of any artifacts present due to preparation and sectioning. The most important results are summarized as follows: (1) X-ray Computed Tomography (CT-) scanning and Magnetic Resolution Imaging (MRI) are versatile research methods applicable to investigations of welded woods. (2) Water resistance of welded Scots pine can be increased using heartwood, a welding pressure of 1.3 MPa, and a welding time of 1.5 s. (3) Optimization tests showed that the tensile-shear strength of Scots pine was more sensitive to welding time changes than holding time and could be optimized to more than 9.7 MPa using 1.3 MPa welding pressure, > 3.5 s welding time, and < 60 s holding time. (4) Changing welding parameters and wood properties can increase water resistance of welded wood to some extent, but treating the weldline with certain natural and environmentally-friendly water repellents is still necessary. (5) Welded Scots pine shows unusually high water resistance and tensile-shear strength. This may be explained by there being more extractives compounds in Scots pine. (6) MRI experiments showed that the origin of the joint failure in welded beech is poor water resistance of the weldline, while swelling and shrinkage of wood are the main reasons for joint failure of welded Scots pine. (7) Extractives in Scots pine dramatically improve water resistance of the welded joint, but not to a level to classify the joint as an unprotected exterior grade. However, it can qualify as a joint for protected semi-exterior application.

Um conjunto de reflexões teóricas sobre as incompatibilidades entre a Ordem Inter-nacional pós-Guerra Fria e as categorias estruturantes dos paradigmas analíticos dominantes, esta tese procura também apontar dados empíricos e listar questões a serem compreendidas por um novo modo de produção de conhecimentos em rela-ções internacionais. Ela critica tanto os paradigmas unidimensionais, principalmente os de corte liberal e leno-stalinistas, quanto os bidimensionais, de inspiração realista e racionalista, indicando que ambos formam redes conceituais baseadas numa dialé-tica dicotômica, que reduz a complexidade do internacional e do estrangeiro a um olhar e interesse nacionais. Sugere que o sistema internacional e os subsistemas regionais, como objetos de estudo, não se reduzem a suas unidades, constituindo uma terceira dimensão, ou zona cinzenta, cuja conformação, para ser compreendida depende da análise integrada dos fenômenos da guerra, das globalizações e do for-talecimento do Estado. Completando as sugestões para o debate e a formulação de conceitos interpretativos mais abrangentes, além de alguns neologismos, esta tese constrói algumas tipologias compreensivas. O autor adverte, contudo, que essas formulações têm o propósito de ilustrar a análise, não de fechar a discussão com um modelo acabado. / A set of theoretical reflections on the contradictions between the post-Cold War inter-national order and the structuring categories of the prevailing analytical paradigms, this thesis also tries to point to empirical data and list questions to be understood by a new way of producing knowledge in international relations. It criticizes both one-dimensional paradigms, mainly those in the liberal and Lenin-Stalinist model, and two-dimensional paradigms of realistic and rational inspiration, showing that both of them build conceptual networks based on the dialectics of dichotomy, which reduces the complexity of being international and foreign to a national vision and interest. The work also suggests that the international system and the regional subsystems, as objects of study, are not limited to their units, making up a third dimension, or grey zone, whose configuration can only be understood through an integrated analysis of the war phenomena, globalization and the strengthening of the State. By making suggestions for the debate and formulation of more comprehensive interpretation concepts, in addition to some neologisms, this thesis builds some broad typologies. However, the author warns that these formulations have the purpose of illustrating the analysis, not closing the debate on a finished model.