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Implementing a Western Classical music programme for teacher training through integrated arts in Early Childhood DevelopmentNel, Zenda 31 July 2007 (has links)
The main concern of this thesis was to investigate the possibility of implementing a Western Classical music listening programme for teacher training through integrated arts in Early Childhood Development (ECD). The outcome of this thesis suggests that it is possible to train musically untrained teachers at a one-day practical workshop how to introduce young learners in an acceptable and enjoyable way to Western Classical music. At these workshops, teachers had to dress up in homemade fantasy outfits to depict different characters in stories to music which they had to dramatize. The costumes turned the listening activity into a fun-filled experience which ensured the success of the training. The teachers were mostly generalists without any previous specialized music training. These teachers needed knowledge and skills to integrate the arts in the Early Childhood learning programme. In this programme, a selection of Western Classical music pieces is vividly brought to life through storytelling, dramatization, creative dance movements, instrumental play and the visual arts. Example lessons from the proposed listening programme were implemented during a pilot study in Mauritius with Creole and French speaking ECD teachers who were unfamiliar with Western Classical music. It became evident through the main research study that took place in underprivileged areas in Gauteng, Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces in South Africa that most black African teachers were also unfamiliar with this music style. Both the pilot study and the main research showed that the methodology of the proposed listening programme is suitable for the training of ECD teachers from different cultures and language groups. Teachers in remote areas made it their responsibility to look for, find or fabricate resources for costumes they could not afford. It has proved to be an effective method that can be implemented at grass-roots level in underprivileged areas and used as a guideline for the integration of the arts throughout South Africa and other countries. The study concludes with recommendations to implement the proposed listening programme at all primary schools in South Africa. / Thesis (DMus)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Music / DMus / unrestricted
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“Stop stealing our beaches” : A comparative study on how Mauritius and the Seychelles are affected by and deal with climate change and tourismSager, Mollie, Sundberg, Gabriella January 2020 (has links)
Small Island Developing States are known to be extra sensitive to environmental changes due to their geographical location and characteristics, and many are known as luxurious tourist destinations. This study explores how Mauritius and the Seychelles are affected by and deal with climate change and the negative impacts of tourism. The study connects to globalisation and sustainable tourism frameworks while analysing vulnerability and resilience in both countries, as well as how the countries work towards the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The method used is a mixed qualitative method with interviews and a text analysis of websites and official documents. The result indicates that both Mauritius and the Seychelles are highly vulnerable to climate change, especially in their coastal zones, which is further increased by tourism practices and development of tourism facilities. The study also highlights that both countries lack resilience to environmental changes. Both Mauritius and the Seychelles strive to work towards the 2030 Agenda, through policymaking on state level and through non-governmental organisations aligning their projects to the Sustainable Development Goals. The result also shows that there is a need to create a more sustainable tourism sector in each country to protect both the environment and the countries’ economies. This study aims to be a contribution to the research field of Small Island Developing States and to increase the understanding of Mauritius and the Seychelles’ particular characteristics and vulnerabilities.
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Les entités offshore et leur encadrement : le cas de l'île Maurice / Offshore entities and their regulation : the case of MauritiusChadee, Bibi Zareen 10 April 2014 (has links)
Le terme offshore est communément utilisé pour désigner la mise en place d'une entité juridique dans un pays où celle-ci n'exerce aucune activité. Par cette implantation, cette entité pourra bénéficier de certains avantages fiscaux. Or ce mécanisme d'optimisation fiscale peut être contourné de manière illégale. De nombreuses juridictions offshore ont alors été pointées du doigt pour leur manque de transparence et jugées responsables de l'évasion fiscale. Parmi ces centres financiers offshore, Maurice se distingue des autres places financières dans la mesure où elle s'attache à respecter les normes internationales tout en continuant de développer son secteur offshore. Ainsi, l'intérêt de cette thèse est de présenter les caractéristiques de chaque entité offshore et leur fonctionnement afin de comprendre comment elles peuvent être détournées de leur objet initial. Cette présentation passe dans un premier temps par l’analyse des entités offshore et leur exploitation puis dans un second temps leur régulation. On constate alors que la juridiction mauricienne est injustement qualifiée de paradis fiscal et encourent les mêmes risques que les plus grandes places offshore. Maurice a su ainsi concilier ses intérêts en trouvant un équilibre entre l’exploitation économique de son secteur offshore et l’application rigoureuse des normes internationales. / The term offshore is commonly used to refer to the establishment of a legal entity in a country where it has no business.For this implementation, this entity can entain certain tax benefits. But this tax optimization mechanism can be bypassed illegally. Many offshore jurisdictions were then blamed for their lack of transparency and held for tax evasion. Among these offshore financial centers, Mauritius differs from other financial markets as it strives to meet international standards while continuing to develop its offshore sector. Thus, the interest of this thesis is to present the characteristics of each offshore entity and its operations in order to understand how they can be diverted from their original purpose. This presentation is an analysis of each offshore entities, their operations and their regulation. We can found that the Mauritian juridiction is unfairly labeled as tax havens and face the same risks as the largest offshore places. Mauritius has thus reconcile its interests by finding a balance between the economic exploitation of its offshore sector and the strict application of international standards.
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A comparison of the tax efficiency of direct versus indirect investment into South AfricaJoosub, Asif 14 August 2013 (has links)
Multinational enterprises are continuously in search of investment opportunities to grow their businesses. For over two decades South Africa, being one of the economic powerhouses of Africa, has been one such target for global investors. A company planning to invest in South Africa will attempt to identify the most appropriate way to do so, for tax and non-tax reasons. However, tax consequences are one of the main factors influencing the decision of an investor. While certain companies choose to invest directly into the target country, the majority choose to set up a holding company outside of the investor country. Such a company is known as an intermediary holding company and is defined as a company which is interposed between a shareholder and its foreign subsidiary. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the best manner, for tax purposes, in which a foreign company would invest into South Africa, either directly or indirectly through an intermediary holding company. Should the intermediary holding company option be selected, the company will then need to select the country in which to base its intermediary holding company. Tax havens are commonly used as a base for intermediary holding companies, however, these may not be the most advantageous option in all cases. Literature on intermediary holding companies and tax havens is reviewed and thereafter the study analyses and compares the tax efficiency of a hypothetical UK company investing into South Africa using different options. The options available to the UK Company which are compared, include investing directly into South Africa or investing indirectly through an intermediary holding company based in either Cyprus, Mauritius or the Netherlands, all of which are commonly used as bases for intermediary holding companies. The comparative study on the different intermediary holding company options is performed based on the domestic tax laws of each country as well as the effects of the double tax agreements in force between these countries and other tax jurisdictions. Thereafter, the most tax efficient intermediary holding company option is compared to the tax efficiency of direct investment by the UK Company and a conclusion is reached on which is the best manner for such a company to invest into South Africa, for tax purposes. AFRIKAANS : Multi-nasionale ondernemings is voortdurend op soek na nuwe beleggingsgeleenthede ten einde besigheidsgroei te bewerkstelling. Internasionale beleggers sien Suid-Afrika nou al vir meer as twee dekades as ʼn toetreepunt tot geleenthede in Afrika, vanweë Suid-Afrika se status as een van die ekonomiese reuse in Afrika. Maatskappye wat beplan om in Suid-Afrika te belê sal ondersoek doen om die beste moontlike beleggings manier te vind. Talle besigheidsredes, waarvan belastingimplikasies een van die hoofoorwegings is, sal die faktore wees wat ʼn potensiële belegger se besluitneming beïnvloed. Terwyl sommige maatskappye verkies om direk in die beleggingsland te belê sal die meeste maatskappye eerder in ʼn houermaatskappy buite die beleggingsland belê. So ʼn maatskappy staan bekend as ʼn intermediêre houer maatskappy en word gedefinieer as ʼn “tussenganger” maatskappy wat as geleibuis optree tussen die aandeelhouer en die buitelandse filiaal. Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie is om ondersoek in te stel na die beste metode, vanuit ʼn belastingoogpunt, vir ʼn buitelandse maatskappy om in Suid-Afrika te belê. Dit kan óf direk óf indirek deur middel van ʼn intermediêre houer maatskappy gedoen word. Indien die intermediêre houer maatskappy opsie gekies word, moet die maatskappy ook die land kies waarin die intermediêre houer maatskappy opgerig gaan word. Lande wat bekend is as belastingtoevlugsoorde word dikwels gekies om intermediêre houer maatskappye op te rig. Dit is egter nie in alle gevalle die mees voordeligste metode nie. Literatuur oor intermediêre houer maatskappye en belastingtoevlugsoorde word nagevors, waarna hierdie studie die belastingeffektiwiteit van ʼn hipotetiese Britse maatskappy, wat in Suid-Afrika belê, ondersoek deur gebruik te maak van verskillende opsies. Die opsies wat beskikbaar is en ondersoek sal word sluit in, direkte belegging in Suid-Afrika en belegging deur van ʼn intermediêre houer maatskappy gebruik te maak in Cyprus, Mauritius of Nederland. Al die vooraf genoemde lande is algemeen bekend daarvoor dat dit gebruik word om intermediêre houer maatskappye op te rig. Die verskillende intermediêre houer maatskappy opsies word met mekaar vergelyk, deur die belastingimplikasies van plaaslike belastingwetgewing van elke land, asook enige dubbele belastingooreenkomste van krag tussen hierdie lande en ander regsgebiede, te oorweeg. Die mees effektiewe intermediêre houer maatskappy opsie word dan vergelyk met die belastingeffektiwiteit van direkte belegging deur die Britse maatskappy. ʼn Gevolgtrekking word gemaak oor die metode wat die mees effektiefste belastinggevolge inhou vir ‘n Britse maatskappy wat in Suid-Afrika belê. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Taxation / unrestricted
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The exploration of mixed-use principle as an ingredient to improve the viability and vitality of town centres in MauritiusRamsahye, Nitin Chiranjeev 07 1900 (has links)
This thesis has been realised through a scholarship offered by the Government of Canada to the Government of the Republic of Mauritius under the Programme Canadien de Bourses de la Francophonie / La mixité d’usage est de plus en plus considérée comme un facteur essentiel au développement durable et à la prospérité des villes, tant par les professionnels en urbanisme, les décideurs politiques et les chercheurs que par tous ceux concernés par la qualité de vie de nos concitoyens. Présentement, on assiste au développement de stratégies et mécanismes en vue de faire cohabiter les diverses fonctions urbaines. Ainsi, cette recherche exploratoire porte sur la mixité d’usage et la possibilité de transférer cette approche, plus particulièrement, dans celui des villes de l’Île Maurice, petit état insulaire en développement. Le principal facteur à l’origine de ce choix est la volonté du gouvernement de mettre en place un métro léger reliant les centres des villes de la conurbation urbaine de l’Île, d’où l’opportunité de réhabiliter ces centres en déclin à travers une plus grande mixité d’usage.
Ainsi, deux cas, Quatre Bornes et Rose-Hill sont analysés. La cueillette des données inclut des entrevues avec onze urbanistes locaux, lesquelles permettent de développer le volet public de la problématique et de bien contextualiser les avenues possibles de solution. Nous constatons qu’un laisser-faire, des politiques inappropriés et diverses interventions publiques ont favorisé la congestion routière et l’étalement urbain et entrainé une perte de diversité des usages dans le centre-ville. Nous identifions ainsi les défis et les opportunités relatifs à la mixité d’usage et proposons des stratégies, dans l’optique d’améliorer la viabilité et la vitalité des centres-villes. / Mixed-use is increasingly considered as a key principle for sustainable development and prosperity of cities and towns by planners, decision-makers, researchers and many others concerned with the quality of life of our citizens. As such, we are witnessing new strategies and mechanisms to enable different uses to cohabit. Our thesis explores the transferability of the mixed-use concept in the context of the town centres in Mauritius, a small island developing state. The main reason explaining this choice is the government’s commitment in introducing a light rail transit system linking the town centres of the urban conurbation of the island. Indeed, the opportunity lies in improving the declining health of town centres through mixed-uses.
In this context, we analyse two case study areas, Quatre Bornes and Rose-Hill. Our empirical researches include interviews with eleven planners in Mauritius, in an attempt to better grasp the institutional problematic and contextualise relevant solutions. We find out that the laisser-faire situation, unresponsiveness of policies and government interventions on transport and traffic congestion have favoured urban sprawl and led to the lack of diversity in the town centres. In contemplation, we identify the common challenges and opportunities with respect to mixed-use in the two case study areas and propose strategies in view of improving their viability and vitality.
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Industrialisation, zone franche et développement socio-spatial dans les espaces insulaires. Les cas des îles de la Caraïbe et de l'île Maurice / Industrialization, free zone and development in Carribean islands and Mauritius. Comarative study Dominican République/MauritiusBuzenot, Laurence 10 November 2010 (has links)
Les îles indépendantes de la Caraïbe et l’île Maurice dans le sud-ouest de l’océan Indien se sont lancées dans le développement pour réduire les risques liés à l’économie de plantation. Notre interrogation porte sur l’industrialisation. Quelles grandes politiques ont été mises en œuvre pour l’industrialisation ? Quels types d’industries trouvons-nous ? Dans quelles conditions peuvent-elles s’implanter ? Quels sont les impacts sur le développement socio-spatial ? La réflexion porte sur l’industrialisation : d’abord de substitution aux importations puis extravertie. Dans le cadre de cette dernière politique se sont développées les zones franches industrielles d’exportation. Ce qui explique l’analyse sur le concept de zone franche et les conditions de leur émergence dans un environnement économique protégé (1ère partie). L’étude comparée de l’île Maurice et de la République dominicaine met en exergue les dynamiques spatiales des zones franches, dynamiques largement dépendantes des possibilités d’implantation des unités d’assemblage. L’arrivée des industries délocalisées a un impact sur les organisations sociales, économiques et spatiales. De nouvelles classes sociales ont vu le jour. La zone franche mauricienne est devenue un district industriel tandis que les zones franches dominicaines – des enclaves économiques – ont des dynamismes fondamentalement différents. La multiplication des unités d’assemblage sur le territoire mauricien et des enclaves en République dominicaine aboutit à des modèles de l’expansion spatiale de l’espace industriel dont le moteur est la synergie générée par le système des acteurs (2ème partie). Le démantèlement des accords commerciaux sur le textile et l’habillement – principaux secteurs opérant dans ces zones – amène de nouvelles réponses locales comme la prise en compte du rôle des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises dans le développement territorial. L’impact des zones franches dans les sociétés conduit à l’étude de la culture ouvrière. Qu’en est-il de la culture ouvrière ? Enfin, rendre moins vulnérable un système économique spécialisé passe par la promotion des trois piliers du développement durable et la diversification des activités (3ème partie). / Caribbean Islands and mauritius, in southwest of indian Ocean, dashed into the development in order to reduce risks connected to economy of plantation. Interrogation concerns industrialization. What policies were implemented for industrialization? What types of industries do we find? What are the conditions of establishement? What are the impacts on the socio-spacial development? Reflexion concerns industrialization: first of replacement in the imports then the extroversion. Industrial free zones of export developped within the framework of this last policy. We analyses concept of free zone and the conditionsof their emergence in a economic protected environment (first part.). The compared study to Mauritius to Domican Republic highlights the spatial dynamic of the free zones, widely dependent on possibilities of setting-up. Arrival of the relocated industries has an impact on the social, economic and spatial organizations. New social classes wre born. Mauritian free zone became an industrial district whereas free zones dominican - economic enclave - have different dynamisms. Reproduction of units assembly ends in models of spatial expansion of industrial space which synergy generated by the actor's system (second part.). The dismantling of textile and clothing trade agreement needs new local answers about small and medium-sized entreprises in the territorial development. Impact of free zones in societies leads to study labor culture. What is labor culture? Finally, promote sustainable development and diversification of activities are possibilities to reduce vulnerability of a specialized economic system (third part.).
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Écritures de violence et d’interculturalité : enjeux identitaires dans le roman contemporain mauricien d’expression française et anglaise / The Writing of Violence and Interculturality : Issues of Identity in Contemporary Mauritian novels written in French and EnglishArnold, Markus 17 March 2012 (has links)
Ce travail de recherche interroge un large corpus romanesque de l’île Maurice, produit en français et en anglais pendant les années 1990 et 2010, sur ses différentes inscriptions de la postcolonialité. Ces dernières années voient un mouvement d’innovation et de rupture esthétique, thématique et poétique parmi une jeune génération d’écrivains francophones tandis qu’un tel dynamisme, à quelques exceptions près, semble moins à l’œuvre dans la littérature mauricienne d’expression anglaise. Alors que les voix novatrices des uns se caractérisent par une écriture de la transgression, de la démystification, de l’anti-tropicalisation ainsi qu’une mise en scène complexe d’interrogations sur des questions identitaires, celles des autres restent confinées dans un certain immobilisme. Le constat d’un champ littéraire clivé à plusieurs égards est inévitable. Une lecture croisée, entre ces différentes scénographies, qui s’articule autour des leitmotivs de la violence et de l’interculturalité permettra d’analyser de façon critique un certain nombre de tendances scripturaires romanesques actuellement en coprésence à Maurice. Selon quelles modalités se fait la représentation et la négociation des espaces-temps insulaires ? Quelles logiques ethnoculturelles et dynamiques idéologiques sous-tendent ces textes ? Comment le roman met-il en scène les facteurs de l’ethnicité, de la classe, du genre ? En d’autres mots, comment pense-t-il – ou refuse de penser – la complexité de la nation multiculturelle ? Notre démarche comparatiste visera à comprendre les spécificités dominantes d’un espace littéraire éclaté et en déséquilibre et de problématiser dans quelle mesure le renouveau poétique offre des réflexions novatrices sur les enjeux identitaires contemporains de la société et la littérature mauriciennes. / This research project explores the different inscriptions of postcolonial identities in an extensive corpus of Mauritian novels written in French and English between 1990 and 2010. Over these last few decades, aesthetic, thematic and poetic innovation can be observed in a young generation of Francophone Mauritian writers, whereas such tendencies are rare among their Anglophone counterparts. While the former can be characterized by their subversive, demystifying and anti-exoticising postures, as well as their complex ways of interrogating issues of identity, the latter rather seem artistically stagnant. The Mauritian literary field clearly reveals itself as unequal as far as quantity and quality are concerned. A postcolonial ‘cross-reading-against-the-grain’ of these different texts, which focuses on leitmotivs of violence and interculturality, allows us to interrogate critically a certain number of literary tendencies currently found in Mauritius. How do the novels negotiate the island’s topographies and temporalities? Which ethno-cultural logics and ideological dynamics can be found underlying these contemporary texts? How do the novels represent complex factors such as ethnicity, class, gender? In other words, how do the Mauritian writers reflect on – or refuse to do so – the complexity of their multicultural nation? This comparative endeavour aims at understanding the dominant characteristics of a very heterogeneous literary field and seeks to analyze to what extent the new aesthetic tendencies offer original perspectives on contemporary issues of identity in Mauritian society as well as its literary production.
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La franc-maçonnerie à l'Ile Maurice de 1778 à 1915 : entre influences françaises et britanniques, la construction d'une identité mauricienne / Freemasonry in Mauritius from 1778 to 1915 : Building a Mauritian identity at the crossroads of French and British culturesVenkaya-Reichert, Sandra Danielle Brinda 26 June 2017 (has links)
Cette thèse étudiera la franc-maçonnerie de traditions européennes qui se transforma au cœur des périodes colonisatrices française et britannique de 1778 à 1915. Les loges du Grand Orient de France qui s’implantèrent, sous la colonisation française de l’Isle de France, à la fin du XVIIIe siècle furent des pionnières de la maçonnerie dans un pays qui vécut, simultanément, une nouvelle période de colonisation britannique, à partir de 1810, et des changements drastiques aux niveaux démographique, socio-économique, ethnique et politique. Le fait maçonnique ne put que changer intrinsèquement dans le contexte insulaire multiculturel alors que la colonie, n’ayant pas de peuples autochtones, devint le terreau d’une multitude de traditions européennes, africaines et asiatiques. La maçonnerie locale acquit, grâce aux échanges entre les loges françaises et les nouvelles obédiences qui s’implantèrent (la Grande Loge Unie d’Angleterre, la Grande Loge d’Ecosse, la Grande Loge d’Irlande et le Suprême Conseil de France), une identité insulaire et mauricienne. Cette thèse montrera comment l’institution maçonnique mit en exergue la possibilité de construire une cohésion et un espace de partage à certains moments-clés de l’histoire du pays. Cependant, les loges françaises et britanniques eurent à faire face aux grands défis socio-politiques, économiques et religieux du XIXe siècle et du début du XXe siècle. En effet, les maçons furent aussi en proie aux divisions et conflits liés au multiculturalisme et à la pluriethnicité de la société coloniale. Cette thèse démontrera, en l’occurrence, comment la franc-maçonnerie de plusieurs obédiences développa des fonctionnements et des traditions influencés par le contexte et put maintenir un œcuménisme malgré les difficultés. Pourtant, la fin du XXe siècle entraîna les loges dans des divergences religieuses, idéologiques et institutionnelles et certains éléments, qui firent du laboratoire maçonnique mauricien un exemple des valeurs universelles et de la fraternité internationale, devinrent les sources mêmes de divisions. / This thesis will study freemasonry coming from European cultures which was transformed in the midst of French and British colonising periods from 1778 to 1915. The Grand Orient de France lodges, which settled under the French colonising regime of Isle de France at the end of the 18th century, introduced freemasonry in a country which underwent, simultaneously, a new British colonising era, as from 1810, and deep changes on the demographic, socio-economic, ethnic and political levels. Freemasonry could not but profoundly change in this insular multicultural context as the colony, which did not have any indigenous population, became the melting pot of various European, African and Asian traditions. Local freemasonry acquired, owing to the relations of the French lodges with the different lodges which were created (of the United Grand Lodge of England, the Grand Lodge of Scotland, the Grand Lodge of Ireland and the Suprême Conseil de France), an insular and Mauritian identity. This thesis will show how the Craft enabled cohesion and provided a place for sharing at some milestones in the history of the country. However, the French and British lodges had to face the grand socio-political, economic and religious challenges of the 19th century. In fact, the freemasons had also to experience the divisions and conflicts induced by the multicultural and multi-ethnic colonial society. Therefore, this thesis will to show how freemasonry from different grand lodges developed practices and traditions influenced by the context and were able to uphold ecumenism in spite of the obstacles. However, the lodges got caught into religious, ideological and institutional conflicts at the end of the 19th century and some components, which made of the Mauritian masonic laboratory an example of universal values and international fraternalism, eroded.
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Life imprisonment in international criminal tribunals and selected African jurisdictions - Mauritius, South Africa and UgandaMujuzi, Jamil DDamulira January 2009 (has links)
Doctor Legum - LLD / It is rare in law and in other disciplines for a word or a phrase to appear to mean what it does not. This is, however, true when it comes to life
imprisonment or life sentence. I Unlike sentences like the death penalty, there have been instances where even those who are expected to know the meaning of the sentence of life imprisonment have misunderstood it.2 This misunderstanding is compounded by the fact that even dictionaries that have always helped us to understand the meaning of the words are of little help when it comes to the definition of life imprisonment. The Oxford Advanced Leamer's Dictionary, for example, defines life sentence to mean 'the punishment by which [some body] spends the rest of their life in prison." It goes ahead to define a 'lifer' as 'a person who has been sent to The ambiguity of life imprisonment could partly explain why the campaign prison for their whole life. The ambiguity of life imprisonment could partly explain why the campaign
to abolish the death penalty and substitute it with life imprisonment has option to choose between the death penalty and life-imprisonment, many been successful in many parts of the world. When people are given the option to choose between the death penalty and life-imprisonment, many would oppose the former and favour the latter for various reasons. This is because, inter alia, many people think that an offender sentenced to life imprisonment will be detained for the rest of his natural life. This is of course not true in some cases, and, as Lord Mustil held, The two tribunals that were established after the World War III, the Nuremberg Tribunal and the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, the Tokyo Tribunal, were empowered to impose the death penalty and indeed, as will be discussed later in detail, some offenders were sentenced to death." Although these tribunals were not expressly empowered to 2 sentence offenders to life imprisonment, they did sentence some of the offenders to life imprisonment. However, the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) and the International Criminal Court (ICC) all have jurisdiction to sentence offenders to life imprisonment. At the time of writing, the ICC had not completed any case and therefore had no jurisprudence on life imprisonment." The ICTR has sentenced more offenders to life imprisonment and imprisonment for the remainder of their lives than the ICTY. This thesis reviews cases on life imprisonment in international criminal tribunals in order to examine the theories of punishment that these tribunals considered in sentencing offenders to life imprisonment. There are cases where the ICTR has sentenced offenders to imprisonment for the rest of their natural lives. From a human rights perspective the thesis argues that imprisonment for the remainder of the offender's natural life is inhuman punishment. The statutes of the ICTY, ICTR and ICC provide for circumstances where an offender sentenced by any of those tribunals could be released before the completion of his or her sentence. It is on that basis that it is argued that even offenders sentenced to
3 imprisonment for the remainder of their lives by the ICTR could be released.
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Enjeux et défis de la trajectoire de développement de deux petits États insulaires anglophones : étude comparée de Maurice et de Trinidad des origines à l’ère de l’économie de la connaissance / Issues and Challenges Faced by Two English-Speaking Small Island States in the Course of Their Development : a Comparative Study of Mauritius and Trinidad, From Colonial Beginnings to Knowledge-Based EconomiesAza, Ondine 23 February 2017 (has links)
Dans un contexte qualifié d’ « économie du savoir », où la croissance de l’économie mondiale repose de plus en plus sur les activités intensives en connaissance, la thèse s’interroge sur la capacité de deux petits États insulaires en développement – Maurice et Trinidad – à s’adapter pour s'intégrer à cette dynamique. Ces anciennes colonies britanniques, membres du Commonwealth depuis leur accession à l'indépendance dans les années soixante, font état d’indicateurs de développement en constante progression et sont souvent considérées comme des modèles de réussite économique. La thèse étudie la mise en place des institutions dans ces pays et cherche à évaluer dans quelle mesure l’héritage de la période coloniale, à travers la trace qu'ils en conservent dans la période contemporaine, peut faciliter la transition de leurs économies vers les secteurs intensifs en savoir. Pour ce faire, elle retrace leur trajectoire de développement institutionnel et économique des origines jusqu’à nos jours et elle s’intéresse notamment aux mesures prises aujourd’hui pour doter le pays du cadre nécessaire à l’économie de la connaissance, en particulier à travers le rôle de l’enseignement supérieur en tant qu’outil fondamental pour former le capital humain. Tout en reconnaissant que certains des atouts dont disposent les deux pays pour s’engager dans ce processus avec succès peuvent être mis en relation avec leur passé colonial, la thèse approfondit l’hypothèse que leur transformation en économies de la connaissance risque aussi d'être entravée par des caractéristiques héritées de cette période et qui, des décennies après l'accession à l'indépendance, freinent une large diffusion de la connaissance au sein de leur population. / At a time when economic growth is thought to be driven primarily by knowledge, the purpose of this research is to analyse to what extent two Small Island Developing States – Mauritius and Trinidad – are adequately equipped for this new economic context. As former British colonies, they both joined the Commonwealth upon gaining independence in the nineteen-sixties and they have since largely succeeded in overcoming their initially unfavourable conditions. Today, their good political, economic and social development is widely acknowledged. The main focus of this research is to evaluate how far colonial legacy, which is still visible in the contemporary institutions of both these states, can favour the transition they wish to undertake towards knowledge-intensive activities as drivers of economic growth. For this purpose, the research analyses the development trajectory followed by their institutions and their economy spanning the whole period of their colonial and post-independence history; additionally, this research considers the steps which are undertaken nowadays to build the framework required to foster a knowledge economy by studying more specifically the role of higher education as an essential tool for human capital formation. While upholding that some of the assets which could help them achieve their objectives can be linked to their colonial past, the research contends that the transformation of these two countries into knowledge-based economies could be hindered by the legacy of colonisation on some of their current features and which, decades after gaining independence, impedes the widespread diffusion of knowledge amongst their population.
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