1 Summary Key words: Natural monopoly, network industry, energy industry, regulation, liberalization, unbundling, third party access The present thesis sets out to explore the legal aspects of network industries and natural monopolies. It researches these aspects using the example of the energy sector (i.e. the power and gas industries), which is a typical example of a network industry. In terms of its geographical scope, the thesis focuses on the EU energy law and its specific application in the Czech Republic. The fundamental point of departure for the present thesis is a believe that energy law is closely intertwined with economic policy, and is appropriately interpreted only in the context of the concrete measures, tools, and concepts meant to reflect a nation's energy policy. The main driver of energy policy, and hence also of energy law, is a reform of the energy industry aiming at its liberalization. The key tools for its successful implementation are economic regulation, third party access, unbundling, and public administration by independent regulatory bodies. Firstly, the present thesis discusses the economic characteristics of network industries, that is most importantly the existence of a natural monopoly. The second part of the thesis outlines the background of liberalization and the related...

En 1957, l’État est l’organisateur du service public postal en France à travers son administration centrale. Cette même année est signé un traité à Rome entre six États européens autour de l’idée de marché commun avec délégation de souveraineté.Le service public postal et l’Europe du traité de Rome vont, tout d’abord, évoluer parallèlement. Mais, au début des années 1980, le contexte politique, économique et technologique change et l’Europe se saisit de la question postale ; d’une phase d’ignorance, on entre alors dans une phase de confrontation : l’Europe soumet le service postal au droit commun de la concurrence et remet en cause le monopole, organisation traditionnelle du service postal. Par ailleurs, le service public postal organique est transformé : La Poste, exploitant public doté de la personnalité juridique est née. Progressivement, la logique de confrontation laisse place à une phase de concertation entre l’Europe du traité de Rome et les États membres qui donne naissance à plusieurs directives. Ces dernières placent en leur cœur le service universel postal. En 2012, la libéralisation du service postal devient totale : il n’existe plus de monopole légal.Cette ouverture du marché est concomitante avec la révolution numérique. Ainsi, dans ce contexte de bouleversements idéologiques, technologiques et économiques, le service public postal connaît des évolutions significatives tant dans sa forme – La Poste devient une société anonyme – que dans sa mission : pour répondre aux nouveaux besoins d’intérêt général, raison d’être du service public, le service public postal est reconfiguré. / In 1957, the State is the organiser of the public postal service in France through its central administration. That same year, a treaty was signed in Rome between six European States around the idea of a common market with a delegation of sovereignty. At first, the public postal service and the Europe of the Treaty of Rome develop separately. But in the early 1980s, the political, economic and technological context evolves and Europe decides to take an active interest in the matter of the postal service. After a phase of disinterest in postal matters, we enter in a phase of confrontation; Europe submits the postal service to the competition law: monopoly, the traditional organisation of the postal service, is challenged. Moreover, the French public postal service is transformed: La Poste, independent public operator is born. Following the period of confrontation, a period of dialogue follows, bringing together the Europe of the Treaty of Rome and the States members to write the postal law. Several guidelines are adopted, focused in particular on the universal postal service. By 2012, the process of liberalisation of the postal service is complete: there is no legal monopoly in Europe. This new openness is concomitant with the digital era. The postal service must now continue to adapt to this new ideological, technological and economical context: in its form – La Poste becomes a public limited company – as well as in its mission to serve the public interest, the raison d’être of the public service, so the public postal service is reconfigured.

This study attempts to impart such facts as will enable the reader to select his own alternative as to the feasibility of monopoly or free competition within the aluminum industry. In order to assist the reader in making decisions the evolution of the supply and price structure of aluminum and its effects on demand are submitted.

L’organisateur sportif est investi en France d’une prérogative juridique singulière qui lui accorde une maîtrise souveraine de la commercialisation de ses événements sportifs. Organisée dans un premier temps autour d’un monopole de fait, cette réservation du spectacle sportif est aujourd’hui pleinement consacrée au sein de l’article L. 333-1 du Code du sport. Pourtant, en raison de l’assignation d’un régime juridique laconique, la réception légale de la patrimonialisation du fait sportif laisse perplexe et impose, pour en saisir parfaitement le sens, de devoir s’interroger sur sa nature. Ne se satisfaisant ni de la qualification doctrinale de droit sui generis, ni de la qualification doctrinale de droit voisin, le droit de l’organisateur sportif doit être alors appréhendé comme un nouveau droit de propriété incorporelle. En effet, la subjectivation du spectacle sportif se veut être l’aboutissement de la transposition du concept général de droit de propriété à la problématique de l’appropriation de la compétition sportive. En d’autres termes, l’article L. 333-1 du Code du sport institue un droit de propriété original qui, au-delà de l’incorporalité de son objet, fonde directement son régime à partir de ce qui est au cœur de la singularité de l’activité sportive compétitive, à savoir l’aléa sportif. Ainsi, au-delà des dispositions spécifiques du Code du sport, le droit « exclusif » de l’organisateur sportif doit-il directement s’inspirer des dispositions résiduelles du Code civil / The sports organiser has, in France, a singular legal prerogative that grants him a sovereign control over the marketing of its sports events. Organized initially around a de facto monopoly, this reservation of the sporting spectacle is now fully laid down in article L. 333-1 of the sport code. However, due to the assignment of a laconic legal regime, the legal reception of the patrimonialization of the sporting fact leaves perplexing and imposes, in order to seize perfectly its meaning, to have to determine its nature. Not being satisfied either with the doctrinal qualification of sui generis law, or with the doctrinal qualification of neighboring rights legislation, the right of the sports organiser must be then regarded as a new right of intangible property. Indeed, the subjectivation of the sporting spectacle is intended to be the culmination of the transposition of the general concept of property right to the issue of the appropriation of sporting competition. In other words, article L. 333-1 of the sport code establishes an original ownership right which, beyond the incorporation of its object, directly bases its regime on what is at the heart of the singularity of competitive sports activity, namely the sporting uncertainty. Thus, beyond the specific provisions of the sport code, the sports organiser’s “exclusive” right must be directly inspired by the residual provisions of the civil code

The intention of this thesis is to assess whether it is economically advantageous formation of water prizes with using elements of price discrimination. The first part of thesis defines the theoretical basis on which it is based on practical part. The analytic part is dealing with cost of production and distribution of water, prizes of water and adequate profit in company. There is also described the current situation in the market including legislation related to the issue. The last part is own proposals for pricing.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vilken betydelse Systembolagets har haft för fem småskaliga vinimportörer i Sverige under coronapandemin. Studien ville även undersöka hur coronapandemin påverkat vinimportörernas försäljning samt vilka lärdomar vinimportörerna tar med sig av coronapandemin i sitt framtida arbete.  Studien genomfördes genom kvalitativ metod i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem småskaliga vinimportörer i Sverige. Syftet med intervjuerna var att lyfta de småskaliga vinimportörernas berättelser om hur de hanterat coronapandemin. Det empiriska materialet analyserades genom tematisk analys och resulterade i två teman – Vinimportörernas föreställning om Systembolaget och Passionen hos vinimportörer.  Resultatet visade att Systembolaget haft en stor betydelse i småskaliga vinimportörers hantering av coronapandemin. Importörerna som aktivt skiftat sin försäljning från restaurang till Systembolaget har kunnat rädda företagens ekonomi trots en kraftig minskad restaurangförsäljning. Vinimportörerna lärdomar av pandemin var en ökad krismedvetenhet, ett värde i att snabbt justera sin affärsmodell och att sprida riskerna i verksamheten. Genom att ha kunskap om processen av vinförsäljning till Systembolaget samt en förmåga att snabbt justera sin försäljning från restaurang till Systembolaget, föreslår studiens författare att småskaliga vinimportörer vara bättre förberedda inför framtida pandemier. / The purpose of this study was to investigate the importance of Systembolaget for five small-scale wine importers in Sweden during the corona pandemic. The study also wanted to examine how the corona pandemic has affected the wine importers sales and their learnings from the corona pandemic.  The study was conducted using a qualitative method in the form of semi-structured interviews with five small-scale wine importers in Sweden. The purpose of the interviews was to highlight the small-scale wine importer’s stories of how they handled the corona pandemic. The empirical data was analyzed through thematic analysis and resulted in two themes – The wine importers perception of Systembolaget and the passion of wine importers.  The results show that Systembolaget had great importance in the small-scale wine importers’ handling of the corona pandemic. The importers who actively shifted their sales from restaurants to Systembolaget had been able to save their companies’ financial results despite a reduction in restaurant sales. The wine importers learnings from the pandemic were an increased crisis awareness, the value of quickly adjusting their business model and spreading the risks in their business. By having knowledge of the process of wine sales to Systembolaget and an ability to quickly adjust their sales from restaurants to Systembolaget, the study’s authors suggest that small-scale wine importers can be better prepared for future pandemics.

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Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to study a process within Systembolaget AB that affects a selected part of the assortment model. The assortment is defined as TSE, which stands for tillfälligt sortiment exklusivt, that can be described as temporary assortment exclusively. According to Systembolaget the process currently lacks clarity with associated deviations in launch plans of TSE items to stores. The purpose is to improve visibility to counteract deviations in the process. Method: The report's data collection consists of semi-structured interview studies, literature studies and document review. Analysis of data has been accomplished by a fishbone diagram. Theory: The theoretical framework is made up of the kano model, Porter's five forces and ISO 9000. Results: The TSE process is necessary for Systembolaget's attractiveness as an alcohol monopoly. The range contributes to a width of offers for the customer and satisfies customers who demand more alcoholic drinks than what is available in the fixed range. TSE is mostly a stated need that has one-dimensional attributes that increase customer satisfaction and fulfillment rates. The fishbone diagram has excavated underlying root causes and identified method and measurement as the most serious in affecting quality deficiencies. Systembolaget's power structures in the microenvironment are significantly dependent on the suppliers' ability to act. Currently, the TSE process lacks a quality and management system, with the consequence that a vision, business concept and definition of quality are missing. Likewise, there is no measurement system for measuring the performance of the process in the form of deviations from launch plans. There are still challenges with the lack of internal software systems that impair the transparency of the process. Conclusion: The report suggests that the organization examines the suitability of implementing a quality and management system, measurement system, system support and vision and business idea. / Syfte: Rapportens syfte är att studera en process inom Systembolaget AB som berör en utvald del inom sortimentsmodellen. Sortimentet betecknas TSE som står för tillfälligt sortiment exklusivt. Processen i dagsläget brister i överskådlighet med tillhörande avvikelser i lanseringsplaner av TSE-artiklar till butiker. Syftet är att förbättra överskådligheten i TSE-processen för att motverka avvikelser lanseringsplanerna.   Metod: Rapportens datainsamling består av semistrukturerade intervjustudier, litteraturstudier och dokumentgranskning. Dataanalysen har gjorts med hjälp av fiskbensdiagram. Teori: Det teoretiska ramverket är uppbyggt av kanomodellen, Porter´s five forces och ISO 9000. Resultat: TSE-processen är nödvändig för Systembolagets attraktivitet som alkoholmonopol, då sortimentet bidrar till en bredd i erbjudande för kunden och tillfredsställer kunder som efterfrågar fler alkoholdrycker än det som finns i fasta sortimentet. TSE är till största del ett uttalat behov som har endimensionella attribut som höjer kundtillfredsställelsen och uppfyllelsegraden. Fiksbensdiagrammet har urholkat bakomliggande rotorsaker och identifierat metod och mätning som störst allvarlighet i påverkan av kvalitetsbrister. Systembolagets maktstrukturer i mikromiljön är signifikant beroende av leverantörernas handlingskraft. I dagsläget saknar TSE-processen ett kvalitets- och ledningssystem med efterföljd att vision, verksamhetsidé och definition av kvalitet saknas. Likaså saknas mätsystem för mätning av processens prestanda i form av avvikelser av lanseringsplaner. Fortsättningsvis finns utmaningar med avsaknad av interna stödsystem som försämrar överskådligheten av processen. Slutsats: Rapporten föreslår att organisationen undersöker lämplighet av att implementera ett kvalitets- och ledningssystem, mätsystem, systemstöd och vision samt verksamhetsidé.

This bachelor’s thesis is about the reregulation of the Swedish pharmacy monopoly that occurred in July 2009. The study is examining the intentions of the reregulation, the Swedish pharmacy market as it is today and if there seems to be a correlation between these. The theory used for the study is the policy process and it serves as a way for the reader to gain a deeper understanding of the process between the preparations of the decision, and the evaluation of the solution that was implemented.  Through a policy analysis and by looking at documents carried out by government authorities the analysis lifts the intentions of the reregulation by interpreting its goals. By reading evaluating documents regarding the reregulation, it is possible to create a perception of the pharmacy market today. In the discussion the question regarding the correlation between these two is brought up and looked at. The result of the study shows that the outcome of the reregulation is not fully correlating to the intentions that was once written in preparing material for the decision. The reregulation was looking for efficiency, availability, lowering costs and creating a safe drug use for the costumers. After looking at the combined material not all goals have been achieved to its fullest.