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Des microparticules de rifampicine pour l'administration intraoculaire ont été développées en vue du traitement prophylactique de l'endophtalmie post-chirurgicale. Ces microparticules à base d'un polymère biodégradable, le PLGA, sont produites par émulsion-diffusion. Tout d'abord l'influence des paramètres de formulation et de procédé sur les caractéristiques des microparticules (taille, charge, taux d'encapsulation…) a été étudiée. La formulation a par la suite pu être optimisée par la mise en place d'un plan d'expérience, ce qui a permis de mettre en valeur les paramètres clefs influençant les propriétés des microparticules (concentrations en PLGA et PVA, présence ou non d'un coeur huileux…) et donc d'optimiser la formulation pour obtenir des microparticules adéquates pour l'administration intraoculaire de rifampicine (1μm<taille<10μm, encapsulation maximale…). Les études de libération de la rifampicine in vitro, dans des conditions mimant celles physiologiques, ont montré que d'une part plus de 50% de la rifampicine était libérée en 1h permettant d'obtenir une dose "d'attaque" et d'autre part que les microparticules permettaient de maintenir une libération prolongée sur 24h avec une concentration > CMI50 de Staphylococcus epidermidis (pathogène modèle utilisé pour les études microbiologiques). Enfin, une évaluation de l'effet bactéricide et antiadhérent sur lentilles intraoculaires (IOLs) de la rifampicine microencapsulée a été menée en présence de S. epidermidis. Les microparticules de rifampicine présentent une efficacité nettement supérieure à la solution contrôle de rifampicine puisque une bactéricidie totale a pu être observée 30h après injection (contre 103 CFU/mL restantes avec la solution contrôle), avec une activité antiadhérente nettement plus marquée (aucune bactérie détectée sur IOLs après 18h). Les microparticules de rifampicine apparaissent donc comme système d'administration intraoculaire prometteur dans le traitement prophylactique de l'endophtalmie post-opératoire / In this study, rifampicin-loaded microparticles were designed for intra ocular injection after cataract surgery to prevent postoperative endophthalmitis. Microparticles were produced by emulsification diffusion method using PLGA as biodegradable polymer and PVA as stabilizer agent. Influence of formulation and process parameters on microparticle characteristics (size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency…) was firstly investigated. Main parameters influencing the properties of particles were then identified by experimental design and formulation parameters were optimized to get desired particle sizes for intraocular delivery (between 1 and 10 μm) and the highest encapsulation of rifampicin. In vitro release studies of rifampicin in BSS at 37°C were performed showing firstly a burst release in 1 hour (more than 50% of rifampicin released), followed by a sustained release with a rifampicin concentration in the medium higher than the ICM50 on Staphylococcus epidermidis during 24h. Finally, the antimicrobial efficiency of rifampicin microparticles was evaluated on S. epidermidis. The results showed a higher bactericidal effect of encapsulated rifampicin than the control rifampicin solution; no bacteria were retrieved after 30h in the medium. Moreover, the antiadhesive property of rifampicin microparticles on intraocular lens (IOLs) was demonstrated since no bacteria were found on IOLs after 18h of incubation. From these experimental results, rifampicin encapsulated polymeric microparticles seem to be a good candidate for intraocular delivery of rifampicin in postoperative endophthalmitis prophylaxis

Le mitotane ou o,p'-DDD est un dérivé organochloré très peu soluble dans l'eau. Il est utilisé dans le traitement du cancer corticosurrénalien métastasé ou inopérable (Lysodren®). En thérapeutique, il est nécessaire d'utiliser de fortes doses pour atteindre généralement au bout de trois mois, la mitotanémie efficace. Cela entraine le plus souvent, des effets indésirables gastroduodénaux et neuromusculaires, qui rendent les patients très peu compliants.L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de mettre au point, d'évaluer et de comparer les différentes formulations de mitotane afin d'améliorer la biodisponibilité du mitotane par rapport à la forme conventionnelle Lysodren®. Dans cette optique, le but recherché en clinique humaine serait de concevoir une forme galénique pouvant permettre d'utiliser de faibles doses journalières afin d'éviter les effets indésirables liés à la toxicité cumulative du mitotane. Pour cela, dans le but d'augmenter sa solubilité et de le rendre plus biodisponible, nous avons encapsulé le mitotane sous formes de particules polymériques et de microémulsions.Nous avons préparé des nanocapsules à partir de polymères biodégradables (la poly-epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) et d'une association de PCL et de polymères non biodégradables (L'Eudragit® RL). Nous avons également préparé des microparticules de PCL et des systèmes autoémulsionnants ou SMEDDS.L'évaluation des caractéristiques physico-chimiques des particules montre des diamètres de 300 nm pour les nanocapsules et pour les microparticules, des diamètres variant de 40 à 76 µm. Le potentiel zêta est négatif pour les particules de PCL et positif pour celles associant les polymères PCL et RL. Pour les microémulsions, les diagrammes pseudoternaires ont permis le choix d'une association comportant du Capryol®, Tween® 20 et Crémophor® EL (33, 33, 33%). Les microémulsions ont un diamètre d'environ 40 nm. Les profils de libération in vitro du mitotane montrent une cinétique rapide et une quantité de mitotane libérée plus importante pour les microémulsions et les formes particulaires par rapport à la forme conventionnelle Lysodren®.De même, la réalisation de la pharmacocinétique à dose unique de 100 mg/kg chez des lapins montre des biodisponibilités relatives de 339% plus importantes pour les microémulsions, 195% pour les nanocapsules et 187% pour les microparticules. La quantification du mitotane absorbé dans des modèles Caco-2 montre une absorption complète du mitotane au bout de 4h lorsque le mitotane est formulé sous forme de microémulsions. Pour les microparticules et les nanocapsules, 50 et 45% de la dose initiale ont été respectivement absorbées par les cellules Caco-2. Cette évaluation sur le modèle Caco-2 a également confirmé le faible taux de passage de la poudre de mitotane (10%). Enfin, la réalisation des études de passage sur des coupes de jéjunum de rat en chambre de Ussing confirme que la quantité de mitotane qui a diffusé à travers la membrane jéjunale à partir des microémulsions est 5 fois supérieure à celle obtenue à partir de la poudre de mitotane.En conclusion, les microémulsions présentent un intérêt comme forme orale pour améliorer la biodisponibilité du mitotane. Elles ont pour avantage de multiplier la biodisponibilité par un facteur 3 chez le lapin et sont de fabrication peu coûteuse. Elles constituent une réelle alternative à la forme conventionnelle Lysodren® disponible actuellement sur le marché européen / Mitotane or o, p'-DDD is a organochlorine drug, very slightly soluble in water. It is used in the treatment of non resectable and metastasized adrenocortical carcinoma (Lysodren®). In therapy, to achieve therapeutic plasma level, high cumulative doses of mitotane were usually used during 3-5 months. This regimen causes gastrointestinal and neuromuscular side effects and make patients to be less compliants.The main objective of this work is to developp differents formulations of mitotane in order to improve the relative bioavailability when compared with conventional form Lysodren®. To shorten this equilibration time and reduce side effects, it's necessary to develop a new formulation. In order to increase mitotane solubility and make it more bioavailable, we encapsulated mitotane in polymeric particles and microemulsions.We prepared nanocapsules with biodegradable polymers (poly-epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) and an association of PCL and non-biodegradable polymers (Eudragit®RL). We have also prepared PCL microparticles and a Self Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System or SMEDDS.Nanocapsules and microparticles diameters were respectively 300 nm and 40 to 76 µm. The zeta potential is negative for PCL particles wheras particles combining PCL and Eudragit®RL polymers exhibited positive zêta potential. For microemulsions, we investigated by constructing ternary phase diagrams and choosing the optimal formulation consisted of a mixture of Capryol®, Tween® 20 and Cremophor® EL (33, 33, 33%) with an emulsion diameter of 40 nm. The release of mitotane from SMEDDS and particles was higher and faster than from the conventional form Lysodren®.Pharmacokinetics after single-dose of oral mitotane formulations (100 mg/kg) in rabbits showed a 339% increase of relative bioavailability with microemulsions, 195% with the nanocapsules and 187% with the microparticles. Caco-2 cell culture showed a complete absorption of mitotane after 4h with microemulsions. For microparticles and nanocapsules, 50 and 45% of the initial dose, were respectively absorbed by Caco-2 cells. Caco-2 cells evaluation confirmed the low absorption of the mitotane powder (10%). Finally, Ussing chamber showed that microemulsions pass through the intestinal barrier 5 times higher than a solution of mitotane. In conclusion, microemulsions showed improvement of bioavailability of mitotane by a factor 3 in rabbits and could allow cost effective production. Microemulsions are a real alternative to Lysodren® which is currently available on the European market

Malgré le bénéfice observé par de nouvelles thérapeutiques, le devenir des patients hospitalisés pour une insuffisance cardiaque aigue (ICA) reste sombre. Ce pronostic péjoratif est en partie influencé par la survenue fréquente d’événements thrombotiques qui sont à parfois directement à l’origine du décès des patients. Les mécanismes physiopathologiques de cette hypercoagulabilité pourraient être considérés comme des cibles thérapeutiques d’intérêt. L’objectif de ce travail est de démontrer qu’une défaillance des systèmes biologiques contrôlant la thrombose est impliquée dans la physiopathologie de l’ICA. Notre travail met en évidence la présence d’une hypercoagulabilité de ces patients qui se caractérise par une génération de thrombine exagérée pendant la phase aigüe de la décompensation cardiaque et qui se normalise ensuite à distance. Cette élévation de la génération de thrombine est la conséquence d’une augmentation du nombre de microparticules procoagulantes circulantes et d’une altération de l'activité d’un système naturel anticoagulant représenté par la voie de la protéine C / Acute heart failure (AHF) is a syndrome with an increasing prevalence and a high mortality whose management is challenging given the incomplete understanding of its pathophysiology. This doomed prognosis is partly influenced by thromboembolic events and is often the cause of death. The present study demonstrates a significant shift towards a prothrombotic biological profile at the acute phase of decompensated heart failure. Using a comprehensive exploration of the dynamics of thrombin generation and inhibition, we found an increased overall thrombin-generating capacity in AHF patients during hospital course. Both increased in circulating procoagulant microparticles and impairment in the downregulation of thrombin generation by the anticoagulant C protein pathway represent mechanisms contributing to this hypercoagulable state in AHF

Este trabalho propôe o desenvolvimento de micropartículas para veiculação deste fármaco na pele, aumentando a estabilidade da molécula e proporcionando uma liberação sustentada, o que resulta na otimização da terapia, visto que ocorre a redução dos efeitos colaterais. As micropartículas foram produzidas por três métodos diferentes, os dois primeiros utilizando a quitosana como polímero e o último utilizando uma associação de alginato com quitosana. As micropartículas de quitosana resultaram em interação do fármaco veiculado com o polímero e desta forma a sua utilização como sistema de liberação para veiculação do fármaco estudado foi descartada. As micropartículas de alginato/quitosana encapsularam efetivamente o fármaco, resultando em partículas irregulares com diâmetro médio de 148m. Elas apresentaram liberação sustentada do ácido retinóico por um período compatível com sua utilização tópica e por isso, parecem ser adequados para garantir estabilidade ao fármaco. Além disso, elas diminuíram a retenção do fármaco no estrato córneo quando comparado ao fármaco livre, mantendo seus níveis nas outras camadas mais profundas da pele. Esse direcionamento sítio-específico poderia diminuir a sua irritação dérmica, possibilitando, dessa forma, juntamente com o aumento de sua estabilidade, a obtenção de efeitos terapêuticos com a utilização de doses menores. Também não foram observadas interações entre o fármaco e o polímero demonstrando que a matriz de alginato foi capaz de proteger o fármaco do contato e da interação com a quitosana. Além disso, o método utilizado mostrou ser simples e rápido, realizado em condições amenas, sem o inconveniente da utilização de agentes cross-linking químicos tóxicos, como o glutaraldeído. / This study proposes the development of microparticles for drug delivery into the skin, thus increasing molecule stability and providing sustained release that results in therapy optimization as a result of reduction in side-effects. The microparticles were produced by three different methods. The two first methods used chitosan as a polymer, and the third utilized a chitosanalginate association. The chitosan microparticles resulted in the interaction of the delivered drug with the polymer; hence, its use as a release system for delivery of the studied drug was disregarded. The alginate/chitosan microparticles effectively encapsulated the drug, resulting in irregular particles with a mean diameter of 148m. They exhibited sustained release of retinoic acid for a period of time that was compatible with topical application and, therefore, seem to be suitable to ensure drug stability. Additionally, the microparticles decreased drug retention in the stratum corneum as compared to the free drug, thus keeping its levels in other deeper layers of the skin. Such site-specific direction could reduce dermal irritation, consequently enabling, conjointly with stability increase, the achievement of therapeutic effects with the use of smaller doses. Drug-polymer interactions were also not observed, showing that the alginate matrix was capable of protecting the drug from the contact and interaction with chitosan. Besides, the applied method proved to be simple and fast. It can be performed in mild conditions without the inconvenience of using toxic cross-linking chemical agents, such as glutaraldehyde.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:13:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARTINHA ANTUNES ALMEIDA1.pdf: 2864603 bytes, checksum: 067120c01fd21002ee39713f2ce0f36c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-27 / Capsaicinoids show several therapeutic uses. However they cause pungency in contact with skin and mucosae. In that sense, the aim of this study was to obtain microparticles of poly (-caprolactone) (PCL) containing capsaicinoids for prolonged release through the gastrointestinal tract in order to improve the treatment of obesity. Formulations containing 3, 5 and 10% capsaicinoids were successfully prepared by simple emulsion/solvent evaporation. Values of encapsulation efficiency above 90% were observed for these vanillylamide-loaded microparticles. Microparticles showed spherical shape and smooth surface. The size was suitable for oral use in order to provide a release through the gastrointestinal tract. No chemical bonds were observed between drug and polymer. Microencapsulation led to drug amorphization. Formulations prolonged the release of capsaicinoids without changing the release kinetics (biexponential model). Microencapsulation increased the gastric tolerability of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin because it prevented inflammatory processes in the stomach of rats. Microparticles containing 5% capsaicinoids had an effect similar to ranitidine and omeprazole in preventing ulcerative lesions induced by ethanol. This same formulation demonstrated a statistically significant reduction of Lee index, mesenteric fat and retroperitoneal fat in rats with obesity induced by hypothalamic lesion using monosodium L-glutamate. These rats also showed a remarkable improvement in lipid profile and glucose level compared to the control groups. Based on the experimental results, it is possible to suggest that capsaicinoids-loaded PCL microparticles are feasible approaches for the treatment of obesity. / Os capsaicinoides apresentam diversas aplicações terapêuticas, entretanto causam elevada pungência quando em contato com a pele e com as mucosas. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver micropartículas de poli(-caprolactona) (PCL) contendo capsaicinoides para a liberação prolongada ao longo do trato gastrointestinal, com o propósito de otimizar o tratamento da obesidade. As formulações foram obtidas com sucesso pelo método de emulsão simples e evaporação do solvente, nas concentrações teóricas de 3, 5 e 10% de capsaicinoides. Valores de eficiência de encapsulação acima de 90% foram observados para todas as micropartículas contendo essas vanililamidas. As micropartículas apresentaram formato esférico e superfície lisa. O tamanho foi adequado para uso oral, a fim de permitir uma liberação ao longo do trato gastrointestinal. Não foi verificada a formação de ligações químicas entre o fármaco e o polímero. A microencapsulação promoveu a amorfização do fármaco. As formulações prolongaram a liberação dos capsaicinoides, sem alterar a cinética de liberação (modelo biexponencial). A microencapsulação foi capaz de aumentar a tolerância gástrica da capsaicina e da di-hidrocapsaicina, prevenindo a formação de processos inflamatórios no estômago dos ratos. As micropartículas contendo 5% de capsaicinoides tiveram efeito comparável à ranitidina e ao omeprazol na prevenção de lesões ulcerativas induzidas por etanol. Essa mesma formulação promoveu a redução estatisticamente significativa do índice de Lee, da gordura mesentérica e da gordura retroperitonial de ratos com obesidade induzida por lesão hipotalâmica utilizando L-glutamato monossódico. Esses ratos também apresentaram uma melhora expressiva no perfil lipídico e na glicemia, em comparação aos grupos controle. Com base nos resultados experimentais, é possível sugerir que as micropartículas de PCL contendo capsaicinoides são alternativas viáveis para o tratamento da obesidade.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a produção de micropartículas lipídicas solidas utilizando ácido esteárico/triestearina e óleo de palmiste, e a avaliação de sua estabilidade físico-química e digestibilidade in vitro. Nas dispersões contendo ácido esteárico e óleo de palmiste utilizou-se como tensoativos o polisorbato 20 e span 80 (4% em massa); já nas dispersões contendo triestearina e óleo de palmiste utilizou-se o polisorbato 60 e o span 80 (4% em massa) como tensoativos e o hidrocoloide goma xantana (0,05% em massa) como espessante. A porcentagem do óleo de palmiste variou entre 30 e 90% do conteúdo lipídico total nas partículas. Com relação à microestrutura, todas as micropartículas produzidas apresentaram característica totalmente amorfa, favorecendo as condições de encapsulação de bioativos, diminuindo a chance de expulsão dos mesmos da estrutura. Com relação à vida de prateleira, todas as micropartículas produzidas mostraram-se extremamente estáveis durante o período de estocagem analisado, sendo que a distribuição de tamanho de partícula apresentou-se bimodal, sendo uma população de partículas em torno de 300 nm e a outra em torno de 1500 nm. As análises de potencial zeta e polidispersidade ao longo do tempo de armazenagem confirmaram a alta estabilidade dos sistemas produzidos. As micropartículas produzidas com ácido esteárico e óleo de palmiste se mostraram menos estáveis do que as produzidas com triestearina, frente as diferentes condições de stress aplicadas. As análises de digestibilidade in vitro estática apresentaram resultados piores que a digestibilidade in vitro dinâmica, sendo esta metologia mais eficiente para prever a digestibilidade. Pelas análises de distribuição média de tamanho, potencial zeta, quantificação de ácidos graxos livres e microscopia ótica foi constatada inibição da lipólise durante os ensaios, a qual foi mais acentuada nas micropartículas produzidas com ácido esteárico. No entanto, pode-se deduzir que as micropartículas lipídicas produzidas neste trabalho podem ser estruturadas de modo a produzir efetiva liberação controlada de bioativos encapsulados. / The present study proposed the production of solid lipid microparticles using stearic acid / tristearin and palm kernel oil, and the evaluation of their physical and chemical stability and in vitro digestibility. In the dispersions containing stearic acid and palm kernel oil the surfactants used were polysorbate 20 and span 80 (4% wt). In the production of dispersions containing tristearin and palm kernel oil, polysorbate 60 and span 80 (4% wt) were used as surfactants, as well as xanthan gum (0,05% wt) as thickener. The percentage of palm kernel oil ranged between 30 and 90% of the overall lipid content of the particles. With respect to microstructure, all the microparticles produced had completely amorphous characteristic, a desired characteristic for the encapsulation of a hydrophobic bioactive, as in amorphous particles the chance of expulsion is decreased. With regard to shelf life, all microparticles were extremely stable during the considered storage period, and the particle size distributions were always bimodal, with a population of particles around 300 nm and the other at approximately 1500 nm. Analyses of zeta potential and polydispersity over time storage confirmed the high stability of the systems produced. When submitted to different stress conditions, the microparticles produced with stearic acid and palm kernel oil were less stable than those produced with tristearin. As for digestibility assays, static experiments showed much worse results than the in vitro dynamic assays. The analyses of average size distribution, zeta potential, quantification of free fatty acids and optical microscopy showed inhibition of lipolysis during the digestibility assays, which was more pronounced in the microparticles produced with stearic acid. However, it is possible to say that the lipid microparticles produced in this work can be structured to produce effective controlled release of bioactive encapsulated.

Este trabalho propôe o desenvolvimento de micropartículas para veiculação deste fármaco na pele, aumentando a estabilidade da molécula e proporcionando uma liberação sustentada, o que resulta na otimização da terapia, visto que ocorre a redução dos efeitos colaterais. As micropartículas foram produzidas por três métodos diferentes, os dois primeiros utilizando a quitosana como polímero e o último utilizando uma associação de alginato com quitosana. As micropartículas de quitosana resultaram em interação do fármaco veiculado com o polímero e desta forma a sua utilização como sistema de liberação para veiculação do fármaco estudado foi descartada. As micropartículas de alginato/quitosana encapsularam efetivamente o fármaco, resultando em partículas irregulares com diâmetro médio de 148m. Elas apresentaram liberação sustentada do ácido retinóico por um período compatível com sua utilização tópica e por isso, parecem ser adequados para garantir estabilidade ao fármaco. Além disso, elas diminuíram a retenção do fármaco no estrato córneo quando comparado ao fármaco livre, mantendo seus níveis nas outras camadas mais profundas da pele. Esse direcionamento sítio-específico poderia diminuir a sua irritação dérmica, possibilitando, dessa forma, juntamente com o aumento de sua estabilidade, a obtenção de efeitos terapêuticos com a utilização de doses menores. Também não foram observadas interações entre o fármaco e o polímero demonstrando que a matriz de alginato foi capaz de proteger o fármaco do contato e da interação com a quitosana. Além disso, o método utilizado mostrou ser simples e rápido, realizado em condições amenas, sem o inconveniente da utilização de agentes cross-linking químicos tóxicos, como o glutaraldeído. / This study proposes the development of microparticles for drug delivery into the skin, thus increasing molecule stability and providing sustained release that results in therapy optimization as a result of reduction in side-effects. The microparticles were produced by three different methods. The two first methods used chitosan as a polymer, and the third utilized a chitosanalginate association. The chitosan microparticles resulted in the interaction of the delivered drug with the polymer; hence, its use as a release system for delivery of the studied drug was disregarded. The alginate/chitosan microparticles effectively encapsulated the drug, resulting in irregular particles with a mean diameter of 148m. They exhibited sustained release of retinoic acid for a period of time that was compatible with topical application and, therefore, seem to be suitable to ensure drug stability. Additionally, the microparticles decreased drug retention in the stratum corneum as compared to the free drug, thus keeping its levels in other deeper layers of the skin. Such site-specific direction could reduce dermal irritation, consequently enabling, conjointly with stability increase, the achievement of therapeutic effects with the use of smaller doses. Drug-polymer interactions were also not observed, showing that the alginate matrix was capable of protecting the drug from the contact and interaction with chitosan. Besides, the applied method proved to be simple and fast. It can be performed in mild conditions without the inconvenience of using toxic cross-linking chemical agents, such as glutaraldehyde.

O objetivo desta Tese foi a produção, caracterização e avaliação da digestibilidade in vitro de géis biopoliméricos de isolado proteico de soro de leite (IPSL) e goma xantana (GX), incorporados por dispersão de micropartículas lipídicas sólidas (MLS) encapsulando curcumina. Formulações de MLS compostas poróleo de babaçu e triestearina com 2 % (MLS-2) ou 4 % (MLS-4) de tensoativos (Tween 60 e Span 80) encapsulando curcumina foram produzidas por ultra-agitação e a estabilidade das MLS foram avaliadas durante 60 dias. As formulações de géis foram definidas variando-se as concentrações de IPSL, GX e de sal e o processo de gelificação foi conduzido a 90 °C por 30 min. As propriedades mecânicas e reológicas dos géis sem sal incorporados de diferentes concentrações de MLS-2 ou MLS-4 foram avaliadas. Os géis não-carregados e carregados com MLS e diferentes concentrações de sais foram caracterizados quanto às propriedades mecânicas, reológicas, umidade expremível (UE), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e confocal (CLSM) e estabilidade da cor. Ensaios de digestibilidade in vitro foram conduzidos para os géis carregados e não-carregados e para as dispersões de MLS usando dois protocolos - Infogest e redução gradual do pH da fase gástrica (RG) - e a bioacessibilidade do curcuminoide foi avaliada. As dispersões MLS-2 e MLS-4 permaneceram estáveis durante 60 dias de armazenamento para as características avaliadas. As composições dos géis escolhidos foram de 12 % de IPSL, 0,2 % GX, nas condições sem sal; 0,1 M NaCl ou 0,1 M CaCl2. As diferentes concentrações de MLS incorporadas ao gel influenciaram de maneiras distintas as propriedades mecânicas e reológicas e a concentração de 88 % m/m de MLS foi escolhida para ser incorporada aos géis. As imagens de MEV e de CLSM mostraram géis do tipo particulado, porosos eas MLS homogeneamente distribuídas na rede gelificada. A rigidez do gel carregado diminui com presença de sal e aumentou com a incorporação de MLS-2 no ensaio mecânico, mas nos ensaios reológicos a presença das MLS e a de sal não contribuíram com o reforço estrutural do gel. Os parâmetros colorimétricos dos géis carregados permaneceram estáveis após 30 dias. O processo de digestibilidade in vitro das amostras foi influenciado pela heterogeneidade da matriz gelificada, pela presença de sal, pelo tipo de MLS incorporada ao gel e pelo o protocolo utilizado nos ensaios. Os géis carregados apresentaram maior liberação de ácidos graxos livres (AGL) durante a fase duodenal que as dipersões de MLS, mas os resultados de bioacessibilidade do curcuminoide foram pouco afetados pela incorporação das MLS à matriz gelificada, independemente do protocolo. Os géis carregados com MLS-4 apresentaram resultados superiores de liberação de AGL e de bioacessibilidade, nos dois protocolos. Porém, o tipo de protocolo teve pouco impacto sobre os comportamentos das amostras ao final da fase intestinal. Concluiu-se que a composição de tensoativos na MLS pode influenciar tanto nas propriedades mecânicas e reológicas quanto no processo de digestão simulada dos géis carregados. Após os resultados de digestibilidade, definiu-se a MLS-4 a formulação mais indicada para ser incorporada aos géis biopoliméricos, os quais podem ser empregados na produção de alimentos carregadores de compostos bioativos lipofílicos. / This Thesis aimed the production, characterization and in vitro digestibility evaluation of biopolymer gels of whey protein isolate (WPI) and xanthan gum (XG) incorporated with solid lipid microparticles (SLM) encapsulating curcumin. Two formulations of SLM composed by babacu oil and triestearin with 2 % (SLM-2) or 4 % (SLM-4) surfactants (Tween 60 and Span 80) and 0.03 % of curcumin were producted by ultra turrax and the stability of SLM for 60 days were evaluated. Gels formulations were determined using different compositions of WPI, XG and salt and gelation processes were carried out at 90 °C for 30 min. Mechanical and rheological properties of gels filled with different concentrations of SLM-2 and SLM-4 were investigated. Non-filled gels and gels filled with SLM-2 and SLM-4 and different salt concentrations were characterized as the mechanical and rheological properties, water holding capacity, scanning electron (SEM) and confocal (CLSM) microscopy and color stability. in vitro digestibility assays were carried out for filled and non-filled gels and for SLM dispersions using two protocols - Infogest and gradual reduction of gastric pH (GR) - and curcumin bioaccessibility were accessed. SLM-2 and SLM-4 dispersions were stable during 60 days for the parameters investigated. The chosen gels compositions were 12 % WPI, 0.2 % XG and without salt, 0.1 M NaCl or 0.1 M CaCl2. Filled gels with different concentrations of SLM showed different mechanical and rheological behavior and the concentration of 88 % m/m SLM was chosen to be incorporated in gels. SEM and CLSM imagens showed particulate and porous gels structures with SLM homogeneously distributed in the gelled network. Salt decreased and SLM-2 increased gel rigidity, but in rheological measurements salt and SLM did not reinforce gels. The colorimetric parameters of filled gels were stable after 30 days. The in vitro digestibility processes of samples were affected by gelled matriz heterogeneity, salt concentration, type of SLM and by the digestibility protocol. Filled gels released more free fat acids (FFA) during duodenal step than SLM, but the incorporation of SLM in gelled matrix did not promote higher curcumin bioaccessibility results, independently of the protocol. Gels filled with SLM-4 showed the highest FFA release and curcumin bioaccessibility results for both protocol. However, the type of protocol did not affect the samples behavior at the end of intestinal step. It was concluded that the different surfactant concentrationsin SLM could change the mechanical and rheological properties as well as the in vitro digestion processes of filled gels. After digestion results, SLM-4 was the most indicated to be incorporated in mixed gels. The incorporation of SLM in mixed biopolymer gels could be used for production of foods as lipophilic bioactive compound carriers.

Depuis les cinquante dernières années, l'incidence de la maladie de Crohn,maladie chronique inflammatoire de l'intestin (MICI) a plus que doublée. C'est une pathologie multifactorielle et idiopathique utilisant des traitements comme des anti-inflammatoires, des corticoïdes, des immunosuppresseurs et plus récemment les anti-TNF.Ils présentent des limites avec une intolérance aux principes actifs et une résistance au traitement conduisant à un échec thérapeutique. L’objectif de ce travail sera de développer une forme orale tout en minimisant le risque d’effets secondaires en améliorant la biodisponibilité. Des techniques d'encapsulation protégeant les principes actifs extraits de plantes comme le Resvératrol, le Bêta-carotène, et la Curcumine seront réalisées. Quatre types de synthèse seront respectivement utilisés : la micro-encapsulation , la nanoémulsion, et la synthèse de nanoparticules solides lipidiques (SLN), ainsi que la squalénisation.Une comparaison des effets anti-inflammatoires des traitements conventionnels versus les vecteurs synthétisés au cours de cette étude pourra permettre de conclure sur la contribution originale de ce projet. / For the last fifty years, the incidence of Crohn's disease, a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has more than doubled. It is a multifactorial and idiopathic pathology using treatments such as anti-inflammatories, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants and more recently anti-TNFα.They have limits with intolerance to active principles and resistance to treatment leading to therapeutic failure . The goal of this work will be to develop an oral form while minimizing the risk of side effects by improving bioavailability. Encapsulation techniques protecting the active ingredients extracted from plants such as Resveratrol, Beta-carotene, and Curcumin will be performed. Four types of synthesis will be used respectively: micro-encapsulation, nanoemulsion, and the synthesis of lipid solid nanoparticles (SLN), as well as squalenization. A comparison of the anti-inflammatory effects of conventional treatments versus the vectors synthesized during this study. The study may conclude on the original contribution of this project.