Ce mémoire explore comment Edward Albee peut être perçu comme un postmoderniste, s’appuyant sur une compréhension du postmodernisme formulée par Linda Hutcheon et le contexte américain pendant les longues années 1960 pour examiner de façon critique deux des premières pièces d’Albee. Les pièces en question, The Zoo Story (1959) et Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1962), dépeignent des personnages qui ne peuvent supporter la ligne floue entre les faits et la fiction de la condition postmoderne, où il n’y a pas de motifs ou de vérités incontestables. Le besoin désespéré de vivre dans la certitude absolue et l’assurance fait que les personnages nient la condition postmoderne, et s’engagent dans un processus d’oubli forcé de leur appréhension de la condition postmoderne et des différents événements qui les ont amenés à elle. Les personnages des deux pièces utilisent différents métarécits pour créer un sens et vivre leur vie avec l’illusion de la certitude complète. Le processus de l’oubli forcé sera déduit à travers les théories de la mémoire et de l’oubli tel que compris et expliqué par Jonathan K. Foster. Le mémoire démontre comment, en raison de leur cartographie de toute leur vie sur la base de différentes métanarrations, les personnages finissent par vivre d’une manière aliénée et inauthentique. L’état apathique et émasculé de leurs identités les font se livrer à des actes extrêmes de violence et de rage. Albee montre comment les identités de ses personnages sont compromises de différentes façons en subissant leur mort sociale. / This thesis explores how Edward Albee can be perceived as a postmodernist, relying on an understanding of postmodernism formulated by Linda Hutcheon and the American context during the long 1960s to critically scrutinize two of Albee’s early plays. The plays in question, The Zoo Story (1959) and Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1962), portray characters who cannot bear the blurred line between fact and fiction of the postmodern condition, wherein there are no unquestionable grounds or truths. The desperate need to live in absolute certainty and assurance makes characters deny the postmodern condition, and engage in a process of forced forgetfulness to forget about their apprehension of the postmodern condition and different events which brought them to it. The characters in both plays use different metanarratives to create meaning and live their lives with the illusion of complete certainty. The process of forced forgetfulness will be deduced through theories of memory and forgetting as understood and explained by Jonathan K. Foster. The thesis demonstrates how, due to them charting their entire lives on the basis of different metanarratives, characters end up living in an alienated and inauthentic manner. The apathetic and emasculated state of their identities make them indulge in extreme acts of violence and rage. Albee shows how identities of his characters get compromised in different ways by suffering their social death.

The purpose of this essay is to analyze the novel “The Magus” written by John Fowles through the theoretical lens of postmodernism, and the aim is to highlight the existentialism behind the story. The study seeks to explain the intricate relationship described in the novel between societal norms and manipulation, and existential themes such as the fragmentation of reality, the autonomy to choose, and the search for meaning in life. The analysis focuses on four characters, in particular their role in the narrative, as well as the use of intertextuality and specific narratological solutions like the first-person narrator and non-linear storytelling. Through the understanding of the sub-stories in the novel, this paper aims to offer a better understanding of Fowles’ ability to interconnect postmodernism with existential themes to create a rich and complex story, and ultimately to underscore the human condition within our society.

In the field of Game Design, multiple frameworks have emerged to give an ontological understanding of iterative Game Design and game creation. However, following critique of the MDA framework in regards to how it treats narratives, our group in this paper utilized the alternative DDE framework, as a tool to investigate any of deeper detail in player-game interactions within the game Cities: Skylines II as compared to the MDA framework. The study was done as an inductive narrative analysis of recorded gameplay found on video-hosting websites, such as YouTube where we would discuss the ways the two frameworks operate in terms of narratives.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:59:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rita de Cassia Batista Arantes.pdf: 23852264 bytes, checksum: 3aa2fc3be75555187fb277d747d4c243 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The main object of this research is reading the child s book illustrator process considering the dialog between word and image in the writer and illustrator Eva Furnari s books, under poetic and expressive functions. Many categorical and functionalist studies on image and word are, here, thought over and applied: Roland Barthes (1972); Roman Jakobson (1985); Kibédi-Varga (1989); Luís Camargo (1998), Rui de Oliveira (1998), among other proposals of studious and artists involved in child s book illustration. We are trying to demonstrate the fable reinvention of the child s book, taking from the illustrated pages since oral narrative versions to Eva Furnari s imagetic narrative and pieces of other contemporary illustrator authors, intending to find a methodology to read the space, understood as the place of language creation. The outcome of the interaction between the artistic graphic project and the literary project is the illustrator text, space of reading experience and using the image interrelated to the word. This analytic and interpretative study came out of questions concerning to the relation between autonomy and the complementarity of image and word observed in the illustrative polissemic Furnari s works and others. During the preparation of this study, questions on the reading expression under the author s and the reader s imaginary, favoring the understanding of reading ages, beyond the verbal and visual reading hierarchy to be observed in young reader s formation. Chapter I deals with the illustration historicity, emphasizing the relationship word-image statute, in autonomy and interdependence, offering conjectures to the visual approach for child s books pages. The chapter II focuses on the thematic importance of the written project facing the interactive experience between the imaginary project and the verbal one considered as a text, space of language production. The third one presents a dialog on the bidimensional physical space of Furnari s books pages and other illustrators in order to apply the methodology and the final results related to the illustrative text semantics / O objetivo central desta dissertação é a leitura do processo ilustrador do livro infantil à luz das relações palavra e imagem nas obras da escritora-ilustradora Eva Furnari, a serem investigadas sob a perspectiva das funções poética e expressiva. Diversas teorias categoriais e funcionalistas do estudo da imagem e da palavra são, aqui, repensadas e aplicadas, como as de Roland Barthes (1972), Romam Jakobson (1985), Luís Camargo (1998), Rui de Oliveira (1998), dentre outras propostas de estudiosos e artistas da ilustração do livro infantil. Trata-se de demonstrar o trabalho de reinvenção fabular do livro infantil, tomando, nas páginas ilustradas, as versões da narrativa oral em narrativa imagética de Furnari e de outros autores ilustradores contemporâneos, com a intenção de encontrar uma metodologia de leitura do espaço, entendido como lugar de criação de linguagem. A resultante da interação do projeto gráfico artístico com o projeto literário é o texto ilustrador, espaço da experiência de leitura e uso da imagem em inter-relação com a palavra. Este estudo analítico interpretativo surgiu de indagações manifestas nas relações entre a autonomia e a complementaridade da imagem e da palavra observadas no trabalho ilustrador polissêmico de Furnari e demais autores. No decorrer deste estudo, questões foram levantadas quanto à expressão da leitura sob o imaginário tanto do produtor, quanto do leitor, privilegiando o entendimento das idades da leitura, em função de uma hierarquia da leitura não só verbal, mas também visual, a ser observada na formação do leitor criança. O capítulo I refere-se à historicidade da ilustração, enfatizando o estatuto das relações palavra-imagem, em autonomia e interdependência, oferecendo pressupostos para a abordagem da visualidade na página do livro infantil. O capítulo II centraliza a importância temática do projeto escrito, considerando-se a experiência interativa entre o projeto imagético e o verbal, como texto, lugar de produção de linguagem. O capítulo III faz o diálogo com esse espaço físico bidimensional da página dos livros de Furnari e de vários outros ilustradores em função da aplicação de sua metodologia e resultados finais relativos à semântica do texto ilustrador

Within the science fiction genre, utopian as well as dystopian experiments have found equal representation. This balanced treatment of two diametrically opposed social constructs results from a focus on the future for which this particular genre is well known. Philip K. Dick’s VALIS, Neal Stephenson’s Snow Crash, Samuel R. Delany’s Babel-17, and Chuck Palahniuk’s Lullaby, more aptly characterized as speculative fiction because of its use of magic against scientific social subjugation, each tackle dystopian qualities of contemporary society by analyzing the power that language possesses in the formation of the self and propagation of ideology. The utopian goals of these texts advocate for a return to the modernist metanarrative and a revision of postmodern cynicism because the authors look to the future for hopeful solutions to the social and ideological problems of today. Using Slavoj Žižek’s readings of Jacques Lacan and Theodor Adorno’s readings of Karl Marx for critical insight, I argue these four novels imagine language as the key to personal empowerment and social change. While not all of the novels achieve their utopian goals, they each evince a belief that the attempt belies a return to the modernist metanarrative and a rejection of postmodern helplessness. Thus, each novel imagines the revision of Žižek’s big Other through the remainders of Adorno’s inevitably failed revolutions, injecting hope in a literary period that had long since lost it.

Uppsatsen ämnar belysa hur Harry Martinsons Aniara (1956) förebådar postmodernismen trots att verket är rotat i den modernistiska traditionen. Analysen tar upp två aspekter med fokus på innehåll och berättarteknik där verket visar prov på en postmodern idévärld. Först behandlas miman, och resonemang förs kring att hon och hennes produktion bör ses som en masskulturell företeelse snarare än som elitistisk diktkonst. Analysen anknyter till Baudrillards teori om hyperverklighet och simulacrum och visar på hur miman skapar detta med sin kultur­produktion. Här framstår två tolkningsalternativ: ett där miman i egenskap av masskultur upp­värderar synen på masskulturen och pekar framåt mot postmodernismen, och ett andra där hon blir en negativ symbol för masskulturen. Detta eftersom hon döljer verkligheten för befolkningen så pass länge att de slutar försöka lösa sin situation. Den andra aspekten är Aniaras förhållande till metanarrativ, vilket belyses utifrån Lyotards teorier om vad som kännetecknar det postmoderna samhället. Analysen visar hur metanarrativen ses som omöjliga inom fiktionen och istället byts ut mot lokalt meningsskapande. Verket i sin helhet bjuder också på motstånd mot metanarrativ genom att (1) utge sig för att vara en klart av­gränsad händelse, (2) skriva ut ett motstånd mot djuplodande tolkningar och slutligen genom att (3) mimaroben som ska förmedla revyn över människan i tid och rum inte är pålitlig nog att lägga fram en allmän sanning. Sammantaget konstateras att verket är rotat i modernismen men att det samtidigt förebådar postmodernismen i dess syn på masskultur, hyperverklighet och meta­narrativ. / The aim of this essay is to highlight tendencies of postmodernism in Harry Martinson’s Aniara (1956), a work that has traditionally been placed in a modernist context. The analysis centers around two aspects in the text with the aim of finding traces of a postmodern world view. First the “mima”, an enigmatic machine that consoles the passengers in the first six years of the journey, is reasoned to be a mass cultural phenomenon rather than an elitist poetic device, as pre­vious studies have suggested. The cultural production of the machine is then analyzed in the light of the theories of hyper reality and simulacrum, as conceived by Jean Baudrillard. The analysis renders two possible implications, one where the machine can be viewed as a precursor to a post­modern positive attitude of mass culture, and one more modernistic where the machine in its role as mass culture numbs the passengers and prevents them from acting on their situation in time. The second part of the analysis focuses on the view of metanarratives, as expressed within the fiction and in the wok as a whole. Jean-François Lyotard and his explanation of postmodernism’s incredulity towards metanarratives is used as a theoretical standpoint. The analysis shows that metanarratives are considered impossible within the fiction of Aniara as during the course of the journey, they are replaced with more local methods of creating meaning. On the whole, the book could be seen to replace the metanarrative of human progress by one telling of the inadequacy and inert destructibility of humanity. However, the analysis shows that metanarratives are rejected all together. The construction of a new metanarrative is made impossible by (1) the fictitious accounts clearly being a local event, (2) the text openly stating the impossibility of deeper interpretation and finally (3) the work employing a narrator too unreliable to be able to convey the unarguable truths necessary to create a new metanarrative.

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This research pursues the use of the Bible in counseling. The focus is to identify the different theological paradigms in which the Bible is used and the different ways that counsellors make use of the Bible in therapy. It also pursues the experiences that the clients had of such counsellors in the use of the Bible. Therapists and clients from different theological backgrounds partake in this study. An overview is given of the shift that is taking place from a modern to a postmodern approach about reality, truth, and knowledge and the effect there of on the use of the Bible in therapy. The aim of the research is to explore if an evangelical christian in a postmodern context can make use of the Bible as the inspired word of God. The implication of this can be profound for pastoral therapy. A narrative paradigm is adopted to dicuss the discourses that evolved from the research. / Practical Theology / M.Th. (Pastoral Therapy)

This research pursues the use of the Bible in counseling. The focus is to identify the different theological paradigms in which the Bible is used and the different ways that counsellors make use of the Bible in therapy. It also pursues the experiences that the clients had of such counsellors in the use of the Bible. Therapists and clients from different theological backgrounds partake in this study. An overview is given of the shift that is taking place from a modern to a postmodern approach about reality, truth, and knowledge and the effect there of on the use of the Bible in therapy. The aim of the research is to explore if an evangelical christian in a postmodern context can make use of the Bible as the inspired word of God. The implication of this can be profound for pastoral therapy. A narrative paradigm is adopted to dicuss the discourses that evolved from the research. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M.Th. (Pastoral Therapy)

The question I address is: how might a theology of authority be conceived in the light of questions raised by what is termed 'post-modernity'? Is it possible to articulate a theology of authority coming to the church community 'from God' that avoids an oppressive and alienating heteronomy? The thesis explores the question of authority as of vital importance in the sociological dimension of religion, calling for legitimisation (in light of claims made for itself) and as obligatory in the theological sphere. For this reason the project involves two methodologies (theological and sociological/ethnographic). While this investigation is relevant to all sections of the Christian church, particular attention is paid to Baptist churches in the UK, since they hold a concept in their tradition that I suggest is valuable in answering the question of the thesis, namely that of covenant. Within the Christian tradition there is an inner 'problematic' relating the personal authority of Christ to the forms of institution (church) and text (scripture). I explore this with a brief survey of theological authority as found in the fourfold foundation of scripture, tradition, reason and experience. From this is developed a brief theological and Christological reflection on divine authority and covenant theology as found in Karl Barth and his response to the 'inner problematic'. Within contemporary culture I view authority through the lens of so-called 'postmodernism', identifying four challenges to the notion of 'external authority' (all of which exemplify a move from the external to internal, and objective to subjective approaches to authority). This is further explored by means of qualitative research with one-to-one interviews conducted in a Baptist church in York. This data is reflected upon by means of ethnography and 'judicious narratives', especially in dialogue with material from Guest ('congregational study'), Heelas and Woodhead ('subjectivised-self') and Healy ('theodramatic horizon' and 'practical-prophetic ecclesiology'), providing an intersection between the language of theology and sociology. The concept of church as covenant community is explored in Baptist and (more briefly) Anglican traditions, leading to a constructive proposal that both the inner-church 'problematic' and the 'postmodern' challenge to authority might begin to be resolved with the notion of covenant. It is within this context of relationship, human and divine, that the authoritative and revelatory Word of God, the story that is Christ, is found in community and praxis. Here is a 'triangulating' relationship between authority, story and covenant revealing divine authority in a non-coercive way and relevant to contemporary culture.