In today’s society teachers will face students of foreign origin. It is up to the teachers to help these students gain the knowledge they need to flourish in society. Despite the fact that mathematics is a universal topic with high status in many countries, studies have shown that mathematics is a subject where a large proportion of foreign students fails. The purpose of this study was to see wherein the problem lies and describe teachers' perceptions of the barriers and the opportunities in mathematics for students with Swedish as a second language. The method used was a literature review and interviews with three teachers in Swedish as a second language, who also partly teach mathematics and one remedial teacher in mathematics. The literature and interviews clearly showed that the language plays a major role in mathematics. There is an ignorance of this, which means that students do not get the right help. Considering that language plays such a significant role in the subject, teachers should work more with the mathematical language. It would lead to students getting an understanding of language while they learn about mathematics. The study also found an absence of collaboration between language teachers and mathematics teachers.

The purpose of our examination was to survey how one preschool works with so called language groups, if the mother tongue is important and if the informants can see any complex of problems in the inclusive/exclusive way of working with language groups in the preschool. The literature review provides for example the three most important areas of mother tongue, which are the emotional, the social and the intellectual (Ladberg, 2000). Further it describes the difference between the conceptions integration and inclusion, when today the concept inclusion is preferred (Tøssebro, 2004). We were inspired by qualitative interviews as our method and from a phenomenographic perspective described the informants’ perceptions about the named phenomenon. Three preschool teachers and three mother tongue educationalists constitute the represented informants. The result of our examination shows a clear opinion about the great importance of mother tongue and that the mother tongue educational programme is not considered to be an excluded activity, since the children already are used to the constant groupings in the preschool. Our examination shows many areas in need of improvement, for example the engagement from the municipality and further education for the pedagogues. Further research of the subject is also of importance to be able to improve the mother tongue educational programme with didactic guidelines. / Syftet med vårt examensarbete var att kartlägga hur en förskola arbetar med så kallade språkgrupper, om modersmålet är viktigt och om informanterna uppfattar någon problematik med ett inkluderande/exkluderande arbetssätt i språkgrupperna i förskolan. Litteraturgenomgången pekar bland annat på modersmålets tre viktigaste områden, nämligen det emotionella, sociala och intellektuella (Ladberg, 2000). Vidare redogörs för skillnad mellan begreppen integrering och inkludering då det i dag föredras att använda begreppet inklusion (Tøssebro, 2004). Vi har inspirerats av kvalitativa intervjuer som metod och utifrån ett fenomenografiskt perspektiv redogjort för informanternas uppfattningar kring det nämnda fenomenet. Informanterna utgörs av tre förskollärare samt tre modersmålsstöd 1. Resultatet av vår undersökning visar en tydlig uppfattning om att modersmålet är otroligt viktigt och att modersmålsverksamheten inte uppfattas som exkluderande då barnen är vana vid förskolans konstanta gruppindelningar. Undersökningen visar även att det finns många förbättringsområden, exempelvis kommunens engagemang och pedagogernas vidareutbildning. Även vidare forskning inom ämnet är viktigt för att få en förbättrad verksamhet med didaktiska riktlinjer.

I dagens samhälle finns det många ungdomar med utländsk bakgrund vilket leder till att utländska elever utgör en stor del av skolan, därav begreppet en mångkulturell skola. Detta ämne är aktuellt och för att kunna skapa oss en bild av hur elever och lärare känner för mångkulturell skola, samverkan och gemenskap. Detta arbete ger även en inblick på hur främlingsfientlighet tar sig uttryck i skolan. För att genomföra detta arbete har en kvalitativ metod använts i form av intervjuer. 10 elever och 4 lärare har intervjuats som underlag för resultatet. Dessa intervjuer hölls individuellt samt i grupp. Resultatet visar att lärare har en medvetenhet om vad det innebär att undervisa elever med utländsk bakgrund. Eleverna lyfter fram vikten av att lära sig svenska i skolan, och de lyfter även fram att det finns antaganden som grundar sig på att de är invandrare.

The aim of this paper is to investigate how teachers in Swedish schools abroad reason about their work developing the Swedish language as the students live in a non-Swedish speaking country although going to a Swedish school. Furthermore the study intends to examine the teachers' attitudes towards the impact the Swedish language has upon the school. Research questions: What thoughts do the teachers signify in reference to the language development of the students? How do the teachers reason about the role of the Swedish language in the school? In order to answer these questions, qualitative measures has been used in terms of observations and interviews. The study is based upon a social constructivist perspective with the idea that reality is socially constructed. I am inspired by Vygotskijs theories regarding children's language development which presents a socio-cultural perspective.  The result shows that the Swedish language has a great influence in school and that the teachers' attitudes towards the Swedish language is of major importance in order to encourage the students' language development. Teachers and the principal highlight the emphasis of working with the Swedish language since the students live in a non-Swedish speaking country and therefore mainly come in contact with it in the school or at home. The teachers' work actively to develop the students language skills through reading Swedish literature, producing own texts and consistently speaking Swedish.

Nata a PavlovićDireccionalidad en procesos de traducción colaborativa Un estudio de traductores noviciosResumenLa traducción hacia la segunda lengua (traducción L2) es una realidad en muchos ámbitos alrededor del mundo, en especial - aunque no exclusivamente - en aquellas culturas que utilizan una "lengua de difusión limitada". Incluso a los traductores cuyo idioma materno es una de las lenguas "mayores" se les está exigiendo cada vez con mayor frecuencia el trabajar a partir de su primera lengua (L1) hacia el inglés, el idioma que predomina en el mundo globalizante. Esto hace que la traducción L2 constituya una cuestión de creciente importancia para el profesional, convirtiendo asimismo la investigación sobre la traducción hacia la segunda lengua en un tema de mayor relevancia en la Traductología. El propósito del presente estudio era comparar los procesos de traducción L1 y L2 realizados por traductores novicios, con el fin de aislar las características que difieran en forma significativa según la dirección, con el propósito de desarrollar la enseñanza de la traducción. Con este objetivo en mente, el estudio pretende probar la siguiente hipótesis general: "Las traducciones L1 y L2 muestran algunas diferencias que pudieran ser atribuidas a la dirección de la traducción". En forma más específica, se ha planteado la hipótesis de que las traducciones L1 y L2 difieren no sólo en los productos, sino también en algunos aspectos importantes de los procesos de traducción. Por ello se han seleccionado las siguientes características como potencialmente significativas:· La cantidad y el tipo de problemas a los que se van a enfrentar los sujetos;· Las soluciones que van a considerar;· Las maneras en que van a evaluar las soluciones y tomar las decisiones finales;· Los recursos que van a consultar;· Las acciones/interacciones que van a llevar a cabo;· Los argumentos que van a utilizar para tomar decisiones;· La calidad de sus productos finales.El estudio fue concebido como un conjunto de experimentos que involucraban a traductores novicios - estudiantes universitarios que acababan de presentar su examen final de traducción. Todos los sujetos tenían el croata como primera lengua (L1) y habían estudiado inglés como segunda lengua previamente durante 12 años por lo menos. Se utilizaron para los experimentos dos textos de origen comparables de lenguaje general, uno en inglés y el otro en croata.El método para la recolección de los datos utilizados en los experimentos fue el "protocolo de traducción colaborativa", un tipo de informe verbal obtenido de las sesiones de traducción colaborativa (grupal). Las sesiones de traducción fueron grabadas con cámara de vídeo digital y posteriormente transcritas, mientras que para complementar los datos obtenidos de las sesiones de traducción, se utilizaron cuestionarios previos y posteriores a los experimentos. Para procesar los datos se utilizaron tanto el análisis cuantitativo como el cualitativo.Se pueden resumir los resultados de este estudio de la siguiente manera:· En las traducciones L1 y L2 de textos específicos de tipo general de dificultad comparable, se encontró que los traductores novicios se enfrentaban a cantidades y tipos de problemas similares en ambas direcciones de traducción.· La "fluidez" en la traducción L1 era mayor que en la L2, es decir, los traductores novicios se apoyaban más en recursos internos en el caso de la traducción L1 que en la traducción L2.· Los traductores novicios lograban productos de mejor calidad en sus traducciones hacia L1 que hacia L2.· El monitoreo del producto era más estricto en las traducciones hacia L1 que en las traducciones hacia L2.· La construcción del significado del texto de partida desempeña un papel importante en ambas direcciones de traducción.· Los traductores novicios preferían una cierta combinación de acciones/interacciones característica de su estilo de trabajo, sin importar la dirección de traducción.Se espera poder aplicar los resultados en la formación en traducción, en especial en aquellos ámbitos donde la traducción L2 se enseña a nivel universitario. Asimismo se espera que este estudio sea de utilidad para futura investigación sobre la direccionalidad, sobre la traducción colaborativa y - en forma más general - sobre los procesos de traducción.AbstractTranslation into the second language (L2 translation) is a reality in many settingsaround the world, especially - but not exclusively - in those cultures that use a"language of limited diffusion". Even translators whose mother tongue is one of the"major" languages are more and more frequently required to work out of their firstlanguage (L1) into English, the dominant language of the globalizing world. This makesL2 translation an increasingly important issue for the practitioner, and research on L2translation a very relevant topic for Translation Studies.In the past, prescriptive approaches to translation denounced the practice of L2translation as unprofessional or even impossible. As a result, L2 translation was untilrecently largely neglected both in translation theories and in research. Over the past tento fifteen years, however, the number of studies dealing with L2 translation has been onthe increase, with translation into the non-mother tongue even becoming the main topicof forums and conferences, and their subsequent publications (e.g. Kelly et al. 2003;Grosman et al 2000).The aim of this study is to compare L1 and L2 translation processes by novicetranslators, in order to isolate the features that differ significantly according to direction,with a view to improving translation teaching. To this end, the study sets out to test thefollowing general hypothesis: "L1 and L2 translation display some differences that canbe attributed to direction of translation". More specifically, it is hypothesized that L1and L2 translation differ not only in products, but also in some important aspects oftranslation processes. The following features are therefore selected as likely to berelevant:The number and type of problems the subjects encounter;The solutions they consider;The ways in which they assess the solutions and make final decisions;The resources they consult; The actions/interactions they take; The arguments they use in making decisions; The quality of their final products.The study is set up as a set of experiments involving novice translators -university students who have just passed their final translation exam. All the subjectshave Croatian as their first language L1, and have been learning English as their secondlanguage for at least 12 years. Two comparable general- language source texts, one inEnglish and the other in Croatian, are used in the experiments.The method of data collection used in the experiments is the "collaborativetranslation protocol," a type of verbal report obtained from collaborative (group)translation sessions. Four groups of three subjects are asked to translate the two texts,one into their L1 (L1 translation task) and the other into their L2 (L2 translation task).Collaborative translation (cf. Kiraly 2000a), albeit not typical of professional translationpractice, is nevertheless used in educational settings, and has been part of the subjects'translation training. The translation sessions are recorded by a digital video camera, andtranscribed. Pre- and post-experiment questionnaires complement the data from thetranslation sessions. Control experiments aimed at comparing collaborative andindividual translation are carried out with comparable subjects and involve choicenetwork analysis (cf. Campbell 2001) and integrated problem and decision reports (cf.Gile 2004).Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are used to process the data. Thefindings are expected to be applicable in translation training, especially in settingswhere L2 translation is taught at university level.

Högskolan i Gävle    Examensarbete C Akademin för utbildning och ekonomi   15 hp Lärarprogrammet     Vårterminen 2011 Titel: Språket i första eller andra hand? En uppsats om språkutveckling, modersmål och svenska som andraspråk.   Författare: Kajsa Hjelmblom Handledare: Daniel Pettersson Sammanfattning Studiens syfte är att undersöka om lärare i grundskolans tidigare år känner till hela skolans språkutvecklande uppdrag och ta reda på hur klasslärare arbetar med att främja elevernas språkutveckling. Syftet är också att ta reda på om arbetet med elevernas språkutveckling skiljer sig mellan skolor med få eller många elever med invandrarbakgrund samt att undersöka om det finns något samarbete mellan klasslärare och modersmålslärare. Studien är en kvantitativ studie i liten skala. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av en enkät som delats ut till klasslärare och modersmålslärare på två skolor, varav en skola har många elever med invandrarbakgrund och en skola har få. Uppsatsen belyser också hur barn utvecklar språk i hemmet och i skolan samt vad modersmål och svenska som andraspråk är. Resultatet visar att det finns varierande engagemang och kunskaper om hela skolans språkutvecklande uppdrag. Några klasslärare visar i enkätundersökningen att de är medvetna om vad det språkutvecklande uppdraget innebär medan andra inte känner till det. Resultat visar också att samarbetet mellan klasslärarna i studien och deras elevers modersmålslärare är nästintill obefintligt.   Nyckelord: Modersmål, svenska som andraspråk, språkutveckling och samarbete. / University of Gävle    Degree C School of Education and the Economy    15 hp Spring 2011 Title: The language in first or second hand? An essay on language development, native language and Swedish as a second language. Authors: Kajsa Hjelmblom Supervisor: Daniel Petterson Summary The purpose of this study was to examine if teachers in primary school are familiar with the school systems language development mission and observe how teachers are working with pupils' language skills. The aim is also examine whether the work with pupils' language skills differs between schools with few or several students with immigrant backgrounds and to look at whether there is collaboration between classroom teachers and home-language teachers. It is a quantitative study with a limited number of participants. The study was conducted using a questionnaire distributed to classroom teachers and home-language teachers in two schools, one school with several pupils from immigrant backgrounds, and a school with few. This paper also illustrates how children develop language skills at home and at school as well as description of what Swedish as a second language is. The results show that the commitment and knowledge of the school systems language development mission vary. The survey shows that some classroom teachers are familiar with what the language development mission is while others are not. Results also show that the cooperation between school teachers and home-language teachers almost is non-existing. Keywords: Native language, mother tongue, Swedish as a second language, language development and cooperation.

This essay is a combination of an interview, survey and an observation that involves seven different teachers and thirty-eight pupils in a school situated in a suburb of Stockholm. The purpose of my research is an attempt to give a picture of how a team of teachers in a primary school act together when teaching maths, as the majority of the pupils have another mother tounge than Swedish. Yet another purpose of this essay is to examine what possibilities this team of teachers have in trying to develop the Swedish language within other bilingual pupils and at the same time develop their math comprehension. I have chosen to initiate the theoreti-cal starting point through the points of Rodell-Olgac & Rönnberg & Rönnberg; these authors discuss the importance of language comprehension when it comes to developing ones math skills. I have reached the conclusion in my examination that it is important to raise the impor-tance of language comprehension within math-education. It is crucial that teachers need to create different kinds of working patterns and methods that are adapted accordingly to the learning-ability of the pupils. Thus, teachers also need to show great consideration to the cul-tural backgrounds, expectations, attitudes and feelings of their pupils.

The purpose of my study has been to find out how mother tongue teachers working in preschools where a majority of the children have a mother tongue other than Swedish make use of fictional children’s books during the mother tongue support lessons. In order to determine this, I am asking the following questions: - What is the range of children's books in the children's mother tongue available at the preschool? - In what ways are the native language teachers encouraging literacy development through the usage of children's books? - How do native language teachers view the childrens’ linguistic development as well as the enhancement of cultural identity through the usage of the books? These questions have formed the basis of the methodical approach, which is based on a qualitative research method. The data collection consists of three parts; the observation of mother tongue support, interviews with language teachers as well as with the nursery manager and lastly a survey of children's books in languages other than Swedish at the preschool. The essay has as its theoretical basis the socio-cultural view of learning and development. Previous research is composed of studies showing that children with a mother tongue different from that of the majority population should be supported in the development of their native language for several reasons, including for the development of the Swedish language and for the enhancement of cultural identity. Also referred to is research which suggests that reading aloud and conversations about books is important for children's language development and future success in reading and writing activities. The results show that the range of children's books written in the mother tongue of the children which are available at the preschool is small. However, the language teachers' work with children’s books in the native languages has a prominent place in the native language support. By reading aloud, through conversation and interaction with the books, the children are given the opportunity to obtain many of the skills required for the future development of reading and writing skills. Moreover, the results show that native language teachers consciously involve the children's cultural and linguistic backgrounds in the native language education through the usage of books concerning the minority group's traditions and other specific phenomena related to the children and the cultural background of their family However, reading aloud in the mother tongue sometimes has to give way to other activities and the mother tongue education suffers when staff are absent. The conclusion I can draw from these results is that knowledge of the language support exists but that this knowledge must be connected and realized in the preschool environment.

<p>Namibia is a country where the official language has been English since independence in 1990. There are different national languages in the country and a majority of the people do not have English as a mother tongue. Nevertheless, the language of instruction from fourth grade and onwards is indeed English. Consequently, for the majority of the population the education is in their second language. What this essay explores is the role English as a second language has as a medium of instruction and the implications it may have. It is a minor field study that was carried out with the help of a scholarship from SIDA (Swedish Agency for International Development Cooperation) and it took place in a school in Northern Namibia, April and May 2007. It is a qualitative study that explores the use of English among teachers and students as well as the transition from mother tongue instruction to English instruction and the implications that this can have for the quality of education. The reality of the Namibian students that have to study and perform in a second language is questioned and discussed from pedagogical and linguistic points of view. The results show that most pupils do not speak English before starting fourth grade. Furthermore, the sudden transition from mother tongue to English instruction creates some descent in the participation of the pupils and possibly in the learning, not only of the new language but also of the content subjects. As far as the teachers concern, there are positive but ambiguous opinions among them concerning English as a medium of instruction.</p>

English is an international and global language that students, regardless of mother tongue, encounter in their everyday lives. In Sweden, students are introduced to English teaching in year 1, 2 or 3, and in some cases, year 4. English teaching can sometimes be problematic when the language of instruction often consists of Swedish, which for second language students becomes a challenge to acquire new skills in a week language. The study aims to examine, with a qualitative study, how pedagogues plan and implements English teaching in first grade with students whose mother tongue are other than Swedish. Further, the aim was to examine how pedagogues say they relate to the fact that second language pupils participating in English lessons and if they think it affects their English teaching. The conclusions is that the pedagogues has probably not been problematized the phenomenon examined and say they do not adapt their teaching. In the interviews reveals information about the teaching method which, in my opinion, indicates that, unconsciously, adapting their teaching when they have second language students. Furthermore, the study points out the importance of English as language of instruction when there is a more equal situation for all students regardless of language. Second langue students do not need to go through the Swedish language to be taught in English.